houfes, and cities which are in diftant countries, at is used; as, "He lives at Hackney;" "He refides at Montpelier.”

It is a matter of indifference with respect to the pronoun one another, whether the prepofition of be placed between the two parts of it, or before them both. We may fay, "They were jealous of one another;" or "They were jealous one of another;" but perhaps the former is better. Participles are frequently ufed as prepofitions: as, excepting, refpecting, touching, concerning, according. "They were all in fault except or excepting him.”

RULE XVIII.

Conjunctions connect the fame moods and tenfes of verbs, and cafes of nouns and pronouns: as, "Candour is to be approved and practifed:" " If thou fincerely defire, and earnestly pursue virtue, fhe will affuredly be found by thee, and prove a rich reward;" "The mafter taught her and me to write ;""He and fhe were fchool-fellows."

Conjunctions are, indeed, frequently made to connect different moods and tenfes of verbs; but in thefe inftances the nominative must be repeated, which is not neceffary, though it may be done, under the conftruction to which the rule refers. We may fay, "He lives temperately and he has long lived temperately;" "He may return, but he will not continue;" "She was proud, though fhe is now humble ;" but it is obvious, that the repetition of the nominative in fuch cafes, is indifpenfable; and that, by this means, the latter members of thefe fentences are rendered not fo ftrictly dependent on the preceding, as thofe are which come under the rule. When, in the progrefs of a fentence, we pafs from the affirmative to the negative form, or from the negative to the affirmative, the fubject or nominative is always refumed: as, " He is rich, but he is not refpectable." "He is not rich, but he is refpectable." There appears to be equal reason for repeating the nomi

native, and refuming the fubject, when the courfe of the fentence is diverted by a change of the mood or tenfe.

A few examples of inaccuracies refpecting this rule may further difplay its utility.

"If thou bring thy gift to the altar, and there remembereft that thy brother hath aught against thee." It ought to be," and there remember."

"If he prefer a virtuous life, and is fincere in his profeffions, he will fucceed;" "if he prefers."

"To deride the miferies of the unhappy, is inhuman ;. and wanting compaffion towards them, is unchristian ;" "and to want compaffion."

"The parliament addreffed the king, and has been prorogued the fame day :" " and was prorogued."

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Anger glances into the breaft of a wife man, but will reft only in the bofom of fools;" "but refts only;" or, "but it will reft only." "His wealth and him bid adieu to each other;" "and be." "He entreated us, my comrade and 1, to live harmonioufly;" "comrade and me.” "My fifter and her were on good terms;" "and She." "Virtue is praised by many, and would be defired also, if her worth were really known;" "and he would." "The world recedes, and will foon disappear;"" and it will." "We often overlook the bleffings which are in our poffeffion, and are fearching after thofe which are out of our reach ;" it ought to be, "and search after."

RULE XIX.

Some conjunctions require the indicative, fome the fubjunctive mood, after them. It is a general rule, that when fomething contingent or doubtful is implied, the fubjunctive ought to be ufed: as, "If I were to write, he would not regard it ;" "He will not be pardoned, unless he repent."

Conjunctions that are of a positive and absolute nature require the indicative mood.

"As virtue

advances, fo vice recedes :" "He is healthy, becaufe he is temperate."

The conjunctions, if, though, unless, except, whether, &c. generally require the fubjunctive mood after them: as, "If thou be afflicted, repine not ;" "Though he flay me, yet will I trust in him ;" "He cannot be clean, unless he wash himfeif;" "No power, except it were given from above;" “Whether it were I or they, fo we preach." But even these conjunctions, when the fentence does not imply doubt, admit of the indicative: as, "Though he is poor, he is contented."

The following example may, in fome measure, ferve to illuftrate the diftinction between the fubjunctive and the indicative moods. "Though he were divinely infpired, and spoke therefore as the oracles of God, with fupreme authority; though he were endued with fupernatural powers, and could, therefore, have confirmed the truth of what he uttered by miracles; yet, in compliance with the way in which human nature and reasonable creatures are ufually wrought upon, he reafoned." That our Saviour was divinely infpired, and endued with fupernatural powers, are pofitions that are here taken for granted, as not admitting of the leaft doubt; they would therefore have been better expressed in the indicative mood: "Though he was divincly infpired; though he was endued with fupernatural powers." The fubjunctive is ufed in the like improper manner in the following example: "Though he were a fon, yet learned he obedience, by the things which he fuffered." But, in a fimilar paffage, the indicative with great propriety, is employed to the fame purpofe: "Though he was rich, yet for your fakes he became poor."

