Experimental Techniques for Low-Temperature Measurements: Cryostat Design, Material Properties and Superconductor Critical-Current TestingOUP Oxford, 2006/10/12 - 673 ページ This book presents a highly integrated, step-by-step approach to the design and construction of low-temperature measurement apparatus. It is effectively two books in one: A textbook on cryostat design techniques and an appendix data handbook that provides materials-property data for carrying out that design. The main text encompasses a wide range of information, written for specialists, without leaving beginning students behind. After summarizing cooling methods, Part I provides core information in an accessible style on techniques for cryostat design and fabrication - including heat-transfer design, selection of materials, construction, wiring, and thermometry, accompanied by many graphs, data, and clear examples. Part II gives a practical user's perspective of sample mounting techniques and contact technology. Part III applies the information from Parts I and II to the measurement and analysis of superconductor critical currents, including in-depth measurement techniques and the latest developments in data analysis and scaling theory. The appendix is a ready reference handbook for cryostat design, encompassing seventy tables compiled from the contributions of experts and over fifty years of literature. |
目次
CRYOSTAT DESIGN AND MATERIALS SELECTION | 1 |
Introduction to Measurement Cryostats and Cooling Methods | 3 |
12 Cryogenic liquids | 6 |
13 Introduction to measurement cryostats | 14 |
14 Examples of measurement cryostats and cooling methodslow transport current 1A | 18 |
15 Examples of measurement cryostats and cooling methodshigh transport current 1A | 30 |
safety and cryogen handling | 37 |
17 References | 45 |
reference compendium of cryogenicthermometer properties and application techniques | 214 |
56 References | 223 |
Properties of Solids at Low Temperatures | 226 |
61 Specific heat and thermal diffusivity | 227 |
62 Thermal expansioncontraction | 233 |
63 Electrical resistivity | 240 |
64 Thermal conductivity | 248 |
65 Magnetic susceptibility | 252 |
Heat Transfer at Cryogenic Temperatures | 49 |
22 Heat conduction through solids | 50 |
23 Heat conduction through gases and liquids | 52 |
24 Radiative heat transfer | 55 |
25 Heat conduction across liquidsolid interfaces | 59 |
26 Heat conduction across solidsolid interfaces | 62 |
27 Heat conduction across solidgas interfaces | 67 |
28 Other heat sources | 69 |
29 Examples of heattransfer calculation | 72 |
210 References | 82 |
Cryostat Construction | 87 |
32 Material selection for cryostat parts | 88 |
33 Joining techniques | 98 |
34 Construction example for a basic dipper probe | 109 |
35 Sizing of parts for mechanical strength | 113 |
36 Mechanical motion at cryogenic temperature | 120 |
37 Vacuum techniques and seals for cryogenic use | 122 |
high and ultrahigh vacuum techniques | 131 |
39 References | 146 |
Wiring and Connections | 150 |
42 Wire selection | 154 |
43 Insulation selection | 157 |
45 Solder connections | 161 |
techniques for minimizing thermoelectric voltages | 163 |
47 Vacuum electrical leadthroughs | 166 |
48 Radiofrequency coaxial cables | 172 |
49 Highcurrent leads | 174 |
410 Flexible current leads | 181 |
411 References | 182 |
Temperature Measurement and Control | 185 |
51 Thermometer selection 1300 K | 186 |
52 Selection of thermometers for use in high magnetic fields | 198 |
53 Thermometer installation and measurement procedures | 202 |
54 Controlling temperature | 210 |
66 Mechanical properties | 255 |
67 References | 265 |
ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT MEASUREMENTS SAMPLE HOLDERS AND CONTACTS | 271 |
Sample Holders | 273 |
72 Fourlead and twolead electrical transport measurements | 274 |
73 Bulk sample holders | 276 |
74 Thinfilm sample holders | 301 |
75 Addenda | 312 |
76 References | 315 |
Sample Contacts | 317 |
82 Definition of specific contact resistivity and values for practical applications | 318 |
83 Contact techniques for highcurrent superconductors | 320 |
84 Contact techniques for film superconductors | 333 |
85 Example calculations of minimum contact area | 341 |
86 Spreadingresistance effect in thin contact pads and example calculations | 346 |
87 References | 349 |
SUPERCONDUCTOR CRITICALCURRENT MEASUREMENTS AND DATA ANALYSIS | 351 |
CriticalCurrent Measurements | 353 |
92 Instrumentation | 361 |
93 Measurement procedures | 366 |
94 Examples of criticalcurrent measurement cryostats | 377 |
95 References | 392 |
CriticalCurrent Data Analysis | 395 |
101 Practical criticalcurrent definitions | 396 |
102 Currenttransfer correction | 404 |
103 Magneticfield dependence of critical current | 408 |
104 Temperature dependence of critical current | 424 |
105 Straininduced changes in the critical current | 432 |
106 Transformation method for simplified application of scaling relations | 456 |
107 Unified strainandtemperature scaling law and transformations | 464 |
108 References | 485 |
Data handbook of material properties and cryostat design | 491 |
| 627 | |
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多く使われている語句
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