Microwave Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation PrinciplesSpringer Science & Business Media, 2000/02/29 - 263 ページ Microwave and millimeter-wave non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) is generally understood to mean using high-frequency electromagnetic energy to inspect and characterize materials and structures. In spite of possessing some distinct advantages in certain applications to other NDT&E techniques, microwave NDT&E has only found compared limited practical application during the past 45 years. These advantages include lack of a need for contact between the sensor and the object being inspected, the ability to penetrate dielectric materials, and superior sensitivity to certain material constituents and flaws. One factor contributing to this minimal acceptance by the NDT &E community has been a generally poor understanding in this community of the theory and practice that underlie the technology. This situation exists partly because of a paucity of microwave NDT&E textbook and reference material. Some chapters, reviews, and books aimed at filling this need have been published in the past but, for the most part, this material is based on the use of older microwave technology. However, during the past ten years great strides have been made in ternlS of the cost, size, and ease of use of microwave components. In addition, recent advances in modeling and measurement techniques have expanded the range of applications for microwave NDT&E. Such applications include inspecting modern materials such as composites, detecting and characterizing surface flaws, and evaluating the compressive strength of cement structures. These advances have created an urgent need for up-to-date textbook material on this subject. |
目次
Introduction | 1 |
12 MICROWAVE FREQUENCY BANDS | 6 |
13 REQUIRED PRIOR KNOWLEDGE | 7 |
14 ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTERS | 8 |
15 ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 10 |
REFERENCES | 11 |
Material characterization | 12 |
22 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES | 13 |
434 Generalized scattering matrix | 136 |
435 Convergence | 137 |
436 Choice of higherorder modes | 140 |
437 Results | 141 |
44 HIGHERORDER MODE APPROACH | 143 |
441 Results | 147 |
45 TYPICAL MEASUREMENT RESULTS | 154 |
451 Influence of crack width and depth on characteristic signal | 155 |
23 CARBON BLACK LOADED RUBBER | 18 |
231 Measurement procedure | 19 |
232 Dielectric properties of rubber compound constituents | 23 |
233 Cured rubber dielectric property dependence on carbon black | 24 |
234 Detection of curatives in uncured rubber | 25 |
235 Measurement accuracy | 30 |
24 RESIN BINDER | 32 |
242 Resin Loaded Fiberglass | 35 |
25 POROSITY ESTIMATION IN POLYMER COMPOSITES | 38 |
251 Sample preparation | 39 |
26 RUST DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES | 43 |
261 Measurement procedure | 44 |
262 Rust specimen descriptions and measured dielectric properties | 45 |
27 DIELECTRIC MIXING MODELS | 46 |
271 Empirical dielectric mixing model for cured carbon black loaded rubber | 48 |
272 Empirical dielectric mixing model for microballoonfilled epoxy resin | 49 |
REFERENCES | 53 |
Layered dielectric composite evaluation | 57 |
32 WHAT MAY BE ACCOMPLISHED | 58 |
33 FIELD REGIONS | 59 |
331 Farfield approach | 60 |
34 ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELING OF THE INTERACTION OF AN OPENENDED RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE WITH MULTILAYERE... | 62 |
341 Theoretical formulation | 63 |
342 Verification of derivations | 70 |
343 Thickness determination of dielectric sheets backed by conducting plates | 71 |
344 Stratified dielectric composite inspection | 82 |
345 Measurement optimization of frequency and standoff distance | 90 |
346 Detection of rust under dielectric coatings | 105 |
35 SUMMARY | 118 |
REFERENCES | 120 |
Surface crack evaluation | 123 |
42 OPENENDED WAVEGUIDE APPROACH | 124 |
43 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS FOR EXPOSED CRACKS | 129 |
431 Formulation of the generalized scattering matrix | 131 |
432 Application of the boundary conditions | 133 |
433 Application of the method of moments | 134 |
452 Influence of detector location on characteristic signal | 158 |
453 Influence of frequency on characteristic signal | 160 |
454 Filled cracks | 162 |
455 Covered cracks | 168 |
456 Remote crack detection influence of liftoff | 175 |
46 CRACK SIZING | 179 |
462 Crack depth estimation | 183 |
464 Influence of crack length on the phase of reflection coefficient | 187 |
465 Crack length estimation | 189 |
47 TIP LOCATION DETERMINATION | 193 |
200 | |
49 SUMMARY | 202 |
REFERENCES | 206 |
Nearfield measurement techniques and applications | 209 |
52 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES | 210 |
213 | |
53 MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES | 217 |
54 NEARFIELD IMAGING | 220 |
541 Inclusions in glass reinforced polymer epoxy | 221 |
542 Flat bottom holes in glass reinforced polymer epoxy | 224 |
543 Disbond in thick sandwich composite | 225 |
544 Impact damage in thick sandwich composite | 228 |
545 Localized porosity | 230 |
546 Resin variation in lowdensity fiberglass composites | 232 |
547 Rust under paint | 233 |
548 Rust under laminate composites | 236 |
55 ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH NEARFIELD MEASUREMENTS AND IMAGING | 238 |
REFERENCES | 242 |
Other developments and future | 246 |
63 OPENENDED COAXIAL PROBES FOR LAYERED COMPOSITE INSPECTION | 252 |
64 FATIGUE SURFACE CRACK DETECTION AND EVALUATION IN METALS USING OPENENDED COAXIAL PROBES | 253 |
66 BARRIERS AND FUTURE | 254 |
REFERENCES | 255 |
Index | 258 |
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多く使われている語句
24 GHz Zoughi applications attenuation backgap distance Bakhtiari calculated calibration carbon black conducting plate constituents crack characteristic signal crack depth crack detection crack tip characteristic crack width crack with width curatives cured detection sensitivity detector dielectric coatings dielectric composite dielectric materials dielectric properties diode disbond thickness electric field EPDM fiberglass frequency of 24 frequency of operation function of frequency Ganchev and Zoughi higher-order modes Ka-band liftoff loaded rubber loss tangent maximum phase difference measurement parameters measurement sensitivity measurement system microwave non-destructive microwave techniques near-field microwave network analyzer non-destructive testing Normalized crack characteristic open-ended rectangular waveguide operating frequency optimization phase difference phase of reflection polymer porosity Qaddoumi reflection coefficient relative permittivity resin binder rubber compounds rust sample thickness sandwich composite sensor shown in Fig shows signal level specimen standing wave standoff distance surface crack thickness variation tip characteristic signals uncured vector waveguide aperture Yeh and Zoughi
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200 ページ - The specimen was then fatigued at 8 Hz, using a closed loop servo-hydraulic fatigue machine, at a maximum stress of 103 Mpa (15 ksi) and a stress ratio of 0.05. Consequently, a tight fatigue crack was generated at the end of the notch whose width varied as a function of the distance away from the notch tip, as shown in Figure 3.