ander III., Gregory IX., and Clement V., who in their Bulls grant a faculty to the Archbishop of Compostella, that they may excommunicate those who sell these shells to pilgrims anywhere except in the city of Santiago, and they assign this reason, because the shells are the badge of the Apostle Santiago. And thus in the Church of St. Clement at Rome, which is enriched with the body of St. Clement, Pope and Martyr, is a picture of the Apostle Santiago, apparently more than five hundred years old, which is adorned with scallopshells on the garment and hat, as his proper badge.” — Añales de Galicia, vol. i. pp. 95, 96. Gwillim, in his account of this bearing, says nothing of its origin. But he says "the Escallop (according to Dioscorides) is engendered of the Dew and Air, and hath no blood at all in itself, notwithstanding in man's body of any other food it turneth soonest into blood. The eating of this fish raw is said to cure a surfeit. Such (he adds) is the beautiful shape that nature hath bestowed upon this shell, as that the Collar of the Order of St. Michel in France, in the first institution thereof, was richly garnished with certain pieces of gold artificially wrought, as near as the artificer could by imitation express the stamp of nature. Display of Heraldry, p. 171. (first edit.) One of the three manners, in which Santiago is commonly represented, is in the costume of a Compostellan pilgrim, with a scallop-shell in his hat. All three are described in a book, as rare of occurrence as curious in its subject, thus intitled, PICTOR CHRISTIANUS ERUDITUs: Sive, De Erroribus, qui passim admittuntur circa pingendas atque effingendas Sacras Imagines. Libri Octo cum Appendice. Opus Sacræ Scripturæ, atque Ecclesiastica Historia studiosis non inutile. Authore R. P. M. Fr. Joanne Interian de Ayala, Sacri, Regii, ac Militaris Ordinis Beata Maria de Mercede Redemptionis Captivorum, Salmanticensis Academia Doctore Theologo, atque ibidem Sanctæ Theologiæ cum sacrarum Linguarum interpretatione Professore jam pridem emerito. Anno D. 1730, MATRITI: Ex Typographia Conventus præfati Ordinis. fol. One of the Censors of this book says, prodit in lucem Pictor Christianus eruditissimi pectoris eruditissimus fœtus, obstetricante N. RR. P. M. Fr. Josepho Campazano de la Vega. The work was published by the Master's direction at the cost of the Order; the Master dedicated it to N. Señora de las Mercedes as elaboratum excultumque quantum potuit, by her assistance; and there is a censura prefixed by Ferreras the Historian, speaking forcibly of the importance of the undertaking, and of the great ability with which it is executed. Instead of perceiving that Santiago is represented in the costume of his own pilgrims, this author supposed that the Saint is so attired because he had travelled over Spain! The whole passage is curious for its grave and cool credulity. "Sanctus Jacobus Zebedei filius, Hispaniæ primarius (quidquid alii commenti sint) Patronus atque Apostolus, bifariam sæpius a Pictoribus describitur. Pingitur enim peregrini habitu, oblongo innixus baculo, ex quo etiam bursa pendeat, et circa humeros amiculo, quod Hispani Esclavinam vocant; insuper et cum galero satis amplo, quem tamen ornant conchæ, quæ circa littus maris passim se offerunt; Totum id ex eo arbitror proficisci, quod Hispaniam celerrimè, et ut decebat Tonitru filium, peragraverat ; ubi postmodum corpus ejus è Hierosolymis translatum condigno honore colitur. Seb ab aliis etiam cum gladio pingitur, cumque libro aperto. "Quæ pictura (inquit frequens nobis author) etsi rarior sit, priori tamen est præferenda, quod ex Sacrâ Scripturâ desumpta sit, et martyrium ejus explicat. Quod ita habetur, Occidit autem Jacobum fratrem Joannis gladio.'* Sæpè etiam pingitur equo insistens, armatusque gladio, acies Maurorum impigrè perrumpens, eosque ad internecionem usque cædens. Quod non exiguâ cum Hispani nominis gloriâ rectè fit ; cùm sæpè visus sit pro Hispanis in aëre pugnans ; de cujus rei fide dubium esse non potest iis qui interfuerunt ejus Ecclesiastico officio, ubi illud metricè habetur VOL. VII. Tu bello cùm nos cingerent, * Molan. lib. iii. c. 26. U Atque idem alibi solutâ oratione describitur illis verbis ; • Ipse etiam gloriosus Apostolus in difficillimis præliis palàm se conspiciendum præbens, Hispanos adversus Infideles pugnantes mirificè juvit.'"-Lib. vii. c. ii. pp. 320, 321. ... The staff was bored and drilled for those Sir John Hawkins says, "that the pilgrims to St. James of Compostella excavated a staff, or walking stick, into a musical instrument for recreation on their journey."