In England, the Jewish press alleged that anti-Semitism was a prominent element in the anti-Palestine agitation which was carried on by certain press organizations in that country.

ANTI-SEMITISM IN COLLEGES, ETC.-Just before the close of the school year Professor Samuel Steinhertz was elected rector at the German Prague University. Contrary to the custom which had prevailed in the universities of the defunct Austrian empire, which required that Jews elected to this post should resign, Professor Steinhertz refused to resign. When the university opened in the fall, the deutschnational students struck and rioted on the ground that the appointment of a Jew as rector militated against the maintenance of the "true German character" of the university. The Jews formed 38 per cent of the total enrolment in the German University. In addition, great numbers of the Christian student body, especially those with liberal and socialist tendencies, refused to join in the demand of the deutschnational students. The strike and the riots therefore could not have produced decisive results. But soon there arose a strong agitation in the press and also in the Czecho-Slovakian parliament. On November 29, 1922, deutschnational deputies in the Czecho-Slovakian parliament moved that the government introduce a bill to restrict the admission of Jews to the universities.

During the same period students in all the colleges and academies of Vienna struck simultaneously and demanded that the government restrict the admission of Jews to institutions of higher learning. The authorities immediately ordered the suspension of classes in all the universities. The universities opened on the following day, but pickets

of deutschnational students demanded baptismal certificates of all students who sought entrance.

In Hungary, with the opening of the school in the fall, students of the Technical High School at Budapest rioted and tried to prevent Jewish students from attending lectures, on the ground that factories in Hungary were employing Jews who were not allowed to study in Hungary but who obtained diplomas from universities at Prague and Zurich. The government closed the schools. The agitation for the expulsion of Jewish students then spread to all the high schools and universities of the country. The Minister of Education warned against disorders in the higher schools, and ordered the director of the Technical High School to resume the courses of study under old conditions until the matter at issue has been settled. The demand in Hungary, where Jewish admissions had been limited since 1920, was for the introduction of a numerus clausus with regard to the recognition of foreign diplomas. There followed sporadic attacks on Jewish students and riots at the universities, especially the University of Budapest, which lasted all through the fall. In January, 1923, the matter came up before the Hungarian parliament, which voted 83 to 38 against the abolition of the percentage norm against Jewish students in the university, members of the government party voting against the removal of the disability.

The disorder which had started in Czecho-Slovakia not only spread to Austria, but also to Poland. In that country, at the University of Lemberg, there existed a numerus clausus for Jews in the department of law and of medicine. Early in the year the Secretary for Education

ordered that the restriction be discontinued, on the ground that it was against the Polish constitution. About the middle of November, at a mass-meeting, students of the Warsaw University demanded the restriction of the admission of Jews to the universities, which was followed by attacks upon Jews in the streets. Soon after the University of Posen restricted the admission of Jews, and the director of the high school at Kattowitz (Silesia) expelled all Jewish students without notice.

Late in the fall riots broke out at the University of Latvia, Riga. The demand was for the limitation of the admission of Jews to the University, and early in March students of that University went on strike as a protest against the government's rejection of their demand.

About the same time similar disorders took place in Lithuania. Late in December the Minister of Education assured a Jewish Committee that the government would not accede to the demand of certain sections of the stu dent body for the rejection of Jewish candidates for admission to the Lithuanian University at Kovno.

Late in the fall disorders began in the universities of Roumania. On December 9, 1922, a deputation of Jewish organizations waited upon the king to complain of the continued acts of violence against the Jews on the part of students in the high schools who it was alleged, were invited to do so by their teachers. Simultaneously the Jewish deputies in parliament interpellated the government concerning maltreatment of Jews at the universities at Bucharest, Jassy, and Cluj. The government then prohibited mass-meetings in all parts of the country, and announced that heads and inspectors of schools would

be held personally responsible for the maintenance of order in the schools. The disorders continued, and the universities were closed. The government ordered the universities to reopen on January 22, 1923, giving assurance that Jewish students would not be molested. When the universities opened, however, anti-Jewish excesses broke out at Jassy. The government then ordered the closing of the department of medicine of that university. The government decided to reopen all the universities on March 15, 1923, and requested the Jewish students to absent themselves from classes in the medical colleges pending an arrangement for obtaining corpses for dissection in the anatomy classes in the laboratories. Late in March riots broke out anew, especially in Bucharest, the police arresting forty rioters in that city.

The net result of this concerted move on the part of small but energetic groups to bring about the limitation of the admission of Jews is not yet known in its entirety.

In Czecho-Slovakia the government, from the very beginning, took a firm stand against this movement for discrimination against Jews, and the matter in that country apparently is closed. Yet it may perhaps be considered ominous that the rector of the German Prague University tendered his resignation, although the Minister of Education has not yet accepted it. For the present the matter is closed in Latvia and in Lithuania, but in Poland the Sejm Educational Commission has under consideration a bill regulating the admission of students to the universities. In Roumania the riots and disorders in the university are not yet over. Early in June, statements made by the president of Harvard University which is a "private" and

not a government institution, concerning the increase in the enrolment of Jews and the advisability of limiting their admission to Harvard College caused wide discussion in the United States. Harvard appointed a committee for considering the matter of sifting students for admission. The report of this committee definitely oppsed any racial or religious tests for admission to the university.

The turn of events in Austria and in Hungary deserves special mention. In the former country, the Council of Professors of the Vienna Technicum, on February 21, 1923, voted that the "matriculation of citizens of foreign countries shall in the future be determined on the basis of the qualifications and on the basis of nationality with a view to economic interests. As for Jewish citizens of foreign countries, this fact will, in addition, be especially determinative, namely, that their matriculation shall be, as a rule, only in such proportion that the total number of Jews in a given department shall not exceed ten per cent of the total matriculation." Thus for the first time, a government institution in Austria has discriminated against the Jews in the matter of admission. Early in March the Council of Professors of the University of Bucharest recommended the institution of numerus clausus for Jewish students of foreign countries.

Relative to Hungary, certain Jewish associations had complained concerning the notorious Hungarian Education Act of 1920 which limits the admission of Jews to the university and other institutions of higher learning. During the past year a committee appointed by the Council of the League of Nations reported that it was its opinion that it is "necessary to take account first of all of the way in