cigar, our lucifers were too damp to ignite. At length, however, we coaxed one of them to its duty, and set off in a hopeful spirit to try and trace our way back. After traversing the stream we had followed on the previous night, we struck back into the mountains, and after wandering for about four hours and a half we again heard the sound of running water, which we continued to follow, until, joy of joys! we came upon the hoof-print of a pony. No red Indian ever tracked the footsteps of his enemy with more intense satisfaction than we followed this mark of a living animal along the side of the stream and through a most beautiful glen. We then came upon a sheep pen, a bridge of poles, a gate, and other indications of humanity; and now the joyous feeling rushed upon us that we were saved. We saw in the distance the figures of three dogs, a man, and a boy. These last directed us to the house of Mr. Campbell, of Monzie, a Highland laird, and a thorough Highland gentleman, who, on hearing our tale, received us with the greatest kindness, feasted us right royally, and did all he could to restore and strengthen us, for by this time (two o'clock) we were beginning to feel somewhat done-up. He heartily congratulated us on our escape; 'for,' said he, 'if it had not been one of the warmest nights we have had for some time, you must all have perished; and had you done so your bodies might not have been found for months, so utterly weird and out of the way was your resting-place of the night.' Having done all he could for our comfort, Mr. Campbell kindly accompanied us part of the way, to put us in the right path, and pointed out to us the cairn of two Englishmen who were lost a year or two ago in the same way, and had been found dead in the morning, after having been out only nine hours. We had been from the period of our starting until we came into Mr. Campbell's friendly dwelling no less than thirty hours! We had still twelve miles to go, but after a sleep of three hours we resumed our journey, truly grateful that we had escaped, as if by a miracle, a sudden and awful death, in the full vigour of youth and health. Mr. Campbell's caution to us, not to leave the beaten track for an unknown road in the Highlands again, will not, I think, be disregarded by any of us.-R. E."

[The lesson that we would read from this adventure is, not to travel without a good map. Had our unfortunate travellers consulted the map that accompanies this Guide, and which we venture to say is correct, so far as the roads and paths in this quarter of the Highlands are concerned, they would have seen at once that the information they received from the ill-looking man was incorrect, and that a much better and easier route was open to them.]

THE

PICTURESQUE TOURIST

OF

SCOTLAND.

DESCRIPTION OF SCOTLAND.

ORIGIN OF THE NAME-EXTENT-GENERAL ASPECT-NATURAL DIVISIONS -MOUNTAINS-VALES-RIVERS-LAKES-MINERAL PRODUCE AND SPRINGS-CLIMATE-AGRICULTURE-ANIMAL KINGDOM-FISHERIES -MANUFACTURES-COMMERCE-INTERNAL

COMMUNICATION-RE

VENUE-CONSTITUTION-RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS-UNIVERSITIES AND SCHOOLS-ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE-POPULATION.

SCOTLAND is the northern and smaller division of the Island of Great Britain. That part of the country which lies beyond the Firths of Forth and Clyde was the Caledonia of the Romans. The Caledonians were afterwards known by the name of Picts, and from them the country was called Pictland The term Scotland came into use in the eleventh century, in consequence of the supremacy of the Scots, originally a colony from Ireland, which settled in Argyleshire and the West Highlands.

EXTENT. The longest line that can be drawn in Scotland is from its most southerly point, the Mull of Galloway, in lat 54° 38′ N., long. 4° 50′ W., to Dunnet Head, its most northerly point, in lat. 58° 40′ 30′′ N., long. 3° 29′ W., or about 285 miles; but the longest line that can be drawn in

B

about the same parallel of longitude, is from the former point to Cape Wrath, in lat. 58° 36′ N., long. 4° 56′ W., a distance of 275 miles. The breadth is extremely various. From Buchanness Point to the Point of Ardnamurchan in Argyleshire, the distance is 160 miles; but from the mouth of Loch Broom to the Firth of Dornoch, it is only twenty-four miles. The whole coast is so much penetrated by arms of the sea, that there is only one spot throughout its whole circuit upwards of forty miles from the shore. The area of the mainland is computed at 25,520 square miles of land, and 494 of fresh water lakes; the islands are supposed to contain about 4080 square miles of land, and about 144 of water.

GENERAL ASPECT.-The surface of the country is distinguished for variety, and, compared with England, it is generally speaking rugged and mountainous. It is supposed, that estimating the whole extent of the country, exclusive of lakes, at 19,000,000 acres, scarcely so many as 6,000,000 are arable that is less than one-third; whereas in England, the proportion of arable land to the entire extent of the country exceeds three-fourths. With the exception of a few tracts of rich alluvial land along the courses of the great rivers, Scotland has no extensive tracts of level ground, the surface of the country being generally varied with hill and dale.

