Microwave Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation Principles

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Springer Science & Business Media, 2000/02/29 - 263 ページ
Microwave and millimeter-wave non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) is generally understood to mean using high-frequency electromagnetic energy to inspect and characterize materials and structures. In spite of possessing some distinct advantages in certain applications to other NDT&E techniques, microwave NDT&E has only found compared limited practical application during the past 45 years. These advantages include lack of a need for contact between the sensor and the object being inspected, the ability to penetrate dielectric materials, and superior sensitivity to certain material constituents and flaws. One factor contributing to this minimal acceptance by the NDT &E community has been a generally poor understanding in this community of the theory and practice that underlie the technology. This situation exists partly because of a paucity of microwave NDT&E textbook and reference material. Some chapters, reviews, and books aimed at filling this need have been published in the past but, for the most part, this material is based on the use of older microwave technology. However, during the past ten years great strides have been made in ternlS of the cost, size, and ease of use of microwave components. In addition, recent advances in modeling and measurement techniques have expanded the range of applications for microwave NDT&E. Such applications include inspecting modern materials such as composites, detecting and characterizing surface flaws, and evaluating the compressive strength of cement structures. These advances have created an urgent need for up-to-date textbook material on this subject.
 

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目次

Introduction
1
12 MICROWAVE FREQUENCY BANDS
6
13 REQUIRED PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
7
14 ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTERS
8
15 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
10
REFERENCES
11
Material characterization
12
22 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
13
434 Generalized scattering matrix
136
435 Convergence
137
436 Choice of higherorder modes
140
437 Results
141
44 HIGHERORDER MODE APPROACH
143
441 Results
147
45 TYPICAL MEASUREMENT RESULTS
154
451 Influence of crack width and depth on characteristic signal
155

23 CARBON BLACK LOADED RUBBER
18
231 Measurement procedure
19
232 Dielectric properties of rubber compound constituents
23
233 Cured rubber dielectric property dependence on carbon black
24
234 Detection of curatives in uncured rubber
25
235 Measurement accuracy
30
24 RESIN BINDER
32
242 Resin Loaded Fiberglass
35
25 POROSITY ESTIMATION IN POLYMER COMPOSITES
38
251 Sample preparation
39
26 RUST DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
43
261 Measurement procedure
44
262 Rust specimen descriptions and measured dielectric properties
45
27 DIELECTRIC MIXING MODELS
46
271 Empirical dielectric mixing model for cured carbon black loaded rubber
48
272 Empirical dielectric mixing model for microballoonfilled epoxy resin
49
REFERENCES
53
Layered dielectric composite evaluation
57
32 WHAT MAY BE ACCOMPLISHED
58
33 FIELD REGIONS
59
331 Farfield approach
60
34 ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELING OF THE INTERACTION OF AN OPENENDED RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE WITH MULTILAYERE...
62
341 Theoretical formulation
63
342 Verification of derivations
70
343 Thickness determination of dielectric sheets backed by conducting plates
71
344 Stratified dielectric composite inspection
82
345 Measurement optimization of frequency and standoff distance
90
346 Detection of rust under dielectric coatings
105
35 SUMMARY
118
REFERENCES
120
Surface crack evaluation
123
42 OPENENDED WAVEGUIDE APPROACH
124
43 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS FOR EXPOSED CRACKS
129
431 Formulation of the generalized scattering matrix
131
432 Application of the boundary conditions
133
433 Application of the method of moments
134
452 Influence of detector location on characteristic signal
158
453 Influence of frequency on characteristic signal
160
454 Filled cracks
162
455 Covered cracks
168
456 Remote crack detection influence of liftoff
175
46 CRACK SIZING
179
462 Crack depth estimation
183
464 Influence of crack length on the phase of reflection coefficient
187
465 Crack length estimation
189
47 TIP LOCATION DETERMINATION
193
48 DETECTION OF STRESSINDUCED FATIGUE CRACKS
200
49 SUMMARY
202
REFERENCES
206
Nearfield measurement techniques and applications
209
52 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
210
522 Uncalibrated microwave measurement techniques
213
53 MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES
217
54 NEARFIELD IMAGING
220
541 Inclusions in glass reinforced polymer epoxy
221
542 Flat bottom holes in glass reinforced polymer epoxy
224
543 Disbond in thick sandwich composite
225
544 Impact damage in thick sandwich composite
228
545 Localized porosity
230
546 Resin variation in lowdensity fiberglass composites
232
547 Rust under paint
233
548 Rust under laminate composites
236
55 ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH NEARFIELD MEASUREMENTS AND IMAGING
238
REFERENCES
242
Other developments and future
246
63 OPENENDED COAXIAL PROBES FOR LAYERED COMPOSITE INSPECTION
252
64 FATIGUE SURFACE CRACK DETECTION AND EVALUATION IN METALS USING OPENENDED COAXIAL PROBES
253
66 BARRIERS AND FUTURE
254
REFERENCES
255
Index
258
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200 ページ - The specimen was then fatigued at 8 Hz, using a closed loop servo-hydraulic fatigue machine, at a maximum stress of 103 Mpa (15 ksi) and a stress ratio of 0.05. Consequently, a tight fatigue crack was generated at the end of the notch whose width varied as a function of the distance away from the notch tip, as shown in Figure 3.

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