X-rays and Electrons: An Outline of Recent X-ray Theory

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D. Van Nostrand Company, 1926 - 403 ページ
 

目次

Hard Xrays Scattered Less than Predicted
21
Interference Effects with Heavy Scattering Elements Relative Scattering at Different Angles
22
Approximate Validity of 1 + cos² Rule for Soft Xrays
23
Departures from Theory for Hard Xrays
24
Polarization of Scattered Xrays
25
Wavelength of Scattered Xrays Modified and Unmodified Rays Scattering by Groups of Electrons
26
The Continuous Xray Spectrum
27
Experiments Showing Interference Effects
28
Empirical Electron Distributions
29
Scattering by Any Grouping of Electrons
30
A Method of Comparing Wavelengths
31
A Failure of the Wave Theory of Interference
32
Attempts to Account for the Small Scattering of Hard Xrays
33
Constraining and Damping of Electrons Motions
34
Refraction of Xrays
35
The Large Electron
36
Summary
37
Intensity of Xrays on the Pulse Theory
43
THE ABSORPTION OF XRAYS
62
XRAY REFLECTION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 38 Laues Discovery and its Consequences
90
The Space Lattice
91
Cubic Lattices
92
Miller Indices
94
Crystal Structure by Xray Reflection from Crystal Faces Structure of Rocksalt and Sylvine
95
Confirmation by Measurement of Xray Wavelengths
99
Reflection Method Using Known Wavelength Structure of Diamond
100
Powdered Crystal Method of Xray Crystal Analysis
102
52
104
Structure of Molybdenum Crystals
107
ART PAGE 46 Method of the Laue Spots
110
Structure of Magnesium Oxide
113
Crystal Structures of the Solid Elements
115
CHAPTER V
117
THEORY OF THE INTENSITY OF CRYSTALLINE REFLECTION 51 Perfect and Irregular Crystals
119
Diffraction by a Very Small Crystal
121
Diffraction by an Irregular Crystal
126
Case of Reflection of Diffracted Rays
127
Diffraction by Powdered Crystals
129
Measurements on Powdered Crystals
132
Measurements on Single Crystals
133
Effects of Extinction
134
Determination of the Extinction Coefficient
135
Experimental Values of the Structure Factor
137
Reflection by Perfect Crystals and the Effect of Extinction
139
Theory of Reflection from a Perfect Crystal
140
Comparison with Experiment
142
Effect of Extinction in Real Crystals
143
Primary and Secondary Extinction
144
Criteria for Detecting Primary Extinction
146
Determination of Electron Distributions from a Knowledge of the Struc ture Factor
148
Use of Empirical Reflection Formula
149
Method of Fourier Series
151
Electron Density at Any Height above the Middle of an Atomic Layer
152
91
156
Electron Density at Any Point in the Space Lattice
159
Radial Electron Distribution in Atoms
161
Electron Distributions in Sodium Chlorine and Aluminum
165
Discussion of the Reliability of the Method
168
Effect of Temperature on Xray Reflection
169
Xrays Diffusely Scattered by a Crystal
170
Effect of Magnetization on Xray Reflection
173
ART PAGE 78 Total and True Absorption
175
The Measurement of Absorption Coefficients
177
Tables of Absorption Coefficients
179
Absorption Due to Scattering 174
194
Electromagnetic Theory of True Absorption
195
Absorption of Long Trains of Waves
198
Experimental Tests
203
CHAPTER VII
205
Calculation of the Refractive Index
206
Significance of a Refractive Index Less than Unity
210
Experimental Determinations of the Refractive Index
211
Use of the Crystal Wedge
214
Total Reflection of Xrays
215
Refraction by Means of a Prism
217
Table of Refractive Indices for Xrays
218
XRAYS AND QUANTUM THEORY CHAPTER VIII
221
Einsteins Suggestion of Radiation Quanta
222
Einsteins Photoelectric Equation
223
Beta Rays Excited by Xrays
224
Photoelectrons and Recoil Electrons
227
Speed of the Photoelectrons
230
Determination of Energy Levels
232
Wavelengths of Xrays
233
Spatial Distribution of the Photoelectrons
235
How are Photoelectrons Produced?
238
Significance of the Experiments
251
Ionization Due to Beta Rays
257
Theory of Quanta Scattered by Free Electrons
265
The Unmodified Line
272
Scattering of Quanta by Individual Electrons
279
B Quanta Scattered by Bound Electrons
285
Case of Elliptic Orbits
291
Experimental Tests
306
CHAPTER X
315
ART PAGE 142 Diffraction by a Crystal
317
Diffraction by an Infinite Simple Cubic Crystal
318
Other Diffraction Problems
320
What is the Frequency of a Quantum?
321
CHAPTER XI
324
Measurements of Xray Wavelength
325
Typical Xray Spectra
328
Classification of Xray Spectra
330
Energy Level Diagrams
332
The Selection Rule
333
Regular and Irregular Doublets
334
Interpretation of the XRay Spectra
335
Difficulties with Sommerfelds theory
341
Electron Distributions Determined by Xray Spectra
343
CHAPTER XII
348
de Broglies Theory of Xray Absorption
349
Kramers Theory of Emission and Absorption
351
The Intensity of the Radiation
352
The Absorption Coefficient
355
Emission of Xrays as Directed Quanta
357
Frequency of the Emitted Quanta
360
Polarization
362
APPENDICES
363
APPENDIX I
365
Displacement Velocity and Acceleration
367
The Electromagnetic Field
370
Variation of Mass with Velocity
374
B Field Due to Electron Accelerated in Direction of Motion
378
EXPRESSION OF A PULSE AS A FOURIER INTEGRAL
381
APPENDIX V
389
APPENDIX VII
396
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