39 tury. Many more authorities could be cited who were opposed to the recital of Kol Nidre. 4o Little by little, however, the objection became weaker and weaker and Kol Nidre became prevalent everywhere. To a great extent its popularity is undoubtedly due to its plaintive and touching melody. That this melody with its strong appeal to the people played an important part in the preservation of the formula can be seen from the fact that Judah Hadassi, a Karaite of the twelfth century, in attacking the use of Kol Nidre, mentions also the fact that it was sung. 41 There is no cause to doubt that the melody has come down to us very little changed, but this belongs to another field of investigation. The use to which the opponents of Judaism put Kol Nidre forms a chapter by itself. The Karaites found in it a fertile field for attack. 42 Jewish apostates used it as a means of casting suspicion on the trustworthiness of an oath taken by a Jew. As early as the thirteenth century (1240), R. Jeḥiel of Paris had to defend the Kol Nidre in the presence of Saint Louis and his court, 43 and the attacks continue to this day. The numerous accusations brought against the Jews on account of Kol Nidre in the course of centuries induced the leaders of Reform Judaism to remove it from the ritual, 44 retaining only its 39 Toledot Adam we-Hawwah, section 14, pt. 3; Kopust, 1808, fol. 88b. 4o See Zunz, G. V., 390. 41 Eshkol ha-Kofer, Gozlow 1836, fol. 53a. 42 See Hadassi, ibid., Nos. 139, 140. 43 Wikkuaḥ, Thorn, 1873, p. 7. 44 See references in Jewish Encyclopedia, 7, 542a. melody. Historic Judaism, however, still braves the storm of accusations, safe in the consciousness of its integrity, and mindful of the wise adage not to indulge in too many explanations, because friends do not need them and enemies would not believe them. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. RABBINIC SOURCES: Besides the well-known codes of R. JACOB BEN ASHER (German scholar d. at Toledo, Spain ca. 1340), R. JOSEPH CARO (b. in Spain or Portugal, 1480, d. at Safed, Palestine, 1575), and R. ABRAHAM Danzig (b. at Danzig ca. 1747, d. at Wilna, 1820), the following works may be consulted. AARON HA-KOHEN OF LUNEL, Orhot Hayyim (composed ca. 1327 at Majorka), Florence, 1750, 105d-106b. ABRAHAM BEN NATHAN OF LUNEL, Ha-Manhig (composed ca. 1204 at Toledo), Berlin, 1856, 59b. ABUDRAHAM, DAVID BEN JOSEPH, Abudraham (composed in 1340 at Seville), Warsaw, 1887, 76a. AMRAM GAON (Sura, d. ca. 875), Seder R. Amram, Warsaw, 1865, 47a. ASHER BEN JEHIEL (b. in Germany ca. 1250 d. at Toledo 1328), RASH on Nedarim 23b and at the end of Yoma. ASHKENAZI, BEZALLEL (Oriental Talmudist of the 16th cent.), Snittah Mekubbezet on Nedarim 23b (ed. Berlin, 1860, 27c-28b). AYYAS, JUDAH (b. in North Africa ca. 1690, d. at Jerusalem 1760), Dine Minhage Argil (in his Responsa Bet Yehudah, Leghorn, 1747, 107a, No. 7). HADASSI, JUDAH (Karaite of 12th cent.), Eshkol ha-Kofer, Eupatoria, 1836, Nos. 139, 140. IBN GHAYYAT, ISAAC BEN JUDAH (b. at Lucena ca. 1038, d. at Cordova, 1089), Sha'are Simḥah, Fürth, 1861, 60b. ISAAC BEN MORDECAI, Responsum (in R. E. J., 39, pp. 82-84). ISAAC BEN MOSES OF VIENNA (German scholar, flourished between 1200 and 1270), Or Zarua', Zhitomir, 1862, II, 126b. ISAAC BEN SHESHET (b. at Valencia 1326, d. at Algiers 1408), Responsa, No. 394, Lemberg, 1805, 124a. JEHIEL BEN JOSEPH OF PARIS (b. at Meaux at the end of 12th cent., d. in Palestine, 1286), Wikkuaḥ, thorn, 1873, p. 7. KOL BO, No. 68, Fürth, 1782, 57a. LAMPRONTI, ISAAC (b. at Ferrara 1679, d. 1756), Paḥad Yisḥak, IV, 82b. LANDAU, JACOB BEN JUDAH (German-Italian scholar, flourished 2d half of 15th cent.), Agur, No. 941, Vdenice, 1546, 73b. Likkute