INSTITUTIONS.

MECHANIC'S, MOUNT STREET.

a

On Saturday, Oct. 16th, Mr. W. H. Balmain delivered the 1st of a course of Lectures on Common Salt, at this Institution. He commenced by stating that the word Salt is not only applied to common salt, but to a class of substances, known to Chemists, which resemble salt in appearance, and have therefore received the same name. According to this arrangement common salt not being composed of these substances, is indeed no salt at all. Common salt occurs in all creation in contact with the earth, and its sources are numerous. In England it is found in large quantities in Cheshire. It is always found below the clay and above the sandstone. This is its position in Cheshire, and if we were to examine its situation in Germany, France, or any other part of the world, it would be found the same. Salt occurs in nature, not in the form we see it, but as a rock, sometimes transparent but generally of redish-brown colour, owing to the presence of Iron; it also contains small quantities of Alumina, Magnesia, and Lime. We are not to suppose that the localities where salt is found are few; it is met with in all parts of the world. In Africa it is used as a building stone; and vast piles of it are to be found in America. The sources of salt I stated are numerous; it may be obtained from sea-water, by evaporating large quantities until only a little water remain; by this means the impurities are left in the liquid state, while the salt is crystalized. In the Mediterranean it is run into lakes, which are left to evaporate;-it then receives the name of bay salt. In Germany it is pumped up to a great hight, and then left to run down over twigs, by which means the water is evaporated much sooner. In procuring salt from the rock, the same process is adopted, only that the rock requires first to be dissolved; this is generally done, by pouring water on the rock which is placed in a basket,-by this means the salt is dissolved, while the impurities are left behind. The probable origin of salt, is a question of considerable interest; and it is doubtful whether the sea receives its salt from the land or the land from the sea. If we look around us, we shall find a vast quantity of substances containing common salt. It is found that all those seas into which a great number of rivers flow, and from which proceed but few, contain the greatest quantity of salt; from which it is argued that the rivers coming in contact with so much of the land, wash from it quantities of salt into the seas. From these facts, it is concluded, that the sea derives its salt from the land. One statement against this conclusion is, that all the vallies in which salt is found, have been proved at one time to have been covered with water; and from the geological deposits of animals found in them, it is proved that the water was salt. If water containing salt is slowly evaporated, the salt is deposited in transparent crystals, which have always the same form, viz:-the Cube. It is the most abundant soluble salt in the world, aud is liquid at a red heat. A remarkable property of salt is, that it is as soluble in cold as in hot water. We must now proceed to the chemical composition of salt. All substances are made up of a few simple bodies, called elements-we are never certain of their number, at present there are fifty-five. If we divide a substance, and divide it again, it will, at length, arrive at a condition into which it cannot be divded any more, this is called its atom. Now, an atom of salt is composed of equal parts of a metal, called sodium, and a gas, called chlorine. To seperate sodium from chlorine in

common salt, some substance must be added which has an attraction for the chlorine. When pure, sodium is a metal of a lustre like silver, but which quickly tarnishes when brought in contact with the air. It is liquid at the temperature of two hundred degrees, and rises into a vapour at a red heat. It has a great attraction for all the non-metalic elements but two. It has a great attraction for chlorine, and their combinaton is attended with an intense light, which was proved by placing a piece of sodium into a jar of chlorine. Sodium also combines with oxygen, to form the well-known substance, soda. When thrown into cold water it decomposes, that fluid taking its oxygen and setting free the hydrogen. When the water is hot, the sodinm is inflamed and burns with scintillations. When a small piece of sodium is thrown into nitre-acid it explodes with considerable force. Soda, the compound of sodium and oxygen, is an alkali,-having the power of changing the vegetable blues green. It has a great attraction for the acids, and, therefore, when it is added to compounds of the acids with metals, their oxides are thrown down, while the soda combines with acid. The soda of commerce is in combination with carbonic acid; large quantities of which are made from common salt. Soda, also combines with sulphuric and nitric acids, to form the sulphate and nitrate of soda; both of which, are of considerable use in the arts and manufactures. The presence of soda is detected by its giving a white precipitate with nitrate of silver, and also by its communicating a yellow colour to inflammable substances. All the compounds of soda are soluble, with the exception of one-1 -the silicate of soda or glass.

