Civil Power," the Rev. G. W. Sampson, D. D., of New York, the Rev. W. I. Budington D. D., of Brooklyn, N. Y.; 3. "The Suppression of Intemperance," the Rev. James M. Buckley, of Stamford, Conn., the Rev. W. M. Taylor, D. D., of New York. On the fourth day, Friday, October 29th, papers were read on-1. "The Sabbath Question," the Rev. M. Valentine, D. D., of Gettysburg, Pa., the Rev. S. M. Hopkins, D. D., of the Auburn Theological Seminary, N. Y.; 2. "Religion in Common Schools," the Rev. John Cotton Smith, D. D., of New York, the Rev. E. S. Porter, D. D., of Brooklyn, N. Y.; 3. "The American Sabbath-School of To-day and the Future," the Rev. W. J. R. Taylor, D. D. It was resolved that the Biennial Conference be continued. The formation of branch Alliances in every community was recommended. Detroit, Michigan, was selected as the place for the meeting of the next Conference (1877). EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION. The following is a summary of the statistics of this denomination as they were reported in September, 1875: Number of Sunday-schools, 1,5351; of officers and teachers in the same, 17,166; of Sunday-school scholars, 92,086; probable value of churches, $3,034,891; number of parsonages, 353; probable value of the same, $418,935; amount of conference contributions, $4,698.80; of contributions for missions, $65,165.40; of contributions for the Sunday-school and Tract Union, $2,108.30; number of children baptized, 7,057; of adults baptized, 1,484. The tables show an increase of 4,998 members from 1874. The sixteenth session of the General Conference of the Evangelical Association was held in Philadelphia, beginning October 14th. The bishops presided in rotation. An "Epis copal Address was presented by the bishops, giving a review of the progress of the interests of the Church since the General Conference held five years before. It stated that the statistics of the past four years showed the following increase: in ministers, 164; in memReport for 1874. bership, 17,350; in churches, 266; in Sundayschools, 366; in catechumens, 1,000; and proportionately for other items. The ratio of increase, about 22 per cent., was smaller than that for the preceding five years (1867 to 1871, more than 29 per cent.). The Missionary Society had extinguished the debt of former years, and had materially extended its undertakings. The missions on the Pacific coast showed increased strength, and the missions in Europe enjoyed continued prosperity. The number of members had increased 100 per cent., and twice as much territory was occupied as at the preceding General Conference. The publishing interests of the Church, the Sundayschools, and the Charitable Society, were mentioned as being in a favorable condition. The Committee on Missions reported upon the missionary money received during the past four years as follows: For home and German missions... Bequests to the standing fund Total........ Expended for home and German missions.... Total standing missionary fund........... $255,154 91 5,469 95 26,852 15 $287,507 01 $254,282 19 $49,167 85 The Conference unanimously decided that a heathen mission be established in Japan. The report of the Charitable Society showed that it had received bequests since its organization in 1836 to the amount of $23,225.87, and had distributed of interest in the same period, to superannuated ministers and widows of deceased preachers, $20,693.92. It had now assets valued at $23,445.80. The orphan asylum contained 215 inmates. It had a farm of 170 acres, which yielded yearly $3,000' worth of products. The property was worth $100,000. The Committee on the Orphan Institute were instructed to consider the propriety and practicability of founding a home for the aged and infirm members of the church. Two German Conferences were established: one to be composed of the German appointments in the East Pennsylvania and Central Pennsylvania Conference, and to be called the Atlantic Conference; the other to be composed of the German appointments in the Pittsburg, Ohio, and New York Conferences, and to be called the Erie Conference. The constitution of the Board of Publica tion was arranged by a provision, that the territory of the Church be divided into six districts, from each of which should be elected one member, the six district members, with Four bishops were elected for the next quadone of the bishops, to constitute the board. rennial term, viz., J. J. Esher and R. Yeakel (reelected), R. Dubs, and T. Bowman. The subject of changing the name of the church had been considerably discussed before the meeting of the Conference, and was considered in its deliberations. No name was found on which a majority could agree, and the subject was indefinitely postponed. The thirty-ninth annual meeting of the Missionary Society of the Evangelical Association was held in Philadelphia immediately after the close of the session of the General Conference. The reports showed that the total receipts for the year had been $77,000.39, and the total expenditures had been $76,983.05. The total amount of the heathen mission fund was $25,650.17, and the amount of the standing fund was $49,167.85. The treasury was indebted $8,175.99. The society had received during the year bequests to the amount of $8,335.50. The number of home and foreign missions under the supervision of the denomination was 289, of which 277 were supplied at the sessions of the Conferences within whose bounds they were situated. The number of missionaries in active service was 301. Between twenty and thirty churches had been built on the home