to leave a burden on the country of £982,370. The expense of the actual army and navy, the former above £5,000,000, the latter, though reduced considerably by the late alterations made by Sir James Graham, still above four millions,-we shall, for the present, lay aside, together with the expense of the Colonial management, the executive, the three millions for collecting the revenue, the large sums paid to the Bank of England for managing the debt and using the public money. But some of the civil pensions call aloud for notice, not so much for their amount as their shamelessness. £2000 a-year to Mr. Goulburn, for example; £1500 to Mr. Croker; £1000 to Mr. H. Hobhouse; £1500 to Mr. Joseph Planta; £3000 to the family of Mr. Canning; £3000 to Lord Sidmouth; £3000 to Mrs. Jane Carr, late Perceval, and so forth ;—all for civil services to the nation, the nature of which the nation is not likely to forget; and for which, had any been performed, the functionaries were far overpaid by their salaries of office. "Thus, Mr. Croker, after receiving L.3000 a-year, for many years, for doing mischief, gets L.1500 for doing nothing," save all the mischief he can. To the noblemen and gentlemen alone, who have been kind enough to visit the Ottoman Porte for us, we are now paying £14,000 a-year. The husband of Mrs. Harriet Arbuthnot receives L.2,300 of this, to eke out the pittance of L.938, 10s., granted for her services. And can we wonder to see discontent among the paying class? In some departments of the army, the expense has actually increased during seventeen years of peace. The ordnance expenditure has increased one-fifth. In 1817 it was £242,742 ; but last spring, the ordnance estimates were voted at £293,231-voted, too, in a grant of supply, amounting to a million and a half, among thirty-four other items of supply, and huddled over by the Guardians of the Public Purse, after midnight; and on a night when fifty-nine separate pieces of business had been before the House, besides the ordinary consumption of time in routine matters, receiving petitions, &c. The way in which real business is done may be inferred from this. A few more unconnected facts may be thrown out, as subjects of rumination; for, when the amount of expenditure is seen, the more readily will modes of retrenchment be suggested in the various departments. Law and Justice cost the country above £723,805. And this is exclusive of the legal pensions, amounting to £53,654, of which £4000 is paid to Lord Eldon. Another £4000 may be claimed, as soon as he pleases, by that pure patriot and consistent judge or statesman, or statesman and judge, Lord Lyndhurst, and will be claimed the moment he ceases to draw something better from the office of Chief Baron of the Exchequer, so prudently bestowed upon him. Of this, £53,654, Sir Samuel Shepherd draws £3000, and Mr James Abercromby £2000; one late Lord of Session, (Monypenny,) £2,400; and another, (Sir A. Campbell,) L.1,950; and three others £1,500 each; so that Scotland enjoys her fair share of the legal pensions. For unknown services we pay in pensions £55,642, of which the servants of George IV. get £13,832, and those of Queen Charlotte £9,681. Pensions to retired ambassadors and consuls cost us £63,423 a-year; and the expense of actual diplomacy is £264,616 : the COLONIAL DEPARTMENT is not quite so much, only £220,357. The EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT is charged at £261,900. Legislation, that is, the expenses of the House of Lords and the Commons, including clerks, Speaker's salaries, stationery, printing, &c. £244,772 ;-enough to allow a remuneration of nearly £400 per annum to every member of the Commons', and thus throw open its doors to the talent and honesty excluded by the present system. For Law and JUSTICE in the three kingdoms the coun

try pays, as we stated, £723,805 in judges' salaries, &c. &c.; but this is exclusive of immense sums levied off the public, which never go into the public coffers at all, in the name of fees, of which no one can calculate the amount. It may lead to a shrewd guess of the total when it is mentioned, that in fees for law and justice, those unfortunate persons in Scotland seeking such high-priced commodities, pay our late city member alone, Mr Dundas, to wit, between six and seven thousand ayear, besides liberally remunerating those who do his business.