On Wednesday, October 20th, Mr. W. H. Balmain delivered his concluding lecture on Common Salt, and proceeded to describe the second element of which it is composed-CHLORINE. Under the ordinary pressure of the atmosphere, this element is a gas; although it may be obtained either in the liquid or solid form, by placing it under a pressure of four atmospheres, or by cooling it down to zero. In the liquid, solid, or gaseous form, it is of a yellowish-green colour, from whence it derives its name. It is the heaviest of the elementary gases, its gravity being 2-4 or 2, our atmosphere being 1. Chlorine combines with all the elements to form Chlorides, and if a burning taper (which is composed of Carbon and Hydrogen) be introduced into it, it burns with a bluish flame, owing to the Chlorine combining with the Hydrogen, and the Carbon is thrown down in the form of dense smoke. Also, if we burn a jet of Hydrogen in Chlorine, the flame appears of a beautiful blue, and the gas looses its green colour-becoming colourless; now the compounds formed in both these experiments, was the HydroChloric acid, or as it is better known Muriatic acid. This gas is rapidly absorbed by water, and if the water be tinged with a vegetable blue, it will immediately be reddened. We must not consider salt as a Muriate of Soda, but as a Chloride of Sodium; and as an illustration, I will give you a similar compound. If the oxide of copper be taken and disolved in water, and we then add to it, muriate of acid, a great change will take place from the brown it changes to a beautiful green colour, which we might suppose to be a muriate of copper, but upon examination, it appears that the chlorine only has combined with the copper, and that the hydrogen of the muriatic acid and the oxygen from the oxide of copper, have also combined to form water. Phosphorus combined instantaneously with chlorine, and the phenominon is attended with much heat and light. Many of the metals when introduced into Chlorine in a fine state of division, combine with the evolution

of heat and light. For instance, Antimony, Arsenic, Tin, Zinc, &c. We here see the combination of chlorine and elements. Now let us turn to its action on compounds. If one measure of olefiant gas be taken, which is composed of carbon and hydrogen, and two measures of chlorine be added to it, and the mixture inflamed, an immense deposit of carbon is the result, which is attended with much light, and the compound formed is muriatic acid; from this we see the great attraction of chlorine for hydrogen. The applications of chlorine are numerous: 1st-as a bleaching agent. 2nd as a disinfecting agent. It has the power of destroying almost every colour, by taking away the hydrogen from the water contained in it, and setting free the oxygen. Thus it is that the oxygen is the bleacher; chlorine only being the agent by which it is completed. The principle of its action on putrified matter, is the same as combining with one of the elements, and thus destroying the decomposition. Our space will not allow us to dwell any longer upon this subject. The lecturer concluded by stating, that the utility of chemical knowledge may be seen from the interest invested in one substance, of which the generality of people only know that it is white, that it is disolved in water, and that it has a salt taste. October 18, 1841.

F. W.

LITERARY, SCIENTIFIC AND COMMERCIAL

INSTITUTION, ST. ANNE STREET.

His en

Last night, Friday, October 22nd, Mr. Stuart, of the Theatre Royal, delivered an excellent lecture on the Character of Macbeth. This is the fourth lecture which this gentleman has delivered on the principal of Shakspere's characters. The three preceeding lectures were on the characters of Richard the Third, Hamlet and King Lear. On every occasion of his delivering them, the lecture-room of the Institution has been crowded to excess, and the audiences have testified their admiration by repeated bursts of applause. We know no one who is more capable of lecturing upon the characters in Shakspere's plays than Mr. Stuart. thusiastic love of the works of the great poet-his occupation-his powerful delivery, all admirably qualify him for the task he has undertaken. We also see, with feelings of pride, our head tragedian, who has so often delighted us with his excellent personifications of Shakspere's heroes, now distinguishing himself as their able critic—he proves to us that his representations have not been mere imitations as those of many tragedians are, but, that he has studied the characters deeply, and fully understands and appreciates them. In some of our future numbers we shall be able to give our readers an opportunity of judging for themselves of the merits of these interesting lectures. In the meanwhile we will insert the amusing fable with which Mr. Stuart entertained his andience at the conclusion of his lecture, he said,