-History of Music, vol. iv. p.139., quoted in Fosbrooke's British Monachism, p. 469. Mr. Fosbrooke thinks that "this ascription of the invention of the Bourdon to these pilgrims in particular is very questionable." Sir John probably supposed with Richelet that the Bourdon was peculiar to these pilgrims, and therefore that they had invented it. Mr. Fosbrooke more than doubts the Etymon from a musical use. "The barbarous Greek Bopdovia," he observes, "signified a beast of burden, and the Bourdon was a staff of support. But the various meanings of the word, as given by Cotgrave, make out its history satisfactory. Bourdon, a drone, or dorre-bee, (Richelet says grosse mouche, ennemie des abeilles,) also the humming or buzzing of bees; also the drone of a bagpipe; also a pilgrim's staff; also a walking staff, having a sword, &c. within it. "It was doubtless applied to the use of pitching the note, or accompanying the songs which pilgrims used to recreate themselves on their journeys, and supposed by Menestrier to be hymns and canticles."—Fosbrooke, p. 422. In Germany "walking-sticks that serve as tubes for pipes, with a compressing pump at one end to make a fire, and a machine at the other for impaling insects without destroying their beauty, are common." (Hodgskin's Travels, vol. ii. * In festo Translat. ejusdem. 30 Dec. p. 135.) I have seen a telescope and a barometer in a walkingstick, if that name may be applied to a staff of copper. There is another story of a bird among the miracles of Santiago; the poor subject of the miracle was not so fortunate as the Cock and Hen of the Alcayde; but the story is true. It occurred in Italy; and the Spanish fable is not more characteristic of the fraudulent practices carried on in the Romish Church, than the Italian story is of the pitiable superstition which such frauds fostered, and which was, and is to this day, encouraged by the dignitaries of that church. At the request of St. Atto, Bishop of Pistoja, the Pistojans say that some relics, taken from Santiago's most precious head, were given to their church by the Archbishop of Compostella, Diego Gelmirez, a person well known in Spanish history. "Nullus umquam mortalium hoc donum impetrare posset," he affirmed when he made the gift: and the historian of the translator adds, "quod verè a Domino factum credimus et non dubitamus, sicut manifestis et apertis indiciis manifesté et apertè miracula declarabunt. There is a good collection of these miracles, but this of the Bird is the most remarkable. In those days," says the writer, "another miracle, as pious as it is glorious, was wrought by the Lord, in the which he who worthily perpends it will perceive what may pertain to the edification of all those who visit the shrine of Santiago, and of all faithful Christians. About three weeks after the consecration of Santiago's altar, a certain girl of the country near Pistoja was plucking hemp in a garden, when she observed a pigeon flying through the air, which came near her, and alighted upon which she put up a prayer to the Lord Santiago, saying, O Lord Santiago, if the things which are related of thee at Pistoja be true, and thou workest miracles as the Pistojans affirm, give me this pigeon, that it may come into my hands!' Forthwith the pigeon rose from the spot : where it had alighted, and, as if it were a tame bird, came to her, and she took it in her hands, and held it there as if it had been lifeless. What then did the girl do? She carried it home, showed it to her father, and to him and the rest of the family related in what manner it had come to her hands. Some of them said, let us kill and eat it :' others said, 'do not hurt it, but let it go.' So the girl opened her hand, to see what it would do. The pigeon, finding itself at liberty, fled to the ground, and joined the poultry which were then picking up their food, nor did it afterwards go from the house, but remained in their company as if it belonged to them. "All therefore regarding, with no common wonder, the remarkable tameness of this pigeon, which indeed was not a tame bird but a wild one, they went to a priest in the adjacent city, and acquainted him with the circumstances. The priest, giving good counsel to the girl and her father, as he was bound to do, said, we will go together to our Lord the Bishop on Sunday, and act as he may think proper to direct us in this matter. Accordingly on the Sunday they went to Pistoja, and presented the pigeon to the Bishop, who with his Canons was then devoutly celebrating mass in honour of Santiago, upon the holy altar which had been consecrated to his honour. The Prelate, when he had listened to their story, took the bird, and placed it upon the wall of the chancel, which is round about the altar of Santiago, and there it remained three weeks, never departing from thence, excepting that sometimes, and that very seldom, it flew about the church, but always returned without delay to its own station, and there mildly, gently, harmlessly, and tamely continued; and rarely did it take food. "But people from Lucca, and other strangers, plucked feathers from its neck, that they might carry them away for devotion, and moreover, that they might exhibit them to those who had not seen the bird itself. From such injuries it never attempted to defend itself, though its neck was skinned by this plucking, and this the unthinking people continued to do, |