Applied X-rays

absorption acid alloys aluminum analysis angle annealing atomic number body-centered body-centered cubic Bragg calculated carbon atoms cathode cellulose cent chains characteristic chemical colloidal compounds constant copper crystal structure crystalline curves diffraction patterns direction effect electric electrons elements emission energy equation experimental face-centered cubic fiber axis film fluorescent Glocker grains graphite groups Hexagonal increase indices intensity interference ionization ionization chamber ions iron Laue layer line liquid maxima measured metal method micelles molecular molecules monoclinic obtained parallel particle perpendicular pinhole planes preferred orientation produced properties radiation radiographic random rays recrystallization reflection Rhombohedral rings rolling rotation rubber scattering screen sheet showing shown in Fig silver single crystal solid solution space-group spacing specimen spectra spectrum spots steel substances symmetry target temperature Tetragonal thickness tion unit cell valence values voltage wave length wire x-ray beam x-ray diffraction x-ray patterns x-ray tube