Ladies and Gentlemen-I have delivered to you a lecture upon a mighty Tragedy-that stands and ever will remain a proud and lofty pillar of poetical imagination—while it exemplifies the truth of the divine commandment, "Thou shalt do no murder." Generation after generation will pass away, nations may be destroyed, but the enduring works of Shakspere will exist while language lasts. The mind of man must be completely animalized before his dramas shall cease to instruct and amuse the world; and in this fine-skinn'd age, when gentlemen of small ideas-extremely young, or feebly old in intellect―ridiculously wage a futile war against a legalized profession, allow me to call your attention to the fact, that Shakspere was an actor. It is to the Stage and Shakspere's love of the mimic scene we are indebted for a series of plays, whose moral influence is acknowledged by the world, and I am proud to state that foe upon foe has failed, and yet will fail in

levelling the fabric which our Shakspeare has adorned. The drama and the stage will still combine to laugh at those poor puny enemies who, with an envious or misguided feeling, and with assertions false as the very fiend himself, would lay the temple of the muses prostrate. I dreamed, Ladies and Gentlemen, that in this very town some clever parties had endeavoured to assail the draina through its stage representations-I dreamed that every falsehood had been resorted to, to injure actors and their respectability in the public eye. When I awaked I wrote a fable on the subject. Will you allow me to recite to you the fable which I wrote ?

THE ASS AND THE ELEPHANT.

An ass and an elephant happening to meet, the ass was filled with envy at the huge and majestic proportions of the elephant. So says the ass to the elephant-you are a heavy load to yourself, and an incubus upon the earth-you are gross in your proportions, and not an animal of general utility to society. I am light in my frame-easily housed-easily governed. When I choose I can run like a horse-the thistle serves me for food-whereas, the best of our trees are stripped of their barks by you. Answer, thou hideous lump of deformity, are not these charges true? The elephant made no reply, but with his powerful trunk, breaking down the sinall branch of a tree, switched it in contempt across the ass's face, upon which the latter animal began to bray and kick against the elephant till he had cracked his voice and sprained his heels, and, totally exhausted with spite, fell panting on the ground, when the elephant, who had disdained to reply to the spiteful charges of his prostrate foe, raised him with his trunk, and gently laid him upon an adjacent dung-heap, leaving him in that despicable place to recover the effects of his paltry spleen. By the elephant I figure the Drama either in itself or in its representation, its majesty and might, its established strength, and the power it possesses by its enacted satire of laying its pigmy enemies in the dust. By the ass I wish to figure-but no, I will leave the application to those who so richly deserve it.

THE POLYTECHNIC SOCIETY.

ON INCREASING THE EVAPORATING POWER OF BOILERS.

Mr. WILLIAMS, who was provided with a number of working models wherewith to illustrate his views, addressed the monthly, meeting of the Polytechnic society in a very clear and scientific manner on this important subject, devoloping a most interesting discovery of his own, which (already practically tested) will be extremely valuable as effecting a more rapid generation of steam, without increasing the size of the vessel, or the requirement of additional fuel. The question, he said, involved the improvement of our boilers by a very simple contrivance, whether as applied to land engines, or to the advancement of steam navigation. There were two leading considerations in the application of fuel, which were, unhappily, confounded: one the generation of heat; and the other, its application. The first appertained more peculiarly to chemical science; and the second, to mechanical appliance. The object in view was, to transmit the greatest possible amount of heat for the generation of steam, with a given quantity of fuel. Heat was imparted by two distinct media, namely, radiation and conduction. By radiation, heat was conveyed to bodies not placed in contact, as was evinced by placing the hand pretty close to the flame of a candle. conduction, heat was conveyed by metal or other substances not consumable. In the heating of boilers, both modes were necessarily operative. In radiation, the heat evolved proceeded in direct lines, or radii, from the combustion to the boiler or other body exposed to it. If a thermometer were placed with the ball near the candle, the mercury would rise by

