three volumes, with historical proofs and illustrations added from the very latest records. Freedom and happiness and abundance are the rightful conditions of humanity, not a slavery or serfdom or proletariat of the masses for the sole benefit of a few rich and powerful owners or lords or monopolists. Such is one of the inseparable elements of Mr. Carey's system, a far different beginning from the grim heathenism of the supply-and-demand doctrinaires, which pretends to a scientific abstraction of all human qualities, but only succeeds in abstracting the good ones. They sweep and garnish their empty house, glad to be rid of man; and seven devils enter in and dwell there. To obtain these conditions of desirable life, again, human exertion should be economized. A minimum of strength, time, wealth, should be expended, for instance, in carrying goods backwards and forwards. Other things being equal, the farm is best placed which abuts upon the factory-wall, and the factory, whose windows look out upon the farm. In proportion to the variety of occupations pursued within a community, it is certain that every variety of natural talent will find a happy activity. In the same proportion is the community independent of foreign powers or markets. And in the same proportion do its activities result in real values, instead of being wasted in the barren mechanics of transportation. The protectionist system of administering governments is by its nature adapted, under the present conditions of Christendom, to secure this economy, variety, strength, and happiness. The free-trade system is equally adapted to substitute for it a commercial slavery to England, whose accumulations of wealth and machinery, and whose pauper-labor, would enable her, as things now are, if free trade can be made universal, to monopolize manufactures, and to reduce other nations to the monotonous, stupefying, and unremunerative work of furnishing raw material. It is, however, needless to complete the epitome. Mr., Carey's powerful, original, and unanswered expositions of the truth of his doctrines have been before the world for forty years; and his fame and services are not in want of proclamation or praise. His system recognizes the existence of a God, the fellowship of men, goodness, duty, charity. In short, it recognizes things as they are, and lays down a rule of action which allows for things as they are, while the opposite system practically excludes every thing ex cept greed, depending upon the narrow immorality that it is always right to get the largest price you can, and to pay the least. But in an honest bargain both parties gain. It is needless, again, to do more than barely refer to Mr. Carey's important doctrine of the first cultiva tion of the poorer soils, an indispensable key to the history of sociology; or to his broad and practical definition of value as depending on the quantity of labor saved in the commodity valued, and as limited by the cost of its reproduction; or to his most useful and satisfactory exposition of the rule by which, as improve ments take place, the capitalist and the laborer ought and naturally do both gain, but the last most: so that civilization tends toward equality of conditions, yet by the elevation of all. It is the discussions which set forth the body of doctrines, of which a few are thus indicated, which constitute OTHER NEW BOOKS. the heart of Mr. Carey's work,-a com- powers and great services of Mr. pact, clear, and powerfully-supported Carey, and from an equally sincere exposition, which we wish every voter uncertainty as to the precise signifiin the United States was obliged to cance of his lines of reasoning. We learn by rote, and understand by hope to recur to the subject at an heart. This part of the book we be- early day. F. B. P. lieve to be unanswerable; and this belief is strongly supported by the appearance, in a bitter free-trade periodical of literary pretensions, of a professed criticism of it, dishonest enough not to explain even that these arguments are in the book. This was, after an immoral manner, wise; for the fault-finding, critical method in question must, by necessity, avoid the merits of the books it considers, and confine itself to their defects. Such criticism is a disease: it seizes its object by the weak parts. For the least satisfactory part of Mr. Carey's work is unquestionably its attempt to show that the laws of the material world are in a unity of action with the laws of social life and of industrial activity. The language used might, perhaps, allow his argument to be confined to enforcing an analogy only between the laws of matter and those of human interests. If this is the case, the statements are not worked out with sufficient clearness and accuracy. If it is not the case, the views laid down in the first paragraphs of this paper will apply; and we must regret that Mr. Carey has not satisfied himself with the great enforcing power derivable from analogical illustrations, without seeking to establish an identity which exists, so far as it exists, only so that human minds and human language cannot handle it in an intelligible manner, any more than they can God. 