should be represented on the temple he would build to Augustus, as in the tortures of Tartarus; and, more particularly, as punished in the same manner as Ixion and Sisyphus. Ixion was punished there, for his ingratitude and impiety; Sisyphus, as a villain and a robber. So that this is calling all the party against Augustus villains and ingrates; and infers the highest compliment to that prince, at the same time that it is the most cruel of invectives against his enemies. VER. 43, 44. "En age, segnes "Rumpe moras: vocat ingenti clamore Cithaeron, * The boundary between Attica and Boeotia. Sir G. Wheler says, that he lodged on mount Parnes, not far from Cithaeron, or part of the same ridge; that there was a curious fountain hard by, where, he says, the wolves, bears, and wild boars come to drink; this mountain being a great covert for them: and that they were forced to stop up the entrance into their car, to secure them from the assaults of wild beasts, page 334. VER. 51-59. "Optima torvae "Tum longo nullus lateri modus: omnia magna; 2 3 "Nec mihi displiceat maculis insignis et albo : "Aut juga detrectans, interdumque aspera cornu, * Varro's description of the shape and colour of a good cow: "Ut sint oblongae, amplae, latis frontibus, oculis magnis, pilosis auribus; cervicibus crassis ac longis, à collo paleari"bus demissis; corpore amplo, bene costato ;-caudam pro"fusam usque ad calces ut habeant." Lib. II. c. v. -As to the colour, it is difficult to understand him; his words are: Colore potissimum nigro, dein rubeo," etc. If I understand him, he makes black and white mixed the worst colour.Columella prefers" colorum rubeum, vel fuscum," lib. VI. c. i. and gives the following description of a cow, c. xxi. "Vaccae probantur altissimae formae, longaeque, frontibus latissi"mis, pilosis auribus, palearibus et caudis amplissimis; caetera quoque fere eadem in feminis, quae et in maribus desideran"tur:" the description of which he had given before; "Pa 66 66 "randi sunt boves, grandibus membris, fronte latâ et crispâ, "hirtis auribus, cervice longâ et torosâ, palearibus amplis, et "penè ad genua promissis, lateribus porrectis, ungulis magnis, "caudis longissimis." Cap. i. ** Etiam is to be pronounced with an emphasis, as an extraordinary case; because in other creatures, generally, a large foot is far from being a beauty. *"Potius bovem emunt cornibus nigrantibus, quàm albis." Var. lib. II. c. i. VER. 60, 61. "Aetas Lucinam justosque pati hymenaeos * Varro says, "In bubulo pecore minoris emitis anniculam," that is, one of a year old, 66 et supra decem annorum; quod à "bimâ aut trimâ fructum ferre incipit, neque longius post de"cimum annum procedit. Nam prima aetas omnis pecoris, et "extrema, sterilis," Lib. II. c. i.-Again, he says, "Non "minores oportet inire bimas, ut trimae pariant; eò melius, si "quadrimae." Lib. II. c. v. "In nostro orbe, Epiroticis bubus maxima laus; à Pyrrhi, ut "ferunt, jam inde regis curâ: id consequutus est non ante qua"drimatum ad partus vocando: praegrandes itaque fuere, et hodieque reliquiae stirpium durant." Plin. lib. VIII. c. xlv. 66 VER. 75-79. "Continuò pecoris *' generosi pullus in arvis *Virgil's description of a beautiful horse was admired by the antients, as appears by Pliny. 66 Equorum forma, quales "maximè legi oporteat, pulcherrimè quidem Virgilio vate absoluta est. Lib. VIII. c. xlii. Varro's description is as follows: "Equi boni futuri signa "sunt, si cum gregalibus in pabulo contendit, in currendo, "aliâve quâ re, quo potior sit; si cum flumen travehendum est, gregi in primis praegreditur, ac non respectat alios:" and before, "Qualis futurus sit equus è pullo conjectari "potest, si caput habet non magnum, si est naribus non angustis, auribus applicatis, non angustâ jubâ crebrâ, subtenui"bus setis implicatâ in dexteriorem partem cervicis, pectus "latum et plenum, ventre modico, spinâ maximè duplici, un'gulis duris." Lib. II. c. vii. 66 66 ** I take "altius ingredi" to signify, to step boldly and genteelly, or with grace; by lifting the feet high, and then setting them down again gently. VER. 80-88. "Illi ardua cervix, "Argutumque caput, brevis alvus, ** obesaque terga; *1 What Palladius calls "exiguum caput et siccum," a sharp, brisk-looking head, Virgil expresses in one word, Argutum. "La tête du cheval doit âtre menuë, etroite, decharnée, et "seche. C'est une partie essentielle de la beauté du cheval, sans laquelle il ne peut être agréable quoiqu'il eut tout le "reste du corps bien fait." Solleysel, c. ii. 66 2 **La croupe doit être large et ronde," etc. ibid. pag. 16. "De la derniere côté jusqu'à l'os de la hanche, qui est proprement le flanc, il y doit avoir fort peu de distance." Ibid. 66 **"Luxuriatque toris" may be said of a clumsy, heavy horse; and therefore the Poet has very well qualified the expression, by adding Animosum-that a horse must be full-chested, and have those muscles strong and vigorous, not overloaded. **La poitrine large et ouverte aux chevaux de legere taille "est toujours estimée." Sol. c. ii. p. 14. 