NATURAL DIVISIONS.-Scotland is naturally divided into Highlands and Lowlands. The former division comprehends, besides the Hebrides, the Orkney and Shetland islands, the counties of Argyle, Inverness, Nairn, Ross, Cromarty, Sutherland, and Caithness, with parts of Dumbarton, Stirling, Perth, Forfar, Kincardine, Aberdeen, Banff, and Moray or Elgin. The Highlands, again, are divided into two unequal portions, by the chain of lakes occupying the Glenmore-nan-albin, or "Great Glen of Caledonia," stretching north-east and southwest across the island, from Inverness to Fort-William, now connected together, and forming the Caledonian Canal. The northern division of the Highlands is decidedly the more barren and unproductive of the two, though the other division contains the highest mountains. In the eastern parts of Ross and Cromarty there are level tracts of considerable fertility. The Lowland division of the kingdom, though comparatively flat, comprises also a great deal of mountainous country.

DESCRIPTION OF SCOTLAND.

MOUNTAINS.- Of the Highland mountains, the most celebrated is the chain of the Grampians. It commences on the south side of Loch Etive in Argyleshire, and terminates between Stonehaven and the mouth of the Dee on the eastern coast. Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Great Britain, lies immediately to the east of Fort-William, being separated from the Grampians by the moor of Rannoch; its height is 4406 feet 3 inches above the level of the sea, and its circumference at the base is supposed to exceed twenty-four miles. The most elevated part of the range of Grampians lies at the head of the Dee, where Ben Muich Dhui rises to the height of 4295 feet. The other principal summits of the Grampian chain are Schehallion, near the east end of Loch Rannoch; Ben Lawers, on the north side of Loch Tay; Ben More, at the head of Glendochart; Ben Lomond, on the side of Loch Lomond; and Ben Cruachan, at the head of Loch Awe. To the south of the Grampians, and running parallel with them across the island, there is a chain of hills divided by the valleys of the Tay and Forth into three distinct portions, and bearing the names of the Sidlaw, Ochil, and Campsie Hills. The low country between them and the Grampians is called the valley of Strathmore. In the Lowland division of the country, the Cheviots form the principal range. These hills are situated partly in England and partly in Scotland. They separate Northumberland from Roxburghshire, stretch through the latter county in a westerly direction, keeping to the north of Liddesdale, then bending north-west toward the junction of the counties of Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Dumfries, they unite with the Lowther Hills. This extensive group, which, near the above-mentioned junction, has Ettrick Water for its eastern boundary, spreads over the southern portion of the counties of Selkirk, Peebles, and Lanark, and the north of Dumfriesshire, and in the west of the latter county joins the ridges which, passing through Kirkcudbrightshire, Wigtownshire, and the south of Ayrshire, terminate at Loch Ryan in the Irish Channel. Of these hills the highest lie on the confines of the counties of Dumfries, Peebles, Lanark, and Selkirk; Merrick, in Kirkcudbrightshire, Broadlaw, Peeblesshire, and Hartfell, Dumfriesshire, being the three highest.

VALES.-The most important level tracts in Scotland, are

the carse of Stirling and Falkirk, which occupies the country on both sides the Forth, from Borrowstounness on the south and Kincardine on the north, westward to Gartmore; the tract between Dundee and Perth, bounded by the Sidlaw Hills on the north, and the Tay on the south, denominated the Carse of Gowrie; the Merse of Berwickshire, extending from Leader water along the Tweed to Berwick; and the valley of Strathmore, which comprises a considerable portion of the counties of Perth and Angus, stretching from Methven in the former to the vicinity of Laurencekirk in Kincardineshire, and from thence under the name of the Howe of the Mearns, to within a short distance of Stonehaven. Besides these, there are several smaller straths, such as Teviotdale in Roxburghshire, Tynedale in East-Lothian, and the Howe of Fife.

RIVERS. The principal rivers of Scotland are, the Tweed, the Forth, the Tay, the Spey, and the Clyde. The Tweed rises in Tweedsmuir about six miles from Moffat. It runs first north-east to Peebles, then east, with a little inclination to the south, to Melrose; it next passes Kelso and Coldstream, and, pursuing a north-easterly direction, falls into the sea at Berwick. Excepting for the last three or four miles, the Tweed, during the latter part of its course, forms the boundary between England and Scotland. The descent from its source to Peebles is 1000 feet, and thence to Berwick about 500 feet more. Including windings, its length is reckoned at rather more than 100 miles. Its principal tributaries are, the Ettrick, which it receives near Selkirk; the Gala a little above, and the Leader a little below Melrose; the Teviot at Kelso; the Till at Tilmouth; and the Adder near Berwick. The salmon fisheries at Berwick are very productive. The extent of country drained by the Tweed is 1687 square miles.

The Forth rises on the east side of Ben Lomond, and runs in an easterly direction, with many windings, till it unites with the Firth of Forth at Kincardine. Its most important tributary is the Teith, which it receives a short way above Stirling. It drains 793 square miles.

The Tay conveys to the sea a greater quantity of water than any other river in Britain. It has its source in the, western extremity of Perthshire, in the district of Breadalbane,