they married, on Temple's return from the Continent. At the Restoration he was given employment in Ireland, and entered Parliament in 1661 as one of the members for County Carlow. Temple did so well in Ireland that he was entrusted, on his return to England in 1665, with diplomatic business in the Low Countries. With the exception of a brief period, during which he sulked at home at Sheen, the next

twenty years of Temple's life were spent in active and capable diplomacy, mainly in Holland. His first published work of any importance was the Observations upon the Netherlands, of 1672. He was much annoyed at what he considered the king's ingratitude in striking his name out of the Privy Council in 1681, and he determined to retire from public life. He purchased a small estate, Moor Park, near Farnham, and to overtures from the king replied that he "would always live a good subject, but, whatever happened, would never enter again upon any public employment." He was much disturbed by the suicide of his son, who threw himself out of a boat in which he was shooting London Bridge in 1689, and in 1695, Lady Temple, a woman of extraordinary courage, wit, and charm, died also. In these last years Temple wrote much, and from 1689 to 1692, and again from 1696 to Temple's death, Jonathan Swift lived at Moor Park as his secretary and amanuensis. Swift edited Temple's Works (1700-1703), which were largely posthumous. The old diplomatist died. on the 27th of January 1699, at Moor Park; his heart was buried in a silver box, under the sun-dial in his garden, and the rest of his body in Westminster Abbey. Swift wrote in his diary that there had died "with him all that was good and amiable among men."

FROM TEMPLE'S "ESSAYS."

The perfectest figure of a garden I ever saw, either at home or abroad, was that of Moor Park, in Hertfordshire, when I knew it about thirty years ago. It was made by the Countess of Bedford, esteemed among the greatest wits of her time, and celebrated by Doctor Donne: and with very great care, excellent contrivance, and much cost.

Because I take the garden I have named to have been in all kinds the most beautiful and perfect, at least in the figure and disposition, that I have ever seen, I will describe it for a model to those that meet with such a situation, and are above the regards of common expense. It lies on the side of a hill (upon which the house stands), but not very steep. The length of the house, where the best rooms and of most use or pleasure are, lies upon

the breadth of the garden, the great parlour opens into the middle of a terras gravel-walk that lies even with it, and which may be, as I remember, about three hundred paces long, and broad in proportion; the border set with standard laurels, and at large distances, which have the beauty of orange-trees out of flower and fruit: from this walk are three descents by many stone steps, in the middle and at each end, into a very large parterre. This is divided into quarters by gravel walks, and adorned with two fountains and eight statues in the several quarters; at the end of the terras walk are two summer-houses, and the sides of the parterre are ranged with two large cloisters, open to the garden, upon arches of stone, and ending with two other summer-houses even with the cloisters, which are paved with stone, and designed for walks of shade, there being none other in the whole parterre. Over these two cloisters are two terrasses covered with lead, and fenced with balusters; and the passage into these airy walks is out of the two summer-houses, at the end of the first terras-walk. The cloister facing the south is covered with vines, and would have been proper for an orange-house, and the other for myrtles, or other more common greens; and had, I doubt not, been cast for that purpose, if this piece of gardening had been then in as much vogue as it is now.

Of all those, however, who contrived to clarify and civilise the prose of Halifax the Restoration, and to make it a vehicle for gentle irony and sparkling humour, the most notable was

"Jotham, of piercing wit and pregnant thought." There exists some tiresome doubt about the bibliography of the Marquis of HALIFAX, for his anonymous miscellanies were not collected until he had been five

years dead. But no one questions
the authenticity of Advice to a Daugh-
ter; and if internal evidence, proof
by style and temper, are worth any-
thing at all, they must confirm the
tradition that it is to the same pen
we owe the Character of a Trimmer
and the Anatomy of an Equivalent.
In these ironic tracts, so adroit, so
grave, so graceful, we find ourselves
far indeed from the storm and tur-
moil of the Commonwealth. In
Halifax we see the best and most sympathetic side of the Restoration, its
conservative scepticism, its reserve, its urbane and moderate virtue. In a
letter to Cotton, Halifax confesses that his favourite reading had always been
Montaigne, and he is a link between that delicious essayist and the Spectators
and Tatlers of a later age.