By

radiation; but if placed immediately over the flame, the heat would be greater, but different in the mode; for, in this case, it was not fairly radiation, but a compound medium, radiation The and the heated and ascending gas being combined. speaker then exhibited the model of a boiler, with its tortuous flues, through which the several gasses passed; and expressed his conviction, that nine-tenths of the heat in marine and land-engine boilers was immediately received from the furnace and flame-bed, and not from the gasses, which might be made available to the same end by an improved construction of boiler. The general opinion of parties working steam-engines was, that to increase the size of the furnace would add to the heating of the whole boiler; but this, he considered, was treating the boiler with great neglect, for the object could be accomplished without such increase of the furnace. The means of conducting heat to water in boilers had been much neglected, reliance being almost solely placed on increasing the length of the flues. His plan was to insert a number of iron pins through the plates of the boiler, one end of them projecting into the flue and the other into the water in the boiler. These pins, exposed at one end to the heat in the flue, acted as powerful conductors, through the boiler-plates, of the heat into the water. Hitherto, the question of the mere surface of plate exposed to the flues had been alone considered; and the only remedy for defective generation of steam was conceived to be an increase of that surface. The conducting-pins, however, were found to arrest the heating gasses in their progress along the plates of the boiler, and greatly to hasten the generation of steam. A pin of half-an-inch in diameter projecting three inches into the flue, gave a heating surface of 4 inches, and by its conducting power and interior projection (as we understood the speaker) that half-an-inch gave as much heat as 9} inches on the outer surface of the plate. Air was a good conveyor, but a bad conductor of heat; for it carried most of it out of the chimney. His object was to arrest the heat in its progress, and give it out at the right place. The current of heat passing along the plates of the boiler rendered them only transverse conductors; but the heated pins were longitudinal conductors. He also showed several iron pins that had long been experimentally in use in the boiler of a steam-vessel with great success. He had endeavoured to ascertain the proper lengths of which they should be, so as to remain as durable conductors of heat. One of seven inches in length had become slightly oxodized. Another, of 4 inches long, was so little affected that the smallest mark of the hammer, which it originally bore, was distinctly visible. He, therefore, considered about 4 inches to be the proper length. He further illustrated his invention by three evaporating pans, one of them with pins projecting into the boiler and also into the flues, which he called double conductors; another with pins projecting into the flue only, called single conductors; and the third, a plain boiler, on the usual plan without any such conductor. The first he had found the more powerful in producing speedy evaporation; though the second were scarcely inferior. The third, or plain boiler, was greatly behind either in evaporating power. A gas lamp was affixed at one end of the double conducting pan, containing 22lbs. of water, and the evaporation appeared to be rapid. With 30 feet of gas the evaporation was as follows: Waste Heat.

Common Pan..... Single Conductors Double Ditto..

Evaporation. 4lbs. 14oz.

406

......

Here we see the quantity evaporated is in an inverse ratio to the waste heat by the chimney. He had tried them often with precisely the same results, so that there could be no error.

He then combated, in a clear and comprehensive manner, an opinion expressed by Dr. Fyfe, of Scotland, in a tract published by him, that anthracite was the best fuel or coal for engine boilers. That opinion was founded solely on the fact that anthracite contained the greatest quantity of fixed carbon, or, or, in other words, left the greatest residue of coke. He differed from the deduction of the doctor, with whom he had corresponded on the subject. That gentleman had begun at the wrong end; he should have considered not the fuel alone, but the vessel in which it was consumed. He (Dr. F.) had taken no means to ascertain the quantity of heat that escaped in the gasses or by the chimney. He had set down the hydrogen at nought, because he had not had the power of consuming it by the common furnace and boiler. He (Mr. W.) felt certain that the common Scotch coal was superior, if properly employed.

INSTITUTIONS.

LECTURES FOR THE WEEK.

MECHANICS', MOUNT STREET.

This day, (Saturday) October 23, Senior Pupilo, Voca! Concert. Wednesday, 27th, First of a course of Six Lectures on the Drama, by Sheridan Knowles, Esq.

JUNIOR LITERARY & PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, 8, TRAFALGAR ST. RUSSELL ST. Tuesday, October 26, Discussion continued." Which most demoralize mankind, poverty or riches?"

LITERARY, SCIENTIFIC, AND COMMERCIAL, 58, ST. ANNE STREET. Discussion continued" Are theatrical representations beneficial or injurious to society?

NORTHERN MECHANICS'.

This Evening, an Attractive Concert, Recitations, &c.

MISCELLANEA.

LABLACHE'S SNUFF BOXES.

Lablache has snuff boxes of all shapes and prices. Some time since, the queen of England, of whom he is a particular favorite, offered him one ornamented with a border of rubies, requesting that it might serve him for one day in the year," I beg your maesty's pardon," replied the artiste "but I have it not in my power to give such a promise, each day in the year is already engagedI have three hundred and sixty-five snuff boxes. "Then" replied the queen with a smile, “mine shall serve for the leap years."

TO CORRESPONDENTS,

We have received more communications for this week's number than we could possibly insert in several numbers. To our Correspondents generally, therefore, we must acknowledge our obligations; and all we can do, is to promise them our earliest attention.