5 **As Spadix signifies a reddish colour, this word ought, according to strictness, to mean what the French call Baie rouge -but, in general, I take Spadices to comprehend the several sorts of Bays; and Glauci, different sorts of Grey.- -Glaucus certainly signifies Grey, as well as Blue: and in the Welsh language the word Glauce, when applied to Kephal, or a horse, signifies a dark Grey; but when applied to other things, it signifies Blue. See Revelat. c. vi. 8. innos xλwpòs, which our translators render a pale horse." Glaucas salices." Georg. IV. 187. There is a very good imitation of this part of Virgil, in a Roman Poet of the third century, which may deserve to be in serted here: "Illis ampla satis laevi sunt aequora dorso, 66 ** "Ardua frons, auresque agiles; capitique decoro 66 Nemesianus, Cynegetic. 256. " Pline a fait une assez bonne remarque sur les oreilles d'un "cheval; car il dit que par le mouvement de ses oreilles on peut juger de son intention et de son courage," etc. Soll. c. ii. * Un cheval doit avoir les reins doubles, qui est lorsqu'il "les a un peu plus elevés aux deux cotés qu'au milieu du dos, "et passant la main tout au long de l'épine on la trouve large, "bien fournie, et double par le canal qui s'y fait." Id. c. ii. p. 15. 66 Solleysel remarks, "Si les épaules sont grosses, chargées de "chair et rondes, ce sera un defaut considérable;" but he adds immediately afterwards, "C'est un defaut aux chevaux François, car, pour les Barbes et chevaux d'Espagne, ils n'en "sont pas pires, si d'ailleurs ils ont les qualités qu'on leur de"mande. Même j'ai vu peu de Barbes et de chevaux d'Espagne avoir beaucoup d'épaules qu'ils ne fussent tres "bons." Cap. iv. p. 49. The same might be said of the Neapolitan horses, which Virgil probably had in view in this description. 66 VER. 95-102. "Hunc quoque, ubi aut morbo gravis, aut jam segnior annis "Deficit, abde domo, *' nec turpi ignosce senectae. 66 1 Frigidus in Venerem senior, frustraque laborem "Ingratum trahit: et, si quando ad praelia ventum est, *If Virgil had meant as Ruaeus supposes, in his note upon this place, he might as easily have said, "et non turpi:" But I think he is to be understood in the literal sense, "nec ignosce "turpi senectae. Ne sis indulgentior senectuti turpi, quae "turpem prolem reddet;" Do not make any allowances to an old stallion for what he has been. This sense suits best with what follows: 66 "Frigidus in Venerum senior.". **"Equorum et Equarum greges qui habere voluerunt, ut "habent aliqui in Peloponneso et in Apuliâ, primùm spectare "oportet aetatem quam praecipiunt: Videndum ne sint minores trimae, majores decem annorum.” Var. lib. ii. c. vii. *3 Dr. Martyn, in opposition, as he owns, to the generality of the commentators, thinks the Poet means by" prolem pa"rentum," that we are to observe what colts the horse produces: but I cannot believe this is his meaning; for he gives direction for choosing a young stallion. I rather think he means that we are to inquire into the pedigree, and how the offspring of that race have proved. VER. 103-107. "Nonne vides? cum praecipiti certamine campum "Non tam praecipites bijugo certamine campum "Concussere jugis, pronique in verbera pendent." VER. 113-117. "Primus Erichthonius currus et quatuor ausus 66 66 *1 That they had ménages for their war horses, either for the chariot or saddle, appears from this, and some of the following passages; and likewise from Varro. Equi quod alii "sunt ad rem militarem idonei, alii ad vecturam, alii ad ad"missuram, alii ad cursuram, non item sunt spectandi atque "habendi. Itaque peritus belli alios eligit, atque alit, ac "docet; aliter quadrigarius, ac desultor. Neque idem qui "vectarios facere vult, ad ephippium, aut ad praedam; quod " ut ad rem militarem, quod ibi ad castra habere volunt acres ; "sic contra in viis habere malunt placidos."For the former sort Virgil requires, |