We might go on multiplying instances, but here is work enough for a reformed Parliament for one Session; and the member who shall either delay it, or flinch from it, is no true representative of the people. Instead of one Joseph Hume and a single Sir Henry Parnell, hundreds are demanded for this gigantic labour. There must be searching and severe scrutiny, indefatigable industry, unremitting perseverance, and a pertinacious hanging in the skirts of officious indolence, till every retrenchment practicable is obtained. For this task, neither great oratorical powers, nor flashy talents of any kind are required. Such attainments would rather act as hindrances. Zeal, industry, the economizing of time, and a firm determination to do their duty, are all that is wanting in the representatives who would set themselves, as a first duty, to curtail that enormous and shameful expenditure-which insults the people whom it grinds—and, in all time coming, to check, in their earliest symptoms, the lavish propensities of that great spendthrift, the State. Nor is the mere money, the means of bare life extracted from the poor, and of comfort and well-being from the middle class, to raise a fraction of the community into luxury, the whole of the evil. An excessive public expenditure is twice-cursed-nay it is thrice-cursed, first in the general impoverishment it occasions, next in the public corruption which it engenders and fosters, and thirdly, as it almost uniformly re-acts on the mass of the community, in demoralizing examples of the profligate personal expense of official men, dissolute living, and the many frivolities, and insolences, which operate to the debasement of society through all its inferior grades, and of which the first impulse, and most glaring and influential exhibitions are given by those who fatten and revel on the public purse. Who are "the observed of all observers," the leaders of every idle fashion, the instigators in every pernicious pursuit ? Those who either actually live on the public, or who have risen to dangerous influence and notoriety by means of the profligate expenditure of public money. It would be a curious, and might not be an unedifying investigation, to trace the moral effects produced on society, by the State expenditure by Lord Ellenborough's sinecure of L.13,000, or Lord Lyndhurst's enormous salary as a judge, or the Duke of Cumberland's immense pension, or the smaller one of Mrs. Harriet Arbuthnot, and such like. The profligate extravagance of the court of Louis XV. was less culpable from the embarrassment and ruin it caused in the national finances, than from the gross corruption it spread throughout the kingdom, and the pernicious and seducing example of unblushing vice, and triumphant villany, which it enabled princes, courtiers, and their minions, to set to France and Europe. Had the money taken from the oppressed people, for the purposes of infamous expenditure, been sunk in the sea, the effect would have been comparatively harmless. As it was, the price of the bread which should have sustained their lives, was wrung from the people, to be spent in debasing, and vitiating the public morals and taste. And this will always be the case, wherever national expenditure is unrestrained by the vigilance of the people, acting through efficient and freely chosen representatives.

MEMOIRS AND CORRESPONDENCE OF SIR JAMES EDWARD

SMITH.*

LAST month we named this a delightful book. A more careful perusal deepens this agreeable impression. In moral tendency, it is a work to be classed with the Memoirs and Letters of Cowper and Heber, of Collingwood, Sir Thomas Munro, and Dr Edward Clarke, or of such old English worthies as More and Penn. It is consequently, in our estimation, among the books which, from their moral beauty alone, are to be regarded as the most precious treasures of literature. Such works are too few in number, and they are almost peculiar to England. They are quiet, truthful, domestic pictures of her best and greatest men, and of the sound and virtuous heart of her worthiest society; often making the power and charm of the hidden and enduring worth of the English character, be suddenly felt when it was feared all was hastening to vanity and demoralization. They are images of a kind of life on which no one can look with feeling, and in earnest, without a softening and moulding of the whole man into some faint resemblance of their pure and serene beauty. The appearance of works of this character in these troublous times, gives them double value. They are as the bow in the blackened and stormy heavens, giving promise of serener weather, and telling of all the peace and loveliness that is hid behind the gathered clouds. Though we rank this memoir with those manuals of humanity which, through the affections, teach youth how to grow unto virtue, and to live with honour and usefulness, we do not mean to say that their excellent and amiable subject, a man of accomplishment and information, a man of science also-and, in one branch of natural science, enthusiastic and eminent-was either a Cowper or a Heber, although we may assert that the record of his early life will be perused with nearly equal pleasure, and with at least equal advantage, as their memoirs. Sir James Edward Smith is here but one of an English family group. He is the most prominent figure, but some of those by whom he is surrounded are, to our taste, quite as captivating.

The life of Sir James Edward Smith is chiefly unfolded by his own correspondence; though the book is edited by his widow, with the intuitive delicacy and fineness of perception, inspired by a warm and refined affection, and an unreserved, though dignified devotion to the memory of her husband, which beget a cordial sympathy in her readers. If there is fault to be found, it is with the almost overweening modesty which makes Lady Smith draw herself so completely into the shade, that we only obtain a transient glimpse of her through the lights reflected from the object of her proud affection. They must be stern critics who will think it a blemish in her book, that details, which indifferent readers may regard as trivial and tiresome, assume, in her sight, an immense importance from their connexion with her husband; for this is not only a feeling which does honour to her, but is the true temper in which biography should be written, if it is to be felt. It is but heartless work to compile the memoirs of a man whom one does not both love and honour. To this may be imputed the failure of several recent ambitious memoirs.

To us the early days of Sir James Smith are by far the most delight

* Longman and Rees, London.

ful portion of his history; and we are not sure but that we like the father quite as well as the son. Lady Smith labours with sufficient zeal to trace the high maternal ancestry of her husband; so we may conclude that his sensible and excellent father had little to boast of in this way, on his side of the house. We are not told, but are led to infer, that the elder Smith, whose letters, besides proving the warmth and goodness of his heart, and the vigour of his understanding, display very considerable literary cultivation, was some sort of Norwich merchant, or tradesman. Sir James, his eldest, and for some years his only child, was born in Norwich in 1759; he was a delicate and sensitive child, peculiarly susceptible, both in mental and physical constitution; diffident, timid, and, as an augury of the future botanist, fond of flowers. In after life, we are told, he seldom saw the blue flowers of the wild-succory without remembering how he had loved them in infancy. This is not quite the passionate memory of his admired Rousseau, the "voila le pervenche!" but is among the connecting links which we like to gather between the childhood and manhood of a botanist. The delicate boy was left much with his mother; his parents seem to have been dissenters, though we do not learn of what particular denomination. They were, in all things, an estimable and well-assorted pair, in the middle ranks of the humble and yet lofty class and days of England's

Plain living and high thinking.

