Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems

acculturation allophones Amer analysis bilingual bilingual's bound morphemes Canadian French cited contact situation descriptive linguist dialect distinction domain effect elements English example expression factors foreign French gemination German grammatical interference grammatical relations guage Haugen homonymy homophonous identification immigrant indigenous influence innovations integration interlingual interpreted Italian language community language contact language loyalty language shift languages in contact learned lexical interference linguistic linguistic interference loan translation loanwords Martinet Menarini Menarini 353 mother-tongue groups native Norwegian nouns obligatory patois pattern phemes phone substitution phonemic phonemic system phonic phonic interference plural Portuguese prestige primary problem proficiency Raetoromans recipient language render reproduced resistance result Romansh Rumanian Russian Schuchardt Schwyzertütsch semantemes semantic similar Slavic social sociolinguistic Sorbian sound system source language Spanish speech of bilinguals standard structural suffix Swiss Switzerland tion type of interference under-differentiation unilingual verb vocabulary vowels Weinreich Yiddish dialect Yiddish speakers