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THE PRISON-MISSION. can and are desirous of giving, not only without prospect of recompense, UNDER this head may be included but with the almost certainty of disour distinct and yet united labors of appointment, and this, too, to the missionary work in London: I. The unthankful and the unworthy. The Mission to Women discharged from establishment of branch three, of which Prison. II. The Prison-gate Mis- we shall speak farther on, obviates ion. III. The Washing Mission. this form of eleemosynary provision: IV. The Children's Aid, which has so that free hospitality towards the resulted in the Princess Mary Vil- discharged prisoners needs no longer ages. The first branch was estab- to be exercised to the same extent as ished in 1867, to render more effec- formerly. During the year 1871 the Eual aid to women, on release from mission-houses received fifty-two dispenal servitude, than could be possible charged female prisoners, of ages varyif there were no power, as formerly, ing from seventeen to fifty-five years. to communicate with them prior to The greatest number of criminals their liberation from the state pris- seems to be of ages between twentyons and penitentiaries. This first five and thirty years. From a tabubranch deals with that class of female lar statement, I extract the folcriminals who are undergoing the lowing average of statistics of the heaviest sentences,- from five years to fifty-two female prisoners cared for the term of their natural life, and who, by the society during the year 1871: of course, have the greatest amount Of prisoners ranging in age from 17 of disabilities to contend with. These years to 25 years, 15; from 25 to 30, poor women, on their liberation from 17; from 30 to 40, 14; from 40 to 55, penal servitude, naturally manifest 4. It is a source of congratulation the effect of the discipline they have and hope that the majority of those undergone. The work in hand is to who avail themselves of the assistance help them to return to society as of the society are of ages under favorably as their circumstances will thirty: only four above forty years allow. Before the establishment of have ventured to place themselves the Washing Mission, the discharged under any one's care. The prison prisoners were received into the mis- discipline and the constant recommitsion-houses, and shelter, food, &c. ments have evidently a hardening bestowed gratuitously. The society process. Of these fifty-two, forty-one became their bankers of the moneys were single women, and eleven margranted by the prison authorities ried, mothers of twelve children in for their use, and paid it to them by all, ten of which are legitimate, and instalments, without deduction, or only two illegitimate. Thirty-seven any charge for agency. This liberal of them Protestants, and fifteen Rotreatment bore its own testimony to man Catholics. The crimes for which these poor women, that Christians they were sentenced: murder, one; ar son, one; felony, ten; stealing, eleven; larceny, twenty-four; uttering base coin, four; receiving stolen goods, one. Sentenced for five years, twelve; six years, five; seven years, thirtytwo; eight years, one; ten years, one; for life, one. Of these fifty-two women, only four could say that it was their first conviction: the rest had been reconvicted from one to eighteen times. Thirty-seven were liberated on license during good behavior; and the term of sentence of the other fifteen had expired. Of their prison character only four "bad," and six "very good," twenty-five "good," and seventeen "moderately good." Of their conduct after liberation, twenty-four were "satisfactory;" eighteen "unsatisfactory," of whom two were reconvicted, and the licenses of two were revoked. One was assisted to emigrate; and the rest have the benefit of the doubt, being classed as "unknown." The inferences to be drawn from these statistics are, 1. That the present mode in which penal servitude is inflicted on women in England does not tend to reduce the ranks of female criminals. On the contrary, the "Blue Book of Judicial Statistics" year by year notices the "remarkable frequency of female recommitments to prison." 2. The cheering result of the operations of the society, almost in its infancy, in the fact that so many women who have applied to them for assistance to regain, somewhat, their position in society, though they have come, in some instances, with a "bad" or "indifferently good" prison character, have done well on liberation. But there is another class of women who present a wider circle of labor than these first. This class is formed chiefly of women, who, for offences less than those which incur sentences of penal servitude, are committed to prison for short terms, varying from twenty-four hours to two years. To attempt to open a door at once to so numerous a class as these now are would be almost impossible. The society began, therefore, to work at a fountain-head from which a stream of offenders is continually flowing into the metropolitan districts of London, carrying with it a continuous supply of corrupt female influence into the life of London and its environs. Within ten minutes' walk of Buckingham Palace, the town residence of the queen; within five minutes' walk of the houses of parliament, and the most venerated ecclesiastical struc ture in Great Britain, Westminster Abbey; close to the residences of the very first families of Britain's nobility, there stands a house of correction for female criminals, a standing me morial of shame to British civilization, called "Westminster Prison." The statistics of this prison give for the year 1870, 5,517 commitments of women, of which 3,161 were inflicted repeatedly on the same women, 311 of whom were recommitted over ten times. The ages of these females varied from less than twelve years to more than sixty years. Fifteen of them were committed in very early childhood, and two hundred and fourteen in their old age. The greatest number of criminals were between the ages of twenty and thiry years; nineteen hundred and four having been sent to this prison at that time of life. The gate of this prison is then the fountain-head which tends, perhaps more than other spot in London, to pollute the stream of female life in the great metropolis. Here, then, the society, after four years of labor, necessarily much restricted for want of ample any accommo |