and foreign mission fields during the year, and the majority of them had been dedicated free of debt. The prospects of the Church in California and Oregon were more promising, and considerable progress had been made during the year. Two laborers had been added to the force in Oregon. The transatlantic work (in Germany) had been developed to an extent and degree of importance not thought of when it was begun. The number of members had been doubled in four years, and 1,267 new members had been received during the year just past. Measures had been adopted for the location of a mission in Japan. EWALD, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST VON, one of the greatest modern Orientalists, born November 16, 1803, in Göttingen; died May 4, 1875. He studied at the university of his native place, where he became extraordinary professor in 1827, ordinary Professor of Philosophy in 1831, and Professor of Oriental Languages in 1835. Travels in search of Oriental manuscripts led him, in 1826, 1829, and 1836, to Berlin, Paris, and Italy. In 1837 he, together with six of his colleagues at the university, protested against the abolishment of the constitutional law of Hanover, in consequence of which he, as well as his colleagues, was dismissed from his professorship. This gave him leisure to visit England to investigate the public libraries, and in 1838 he received a call to Tübingen, as Professor of Theology, where he was ennobled by the King of Würtemberg in 1841. In 1848 he returned to Göttingen, where he published a book entitled "Ueber meinen Weggang von der Universität Tübingen, mit anderen Zeitbetrachtungen." Ewald reappeared prominently in public life in 1866 as a defender of the rights of Hanover. He refused to take the oath of allegiance to the King of Prussia as a member of the university Faculty, and in consequence was again removed from his professorship. He was elected in 1869 to the North-German, and in 1871 and again in 1874 to the German Reichstag His principal work is "Geschichte des Volkes Israel" (7 vols., third edition, Göttingen, 1860VOL. XV.-18 A '67). Among his theological works are, Die poetischen Bücher des alten Bundes" (4 vols., Stuttgart, 1835'-37); "Die Propheten des alten Bundes" (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1840); "Die drei ersten Evangelien" (Göttingen, 1850), and "Die Sendschreiben des Apostels Paulus " (Göttingen, 1857). Among his philological works the best known is "Kritische Grammatik der hebräischen Sprache" (1827), an abridgment of which was published in Leipsic in 1835, under the title of "Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache," and a still more condensed epitome in 1842, entitled Hebräische Sprachlehre für Anfänger (fourth edition, 1874). He also wrote "Grammatica Critica Linguæ Arabica" (2 vols., Leipsic, 1831-33); "De Metris Carminum Arabicorum" (Leipsic, 1825), and "Die Lehre der Bibel von Gott" (Leipsic, 3 vols., 1872-'74). From 1849 to 1862 he published an annual devoted exclusively to Biblical science, entitled "Jahrbücher der biblischen Wissenschaft." 66 EXHIBITION, CENTENNIAL. The project for holding an International Exhibition in celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of American Independence, in the city of Philadelphia, in 1876, originated with an association of citizens of that place, in 1870. An act of Congress was obtained in 1871 creating a Centennial Commission, consisting of one delegate and one alternate from each State and Territory, to prepare and superintend the execution of a plan for holding the exhibition. The commissioners were to be appointed by the President on the nomination of the Governors of the States and Territories, and were required to fix upon a suitable site and report to Congress, at the first session after its appointment, the time and place of the exhibition, and the general features of the plan adopted. The President was required, whenever officially informed by the Governor of Pennsylvania that provision had been made for the erection of buildings and for giving the commissioners full control of the exhibition, to set forth by proclamation the time, place, and objects of the same, and to communicate the facts to the diplomatic representatives of all nations. In 1872 an act was passed incorporating the Centennial Board of Finance, and giving it the necessary powers to raise funds and direct the financial interests of the enterprise. The capital stock of the corporation was fixed at $10,000,000, in shares of $50 each. The proclamation of the President making formal announcement of the exhibition was dated July 3, 1873, and two days later the Secretary of State made the required communication to foreign representatives. On June 5, 1874, Congress passed an act requesting the President to extend "a respectful and cordial invitation to the Governments of other nations to be represented and to take part in the International Exposition to be held at Philadelphia under the auspices of the Government of the United States." Provision was also made for admitting to the ports of the country free of duty all articles intended for the exhibition, unless such article should also be intended for sale in this country. The Centennial Commission, consisting of one delegate and one alternate from each State and Territory, was duly appointed, and organized in the city of Philadelphia by the election of General Joseph R. Hawley, of Connecticut, for president; Orestes Cleveland, John D. Creigh, Robert Lowry, Thomas H. Coldwell, John McNeil, and William Gurney, for vice-presidents; Alfred