1. Left, and that, annexed to a command preceding, neceffarily require the fubjunctive mood: as, "Love not fleep, left thou come to poverty;" " Reprove not a fcorner, left he hate thee;" "Take heed that thou speak not to Jacob."

If with but following it, when futurity is denoted, requires the fubjunctive mood: as, "If he do but touch the hills, they fhall fmoke ;"" If he be but difcreet, he will fucceed." But the indicative ought to be used, on this occafion, when future time is not fignified: as, "If, in this expreffion, he does but jeft, no offence fhould be taken ;" If he is but fincere, I am happy." The fame diftinction applies to the following forms of expreffion: "If he do fubmit, it will be from neceffity;" "Though he does fubmit, he is not convinced;" "If thou do not reward this service, he will be difcouraged;" "If thou do heartily forgive him, endeavour to forget the offence."

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2. In the following inftances, the conjunction that, expreffed or understood, feems to be improperly accompanied with the fubjunctive mood. "So much fhe dreaded his tyranny, that the fate of her friend the dare not lament." "He reafoned fo artfully that his friends would listen, and think [that] he were not wrong."

3. The fame conjunction governing both the indicative and the subjunctive moods, in the fame fentence, and in the fame circumstances, feems to be a great impropriety as in these instances. 66 If there be but one body of legiflators, it is no better than a tyranny; if there are only two, there will want a cafting voice." " If a man have a hundred fheep, and one of them is gone aftray," &c.

4. Almost all the irregularities in the conftruction of any language, have arifen from the ellipfis of fome words, which were originally inferted in the fentence, and made it regular; and it is probable, that this has been the cafe with refpect to the conjunctive form of words, now in ufe ; which will appear from the following examples: "We shall overtake him though he run;" that is, "though he should run ;” "Unless he act prudently, he will not accomplish his purpofe;" that is, "unlefs he ball act prudently." "If he fucceed and obtain his end, he will not be the happier for it ;"

that is, "If he should fucceed, and should obtain his end." These remarks and examples are defigned to fhow the original of our prefent conjunctive forms of expreffion; and to enable the ftudent to examine the propriety of ufing them, by tracing the words in question to their proper origin and ancient connexions. But it is neceffary to be more particular on this fubject, and therefore we fhall add a few obfervations refpecting it.

That part of the verb which grammarians call the prefent tenfe of the fubjunctive mood, has a future fignification. This is effected by varying the terminations of the second. and third perfons fingular of the indicative; as will be evident from the following examples :" "If thou profper, thou fhouldft be thankful;" "Unless he study more closely he will never be learned." Some writers however would exprefs thefe fentiments without thofe variations ; "If thou profpere," &c. "Unless he fludies," &c: and as there is great diverfity of practice in this point, it is proper to offer the learners a few remarks to affift them in diftinguishing the right application of thefe different forms of expreflion. It may be confidered as a rule, that the changes of termination are neceffary, when these two circumftances concur: It, When the subject is of a dubious and contingent nature; and 2d, When the verb has a reference to future time. In the following fentences, both thefe circumstances will be found to unite : "If thou injure another, thou wilt hurt thyfelf;" "He has a hard heart; and if he continue impenitent, he must suffer:" "He will maintain his principles, though he lofe his eftate ;" "Whether he fucceed or not, his intention is laudable;" "If he be not profperous, he will not repine;""If a man fmite his fervant, and he die," &c. Exodus xxi. 20. In all these examples, the things fignified by the verbs are uncertain, and refer to future time. But in the inftances which follow, future time is not referred to; and therefore a different conftruction takes place: "If thou liveft virtuously, thou art happy ;" "Unlefs he means what he fays, he is doubly faithlefs;" "If