We are, of course, pleased to hear that we are increasing in popularity so rapidly we assure our subscribers, that every exertion shall be used on our part, to make the merits of each succeeding number eclipse those of the preceeding.

Liverpool:-Printed at HUGH GAWTHROP's General Printing Office, Clarence Buildings, 84, North John-street. Published by CHARLES DAVIES, 32, North John Street.

No. 5.

MR. STUART'S LECTURES.

KING LEAR.

Our readers are aware that Mr. Stuart, the popular tragedian, at our theatre, has recently been delivering Lectures on several of Shakspere's most celebrated plays. These lectures are valuable, because the professional engagements of the author necessarily, in a great degree, qualify him for the task. They are, also, highly interesting to every admirer of the world's greatest poet and every lover of dramatic representations. We would very willingly occupy all our columns in the reviewing of these lectures were we not afraid that we should thereby give offence to those who feel interested in our reports of other institutions of this town. Under these circumstances we must be contented with quoting only such portions as are prominent features in each lecture. Mr. Stuart commenced his lecture on King Lear with the following warm eulogy of this excellent Tragedy.

"Among the most gigantic emanations of human mind this drama stands unequalled and alone. In breadth and tone, and light and shade, and every powerful diversity of language, character, pathos, passion and effect, it surpasses every other effort of our mighty Poet. The grief and madness and despair of Lear-the ingratitude and viciousness of his marble-hearted daughters-the assumed madness of his godson, the filial Edgar-the tender piety of fair Cordelia-the blunt, plain honesty of Kent—the villany of Edmund-the credulous folly of Glosterthe strong sarcasms and rich philosophy of the fool -the storm, wild as the passion of the aged kingall these combine to form a tragedy, which must be owned to be unparalleled. A noble record of the mighty power of the bard divine, whose mind could soar into the heaven of heavens of intellect and poetry and thought, and boldly strike a lyre, whose strains of harmony no hand before or since his time has waked and tuned to such a lofty song."

After dwelling upon the introduction of the play, Mr. Stuart gave the following description of the fair Cordelia.

1841.

sense of female excellence must have existed in our Shakspere's mind, may safely be presumed, by the bright colours he employs when painting woman in her loveliest form. Whenever he delineates the gentler sex in all its holiest attributes, scarce less than angels seem to bless our sight. The young, romantic, loving Juliet-the divine and constant Desdemona― the fair and beautiful Ophelia-the artless, innocent Miranda—the faithful Imogen-the dutiful Cordelia, with many others, may be cited as authorities in point. Cordelia, short as is her character, and long as is her absence from the scene, is ever present to cur thoughts while Lear is before our eyes. Stung with the base ingratitude of Goneril and Regan, in the full tide of passion, which so shakes the aged king, and calls forth all his bitter imprecations, in the loud yelling of the storm, when wind and rain and thunder are contending which shall most prevail in raising his despair and madness to its wildest climax -a fair and lovely form seems ever flitting by his side or hovering o'er his head, with eye uplifted and with arms outstretched to heaven, imploring sweet protection for the aged form that bends beneath the tempest's blast. And when she hastes from France, at Kent's desire, from whom she has received all knowledge of her father's wrongs, to succour and restore her aged sire--when, in her anxious terror for his safety, we hear her send a century forth to Search every acre in the high-grown field, And bring Lear to her eye

when she inquires,

What can man's wisdom do

In restoring his bereaved sense?

when she exclaims,

He that helps him-take all my outward worth!

when she implores,

All blessed secrets-

All you unpublished virtues of the earth
Spring with my tears-be aidant and remediate
In the good man's distress,-

we deeply feel the truth of what she afterwards asserts; that, though in arms against her natural country and the sisters of her blood

No blown ambition doth her arms incite,

But love, dear love, and her ag'd father's right. But as the self-same tree that bears the blushing rose, blooming in all its sweets and blessing all the breeze with fragrance and delight, produces, also, the sharp lacerating thorn, so as our poet has exqui

sitely painted woman in her fair perfection-yet, though of the same tender sex, and sprung from the same regal source, Cordelia's sisters, Goneril and Regan, are more like tigers in their ruthless nature,"

He then introduces us to Edgar and afterwards to the fool. The fools in Shakspere's plays are always worthy of particular notice. This portion of the lecture is very amusing. Mr. Stuart digressed a little for the purpose of showing the license of fools in former times.