George Savile, first Marquis of Halifax (1633-1695) was the son of Sir William Savile, of Thornhill, in Yorkshire, and his wife, Anne Coventry. He was born on the 11th of November 1633. Sir William Savile fought in the Civil Wars, and when he died in 1644, he left his children to the care of his young wife, who had a genius for political intrigue. In consequence of his long minority and his mother's care, Sir George found himself a wealthy man. In 1656 he married

Lady Dorothy Spencer, the daughter of Waller's Sacharissa. In 1660 he represented Pontefract in the Convention Parliament which arranged for the Restoration, but his career in the House was brief. About this time his great interest in naval matters began, and was greatly encouraged by the Dutch War. On New Year's Day, 1668, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Savile and Viscount Halifax, and made Commissioner of Trade in 1669. His first wife died in 1670, and in 1672 he married again, Gertrude Pierrepoint, a famous beauty. For many years Halifax continued to exercise a preponderating influence in the House of Lords, where, according to Burnet, he was one of the four strong politicians of the age. In 1679 he became paramount in the Privy Council, and rose rapidly in the royal favour. "He studied," we are told, "to manage the king's spirit by his lively and libertine conversation." In 1680 he retired from politics for some months to his seat at Rufford. In 1681 he returned to London, and strongly supported the Government, becoming Lord Privy Seal in 1682; this was the first office Halifax had held, and about the same time he was created a Marquis. His influence in political life continued to be solid until the death of Charles II., but James II. excluded him from the Privy Council, of which Halifax was now President. He continued to be in disgrace at court until 1688. He turned his thoughts to literature, and to this period of retreat belong, in their final form, his most celebrated treatises, The Character of a Trimmer (which had been circulated in MS. at the end of 1684 or at the beginning of 1685), The Anatomy of an Equivalent, and Advice to a Daughter, all of them anonymously printed in 1688. After the flight of James II., Halifax consented to invite the Prince of Orange to take the throne, and he was the prime mover in the proclamation of William and Mary as king and queen. He was in office, as Lord Privy Seal, for a year, but retired in 1690, and remained in opposition until his death. He died very suddenly, after eating rather heavily of a roasted pullet, not without some suspicion of poison, on the 5th of April 1695, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The miscellaneous writings of Halifax were first collected and published under his own name in 1700.

FROM "ADVICE TO A DAUGHTER."

Avoid being the first in fixing a hard censure, let it be confirmed by the general voice, before you give into it; neither are you then to give sentence like a magistrate, or as if you had a special authority to bestow a good or ill name at your discretion. Do not dwell too long upon a weak side, touch and go away; take pleasure to stay longer when you can commend, like bees that fix only upon those herbs out of which they may extract the juice of which their honey is composed. A virtue stuck with bristles is too rough for this age; it must be adorned with some flowers, or else it will be unwillingly entertained; so that even where it may be fit to strike, do it like a lady, gently; and assure yourself, that where you care to do it, you will wound others more, and hurt yourself less, by soft strokes, than by being harsh or violent.

The triumph of wit is to make your good nature subdue your censure; to be quick in seeing faults, and slow in exposing them. You are to consider, that the invisible thing called a good name, is made up of the breath of good numbers that speak well of you; so that if by a disobliging word you silence the meanest, the gale will be less strong which is to bear up your esteem. And though nothing is so vain as the eager pursuit of empty applause, yet to be well thought of and to be kindly used by the world, is like a glory about a woman's head; 'tis a perfume she carrieth about with her, and leaveth wherever she goeth; 'tis a charm against ill-will. Malice may empty her quiver, but cannot wound; the dirt will not stick, the jests will not take; without the consent of the world a scandal doth not go deep; it is only a slight stroke upon the injured party, and returneth with greater force upon those that gave it.