T. Goshorn, director-general; John L. Campbell, secretary; and John L. Shoemaker, counselor and solicitor. An executive committee of thirteen was appointed, with Myer Asch as its secretary, and several bureaus of administration were constituted under the following chiefs: foreign, A. T. Goshorn, Myer Asch; installation, Henry Pettit; transportation, Dolphus Torrey; machinery, John S. Albert; agriculture, Burnet Landreth; horticulture, Charles H. Miller; fine arts, John Sartain. The corporators of the Board of Finance consisted of two from each congressional district, and four from each State and Territory at large. This body was organized with John Welsh as president; William Sellers and John S. Barbour, vice-presidents; Frederick Fraley, secretary and treasurer; William Bigler, financial agent; Henry Pettit, Joseph M. Wilson, and H. J. Schwarzmann, engineers and architects; and a Board of Directors of twentytwo members. The site chosen for the exhibition was the most eligible portion of Fairmount Park, in the city of Philadelphia, and it was decided that it should open on the 10th of May, and close on the 10th of November, 1876. The funds have been raised by subscription to the stock issued by the Board of Finance, by public appropriations, private efforts, etc. Congress appropriated $500,000 in 1875, and $1,500,000 more were granted at the session of 1875-'76; the city of Philadelphia appropriated $1,500,000, the State of Pennsylvania $1,000000, and other States and cities various amounts. The women of the country through their efforts have raised over $100,000. In most of the States and Territories local managers and agents have been appointed to awaken interest, furnish information, and aid generally in securing a creditable representation. All the foreign countries to which invitations were sent have appointed commissioners and will take a more or less prominent part in the exhibition. These countries with the chiefs of their commissions are as follows: Argentine Confederation, Ernesto Oldendorff; Austria, Rudolf Isbary; Africa-Orange Free State-Charles W. Riley; Belgium, Baron Gustave de Woelmont; Brazil, Gaston d'Orleans, Conde d'Eu; China, Edward B. Drew; Denmark, Jacob Holmblad; Ecuador, Edward Shippen; Egypt, Prince Mohammed Tefwink Pasha; France, M. M. Ozenne; German Empire, Dr. Jacobi; Great Britain and Colonies, the Duke of Richmond; Canada, Senator Luc Letellier de St. Just; New South Wales, Sir James Martin Knight; Victoria, Sir Redmond Barry; South Australia, A. Musgrave, Esq., C. M. G.; Honduras, Governor Don Francisco Bardales; Japanese Empire, Okubo Toshimichi; Liberia, J. S. Payne; Mexico, Romero Rubio; Netherlands, Dr. E. H. von Baumhauer; Norway, Herman Baars; Peru, Colonel Manuel Freyre; Russia, Privy-Councilor Boutovsky; Sandwich Islands, S. G. Wilder; Siam, J. H. Chandler; Spain, the Director-General of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce; Sweden, A. Bergstrom; Switzerland, Colonel H. Rieter; Tunis, Sidi Houssein; Turkey, G. d'Aristrarchi; Venezuela, Leon de la Cova. Fairmount Park consists of 2,740 acres, with a variegated and picturesque surface. The exhibition grounds are at the lower end, and have been inclosed with thirteen entrances from the boundary drive, named from the thirteen original States. Street-railways, from all parts of the city, terminate in the immediate vicinity, and branches from the principal steam railways have established stations near by. The principal buildings provided by the Commission were substantially completed at the opening of the year 1876, and the dates were fixed for the reception of articles in the various departments. The main exhibition building is in the form of a parallelogram extending east and west, 1,880 feet in length, and 464 feet in width. Most of the structure is one story high, the main cornice on the outside being 45 feet from the ground, and the interior height being 70 feet. At the centre of the longer sides are projections 416 feet in length, and in the centre of the shorter sides projections 216 feet in length. In these projections are the main entrances, provided with arcades on the ground-floor, and with central façades rising to a height of 90 feet. Upon the corners are four towers 75 feet high. The roof, for 189 feet over the central part, is raised above the rest, and has at each corner a tower 48 feet square and 120 feet high. The area of the groundfloor is 20 acres; that of the upper floors in projections, 37,344 square feet; in towers, 26,344 square feet; so that the whole structure eovers about 21 acres. There is a central avenue or nave through the length of the building, 1,832 feet long and 120 feet wide; on either side of this is a side-avenue 1,832 feet long, and 100 feet wide. Between the nave and side avenues are aisles 48 feet wide, and on the outer sides smaller aisles 24 feet wide. Running crosswise is a central transept 416 feet long, and 120 feet wide; on either side of this a side-transept, 416 feet long and 100 feet wide, with aisles running between, 48 feet wide. The main promenades through the nave and central transept are 30 feet wide; those through the side avenues and transepts, 15 feet wide; and the other promenades, 10 feet wide-all leading to exit doors at either mounted by a dome. It consists of a central section, a pavilion at each end, and arcades connecting the pavilions with the centre. The dome rises 150 feet from the ground, terminating with a colossal bell, from which the figure of Columbia rises. A colossal figure typifying one of the four quarters of the globe stands at each corner of