Ha-Pardes, Amsterdam, 1715, 12a. MOLIN, JACOB BEN MOSES (German scholar, b. 1365, d. 1427), MAHARIL, Cremona, 1566, 58b. NATRONAI GAON (Sura ca 853), Responsum (in Halakot Pesukot, No. 122, ed. by Joel Müller, Cracow, 1893, p. 64). NISSIM BEN Reuben GeroudI (flourished at Barcelona ca. 1340-1380), RAN on Nedarim 23b. TAM, JACOB (French Tosafist, b. 1100, d. 1171), Sefer Ha-Yashar, Vienna, 1811, 17a. TANYA, Warsaw, 1879, p. 169. YeruHam Ben Meshullam of PROVENCE. (flourished ca. 1334), Toledot Adam we-Ḥawwah, section 14, pt. 4, Kopust, 1808, 88b. ZEDEKIAH BEN ABRAHAM (Italian scholar, flourished 13th cent.), Shibbale Ha-Leket, Wilna, 1887, pp. 293–295. B. OTHER SOURCES: AUB, JOSEPH, Die Eingangsfeier des Versöhnungstages, Mayence, 1863. BLOCH, JOSEPH S., Kol Nidre und seine Entstehungsgeschichte, Vienna, 1871. 2d. ed. Berlin, 1922. BODENSCHATZ, J. CHR. G., Kirchl. Verfassung der heutigen Juden, Frankfurt u. Leipsig, 1748, II, 218, 369, etc. EISENMENGER, J. A., Entdecktes Judenthum, Königsberg, 1711, II, 489, etc. EISENSTEIN, J. D., Ozar Yisrael, 5, 275. ELBOGEN, I., Der Jüdische Gottesdienst, Leipzig, 1913, pp. 153, 537. FRIEDENTHAL, M. B., Entstehung des Kol Nidre (Litbl. d. Or., vi, 385-389). Nachtrag zu meiner Erklärung des Kol Nidre (ibid., 566-568). Heidenheim, W., Maḥzor for the Day of Atonement, Rödelheim, 1832, 6b-8b. LEHMANN, Die Abschaffung des Kol Nidre, Mayence, 1863. LEVI, ISRAEL, Isaac ben Mardocheé et le Kol Nidre (R. E. J., 39, p. 76-81.). Löw, LEOPOLD, Die Dispensation von Gelöbnissen (Gesammelte Schriften, III, 359-366). MANDELSTAMM, L. I., Kol Nidre (in Thalmudische Studien, Berlin, 1860, II, 6-16). PLUNGYAN, MORDECAI, Ma'amar beʻ-inyan Kol Nidre (Ha-Karmel, II, 1873, p. 235-239). POZNANSKI, S., Eine neue Hypothese über die Entstehung des Kol Nidre, Vienna, 1918. SCHLOESSINGER, MAX., Kol Nidre (Jewish Encyclopedia, vii, 539–542). SCHUMANN, Die Abschaffung des Kol Nidre und Herr Dr. Aub in Mainz. Ein Wort der Entgegnung. Mayence, 1863. STERN, S. G., Mabo le-Kol Nidre (in Warnheim's Kebuzzat Ḥakamim, Vienna, 1861, pp. 99–103). STRACK, H. L., Kol Nidre (Herzog-Hauck, Real-Encyc., 1902, pp. 649-653). ZUNZ, L., Die gottesdienstliche Vorträge, Frankfurt a. M., 1892, pp. 389-390. Die Ritus, Berlin, 1859, pp. 96, 106, 189. JEWS WHO HAVE RECEIVED THE NOBEL PRIZE BY BENJAMIN HARROW WHEN Alfred B. Nobel the Swedish inventor of dynamite and smokeless powder, died in 1896, he left a fortune estimated at about nine million dollars as a fund from the income of which five prizes were to be awarded annually to those who had, during the year, made the most noteworthy contributions for the benefit of mankind. prizes, which have been distributed annually since 1901, have been given to persons who, in the opinion of the trustees of the fund, have made the most important discoveries in the realms of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for the greatest service to the cause of international peace. By an arrangement with Nobel's heirs, who contested the will, only part of the original principal sum has been set aside for the prizes, the values of each of these being approximately $40,000. Up to and including the year 1922, about twenty-one prizes have been awarded in each group, one prize being sometimes divided between two and, in some cases, among three persons; in several instances prizes have been awarded to organizations; occasionally no awards have been made at all. The total number of individual prize winners thus far is 107, as follows: for physics, 25; for chemistry, 20; for medicine, 18; for literature, 22; for peace, 22. Of these prize winners, nine were Jews: Albert Abraham Michelson, Gabriel Lippmann, and Albert Einstein, for |