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"Mr.Coleridge observes, 'The fool is no common buffoon to make the groundlings laugh-no forced condescension of Shakspere's genius to the taste of his audience. Accordingly, the poet prepares for his introduction, which he never does with any of his common clowns or fools, by bringing him into living connexion with the pathos of the play, he is as wonderful a creation as Caliban.' These observations of Mr. Coleridge are completely carried out by Lear's own words; when shrinking under his sarcasm, he describes him as 66 a pestilent gall to him" and " bitter fool;" and, surely, his quaint method of reminding Lear of his egregious folly and his consequent wrongs, makes him appear more in the charater of a memento miseriæ to the aged monarch, than a source of entertainment. The audiences of Shakspere's day were perfectly accustomed to these by-gone characters. No man of substance or of rank was then without his fool. These men were generally of a ready wit, and by their office, wholly irresponsible for its exercise, and sometimes they reminded their superiors, in their witty and official way, of what was due from those superiors to their fellow-men. Will Sommers, jester to the eighth Henry, hated Wolsey, and, upon an occasion when the king received the cardinal at dinner, with purpose to disgrace or annoy, Will Sommers entered into the presence, and addressed his monarch and master in the licensed manner which his office claimed. 'Harry,' said he, lend me ten pounds.' For what?' inquired the king. 'To pay three or four of the cardinal's creditors,' he replied, 'to whom my word is passed, and they are come for the money,' Creditors of mine!' indignantly, exclaimed the cardinal. 'I'll give your grace my head if any man can charge me with a penny.' 'How!' exclaimed Will, 'lend me ten pounds, and if I pay it not where thou owest it, I'll give thee twenty for it.' 'Do so,' said the monarch to the cardinal. That I will,' replied Wolsey, though I owe nothing, my dear liege.' With that, he lent Will Sommers the ten pounds, who went to the gate, distributed it among the poor and brought back the bag. There is thy bag, cardinal,' said he, 'thy cre

ditors are satisfied, and my word out of danger. 'Who received it,' said the king, the 'brewer or the baker?' Neither, Harry,' said Will Sommers. Cardinal, answer me one or two things. To whom dost thou owe thy soul?' 'To God,' said Wolsey. 'To whom thy wealth?' "To the poor,' replied the cardinal. 'There, Harry,' said Will, take thy forfeit. Open confession -open penance. He said he'd give his head if any man could charge him with a penny. Take, then, his head-it is thy right-for to the poor at the gate I paid this portion of his wealth, which he acknowledges was due to them; or, if his stony heart will not yield it so, then, let him save his head by lending it to me he knows that I am poor, and have neither wealth nor wit, and what he lends to the poor, heaven will repay him tenfold. He is my surety—arrest him-for by my troth, hang me when I repay him.' The king laughed at the jest, and so did the cardinal, though with a sorry grace, for the loss of his ten pounds. Many such tricks were played by Sommers upon Wolsey, who, in return, laid snares for him, and would have brought him to a halter in the end, had he not put an end to his life by poison. This anecdote is taken from a book called, the Nest of Ninnies, written by Robert Armin, in the year 1608.

We also read of Henry Pattison, jester to Sir Thomas More, that standing one day by his master's table, at which Sir Thomas and some friends were dining, and observing that one of the guests had a prodigious nose, after eying it for a long time in silence, he at length exclaimed, 'What a terrific nose that gentlemen has got!' The company, out of good manners, affected not to hear him; but after some silence, with his eye still rivetted on the enlarged probosis, he began again, 'I lied in my teeth when I said that gentleman's nose was so monstrously large, on the faith of a man, it is a very small nose. this time, every guest, save the unfortunate object of attack, was almost bursting with restrained laughter. Sir Thomas, as soon as he dared, made a sign to the fool to leave the room, but he had not yet made an end, and as he departed, holding the door half open, and looking in, he exclaimed aloud, 'there is one thing I wish you all to know, that gentleman there has not the least atom of a nose, and amidst the roars of irrepressible laughter that ensued, he made his retreat.

By

While Charles the First, when Prince of Wales, was absent, in Spain, seeking the Spanish Princess for his wife, Archee Armstrong, King James's fool, came to the king one morning, and informed him, he came to change caps with him. Why?' said the king. 'Because,' said Archee, 'thou hast sent the prince into Spain, whence he will never return.' 'But, what wilt