the base. It is provided with numerous halls, galleries, and promenades, and the aggregate of wall-space is over 70,000 square feet. The applications for space for fine arts have been so numerous that another building, the exact counterpart of this, is to be erected, and even then it will be barely possible to accept all the applications. tions of exhibitors. Among these is a building erected by the United States Government for a collective exhibition of articles illustrating the functions and faculties of the Executive Departments. The departments taking part are those of War, the Treasury, the Navy, the Interior. Post-Office, Agriculture, and the Smithsonian Institution. There is a Women's Building covering an acre of ground and costing $30,000, in which are to be exhibited the products of female industry in every line. During the exhibition women will be actually employed in the building on the work requiring skill in which they specially excel. Many of the States and foreign countries will have buildings of The Machinery Building is located 542 feet their own for the accommodation of their repto the west of the Main Exhibition Building, resentatives and exhibitors, and of their peowith its north front in a line with the north ple generally. Thus far (January, 1876) fifteen front of that structure. It consists of a main States have determined to erect buildings. hall, 1,402 feet long and 360 feet wide, with an These will generally contain waiting-rooms annex on the south side, 208 by 210 feet, the and various accommodations for visitors, rooms whole covering an area of 12.82 acres. In- for the meetings of associations, offices for the cluding upper floors in portions of the build- State managers, post-office and telegraph faciliing, there are 14 acres of floor accommoda- ties, etc. The Ohio State building is to be tion. There are two main avenues, 1,360 feet constructed of contributions from all the quarlong and 90 feet wide, through the building, ries in the State. That of California will be with a central aisle between, and an aisle on finished wholly with pine-cones. There will each side, each 60 feet wide. At the centre be a building in which the working of the there is a transept 90 feet wide. Shafting, stamp-mills and mining appliances of Nevada steam and water power, etc., are provided. and Colorado are to be shown. The British The annex on the south side is for hydraulic buildings are to be in the exact style of those machinery, and contains a tank 60 feet by 160, of Chester in the seventeenth century. There is with a depth of water of 10 feet. to be a Vienna bakery with a café, the partition being of glass, so that the process of baking can be seen by visitors. The Mexican commission propose to erect a building for the exhibition of Aztec antiquities. Among other foreign buildings will be a Turkish bazaar and coffee-house; a Japanese building, in which the domestic economy of the empire will be illustrated; a Swedish schoolhouse; and others showing characteristics of the architecture and modes of life of different countries. Near the Women's Building is to be a Kindergarten school in operation, under the charge of Miss Elizabeth P. Peabody, and a New England farmer's home, exhibiting the kitchen and other appliances of a hundred years ago contrasted with those of the present time. The shoe and leather trade will have a separate building 300 feet by 160, provided by the dealers and manufacturers of the United States, and intended for the exhibition of the products of the world in leather. The Dairymen's Association will also have a building, as will the wagon and carriage manufacturers, and several other special interests. Near the art buildings is a large pavilion devoted wholly to photographs. Among the other features of the grounds will be an observatory 200 feet high, mounted by cars on the outside; a tower for the illumination of the park with the Gramm light, a structure near the river containing pumping machinery to supply the numerous fountains, restaurants in the styles of different countries, etc., etc. A model of Shakespeare's house at The Horticultural Building is provided through appropriations of the city of Philadelphia, and is to remain as a permanent ornament of the park. It is situated a short distance north of the Main Building and Art Gallery, overlooking the Schuylkill River. It is in the Moresque style of the twelfth century, and built mainly of iron and glass. It is 383 feet long, 193 wide, and 72 feet high to the top of the lantern. There is a central conservatory, 230 feet by 80, and 55 feet high, surmounted by a lantern 170 feet long, 20 wide, and 14 high; around this are forcing-houses, galleries, etc. The building is approached by ornamental terraces and spacious stairways, and surrounded by fountains and grass-plots. The Agricultural Building stands north of the Horticultural, and consists of a nave 820 feet long by 125 feet wide and 75 feet high, crossed by three transepts, the central one 100 feet wide and the others 80 feet wide. Both nave and transepts are composed of truss arches of Gothic form, and are built of wood and glass. The whole structure will be a parallelogram 820 feet long and 540 wide, covering over 10 acres. In the immediate vicinity are stockyards for the exhibition of horses, cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, etc. These are the buildings provided by the Commission for the general exhibition, but there are many others designed for special purposes and provided by the representatives of different countries and States, or by associa |