To their son, their first lessons were the encouragement of free independent inquiry, and the habit of exercising his judgment in the examination of every opinion, and of thinking for himself. In after life, he often expressed himself deeply indebted to his parents for cautioning him against the implicit or blind reception of unsifted opinions.

Sir James was not sent to school. At home, he acquired a correct knowledge of French and Italian, and made some progress in mathematics, though he was very backward in his Latin studies. He was, in fact, intended by his father for business, and the old gentleman had himself no particular respect for Latin prosody, or hammering at hexameters. Nor did he admire public schools; and Lady Smith remarks, and we pray British mothers to lay it to heart,

"In the society of well-informed, sensible parents, those hours which in a public school are frequently grievous, or unavoidably wasted, those domestic evenings which expand the heart with the understanding, and leave us leisure to be good,' were devoted to reading, or lessons rendered pleasing by the associations connected with them."

His father's love of reading history stole upon the boy, and, at the age of eleven or twelve, he showed a precocious power of invention, in composing a fabulous history of two races of Scottish kings. On this ju. venile performance, Lady Smith dwells with amiable fondness.

"The writer is not ashamed to acknowledge, that reading the history of this ideal court, its ladies, servants, and dependents, and the satirical verses and pasquinades upon some members belonging to it, has occasionally beguiled a winter's evening very agreeably, when the company of some young friend has been the occasion of introducing the Paper People,' as they were called, upon the tea-table: and at the same time his own playful recurrence to the scenes of his youthful happiness produced an enjoyment which will never return."

About the age of eighteen, the love of flowers, which young Smith had always indulged, grew into a passion for botany. The following coincidence is remarkable :-On the 9th January, 1778, he obtained the first treatise he had yet seen upon botany, Berkenhout's Hudson's Flora; and on the 11th, with infinite delight, began to examine plants

scientifically. The common furze was the only plant then in flower. In examining it, "I first comprehended," he says, "the nature of systematic arrangement, and the Linnæan principles, little aware, that at that instant the world was losing the great genius who was to be my future guide; for Linnæus died on the same night."-" In an age of astrologic faith," Lady Smith remarks, "such a coincidence would have excited superstitious reflections, and the polar star of the great northern philosopher might have been supposed to shed its dying influence on his young disciple." Mr. Smith now wished his son to settle to business, as an importer of raw silk; but his love of science, and the interposition of friends, prevailed to change his destiny; and, in October 1781, his affectionate father escorted him part of the way to Edinburgh, where he commenced the study of medicine. The interest and value of these me.. moirs commence, and are nearly spent in the Correspondence regularly maintained between this exemplary son and his amiable family, during his residence in Edinburgh, and in his subsequent course of study and travel. The young student wrote frequently home, describing the progress of his studies, his pursuits, his friends, and amusements; beginning his epistles with the stately "Honoured Sir," sanctioned, or rather prescribed, by old-fashioned manners. The picture of a student at our university fifty years since, becomes curious now. Dr. Hope, the Professor of Botany, was Smith's chief friend and counsellor; but he had letters of introduction to several respectable and fashionable families. He began to study Latin with Dr. Adam, paying at the rate of eight guineas a-year for private lessons, though the customary fee was a guinea a-month.

"I hope," says the young man, you will not grudge this expense, as it is quite necessary, and you may depend on my frugality in every case where I can save money without missing any thing of real importance. Dr. Hope thinks that, with the utmost economy, I cannot spend less than £120 a-year; but I don't see how it can amount to near that." At Dr. Hope's he met Lord Monboddo, whom he describes as a plaindressing elderly man, with an ordinary grey coat, leather breeches, and coarse worsted stockings. He conversed with me," he adds, “with great affability, about various matters; spoke of the great decline of classical learning in Edinburgh, and mentioned the Norfolk husbandry." Upon this the affectionate father, connecting himself, through his paternal sympathies, with whatever concerned his son, reads Lord Monboddo's works, and makes this sensible observation: "It is amusing to see to what great heights the imaginations of some contemplative persons will carry them in fanciful hypotheses, which the Abbé Buffier aptly calls philosophical romances. In this respect, metaphysicians are a sort of knights-errant in literature, who sally out in quest of adventures in fancy's regions." What follows is still better said :-" My dear, I cannot disapprove of any expense that is useful to your pursuits, therefore I have no objection to a Latin master. Latin and Greek are necessary to your profession, in more respects than being keys to the doors of science, into any of which you may enter if you have those keys; and I should wish you to have as good ones as any body else. They should have no advantage of me in that respect; though I believe, between ourselves, there is a great deal in the parade of it besides the use. men of learning have agreed to stamp a high value upon classical learning it sets them out of reach of the vulgar, and of those who are their superiors in every other worldly advantage; yet I do not think it at all

The