It was characteristic of the new age, anxious to fix the grounds of opinion Locke and base thought in each province exactly, that it should turn to the phenomena of the human mind and inquire into the sources of knowledge. This work fell particularly to the share of that candid and independent philosopher JOHN LOCKE, and the

celebrated Essay Concerning the Human Understanding (1690), in which he elaborates the thesis that all knowledge is derived from experience, marks a crisis in psychological literature. Locke derived all our ideas from sensation and reflection, believing the mind to be a passive recipient of simple ideas, which it cannot in the first instance create, but can retain, and can so modify and multiply as to form that infinity of complex ideas which we call the Understanding. In short, he protested against the intuitionist doctrine of "innate notions" being brought into the world by the soul at birth. Where Locke's method and teaching, however, were pecu

John Locke

liarly useful was in their admirable challenge to those pedantic assumptions and baseless propositions which had up to his time disturbed philosophy. Locke refuses to parley with the obscurities of the schools, and he sits bravely in the dry and searching light of science.

Locke's contributions to theology are marked by the same intense determination to arrive at truth, and he was accused of having been the unconscious father of the deists. But, in fact, in religion, as in philosophy, his attitude is not so much sceptical as scrupulous. He ardently desires to get rid of the dubious and the non-essential. His candour is not less displayed in his tractates on education and government. Everywhere Locke is the embodiment of enlightened common-sense, toleration, and clairvoyance. He laid his hand on the jarring chords of the seventeenth century, and sought to calm and tune them, and in temperament, as in influence, he was the inaugurator of a new age of thought and feeling. He was the most

liberally-minded man of his time, and in his modesty, candour, and charity, no less than in the astounding reverberations caused by his quiet philosophical utterances, Locke reminds us of Charles Darwin. As a writer he is not favourably represented by the Essay, which is arid in form, and at no time was he in possession of an attractive style; but in some of his more familiar treatises we see how lucid and simple he could be at his best, and how completely he had exchanged the ornate manner of the Commonwealth for a prose that was competent to deal with plain matters of fact.

John Locke (1632-1704), the son of a country attorney of the same name, was born at Wrington, near Bristol, on the 29th of August 1632. The elder John Locke

ΑΝ

ESSAY

CONCERNING

Humane Understanding.

In Four BOOKS.

Quam bellum eft velle confiteri potius nefcire quod nef-
cias, quam illa effutientem naufeare, atque ipfum fibi
difplicere! Cic. de Natur. Deor. / 1.

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LONDON:

Printed for Tho. Baffet, and fold by Edw. Mory!
at the Sign of the Three Bibles in St. Paul's
Church-Yard. MDCXC.

Title-page of Locke's Essay

joined the Parliamentarian party in 1642, as the captain of a troop of horse. His son went to Westminster in 1646, and to Christ Church College, Oxford, in 1652. Locke early began to reflect upon philosophy, and to prepare for his life's work. In 1660 he was appointed Greek lecturer at his college, and in 1661 the deaths. of his father and his only brother left him alone in the world. He held in succession various offices at the university, and in 1665 he travelled in Germany. During

the next year he met accidentally the famous Lord Ashley (afterwards the first Earl of Shaftesbury), with whom he formed an instant friendship-"if my lord was pleased with the company of Mr. Locke, Mr. Locke was yet more so with that of my Lord Ashley." This was an epoch in the life of the philosopher, who shortly afterwards took up his residence with Lord Ashley, and became a recognised member of his family. It is believed that Lord Ashley urged Locke to put down his reflections on paper, and that it is to him that we owe the early writings of the philosopher. He published nothing, however, until

twenty years later than this. In June 1668, he removed a tumour in Lord Ashley's chest, which was threatening his life; a little later he went round the country