who had a spite against him, scourged by way of revenge, till one night it fell upon, and killed him; upon which the statue was thrown into the sea, but was very fortunately fished up again by some fishermen, for barrenness had come upon the country, and the Delphic oracle had declared that it would not be removed till they restored Theagenes. Pausanias mentions having seen many statues of Theagenes among both the Greeks and the Barbarians. (vi. 11. § 9.)

3. General of the Theban forces at the battle of Chaeroneia (B.c. 338). Deinarchus (in Dem. § 75) brands him as a traitor, but according to Plutarch | (Alex. 12), he fell in the battle.

4. An Athenian, a contemporary of the philosopher Marinus. He was distinguished for his liberality and his enormous wealth, which he employed in helping needy persons and restoring decayed towns. The philosophers and literary men of his day found in him a munificent, though rather imperious patron. (Suid. s. v. Oeay.; Damasc. ap. Phot. p. 346, a. ed. Bekker.)

[C. P. M.]

THEA'GENES (Ocayévns), literary. 1. A native of Rhegium, who was contemporary with Cambyses. (Tatianus, adv. Graec. p. 105; Euseb. Praep. Evang. x. 11.) He was one of the earliest writers on Homer and his works (l. c.; Suid. s. v. cay.; Fabr. Bibl. Gr. i. pp. 525, 321).

2. An historical writer, of uncertain date. Stephanus of Byzantium frequently quotes from a work of his, entitled Makedovikά (8. v. 'AXTOS, Báλλa, &c), as also from another entitled Kapıkά (s. v. Kaσraλía). It is, perhaps, this same Theagenes, who wrote a work on Aegina, quoted by Tzetzes (ad Lycoph. 176; Schol. Pind. Nem. iii. 21; Clinton, Fasti Hellen. vol. ii. p. 369, note 1). 3. A Greek grammarian, a native of Cnidus, who was one of the instructors of Herodes Atticus in criticism. (Philost. Vit. Soph. 13, p. 243, ed. Kayser.) [C. P. M.] THEAGES (Ocάyns). 1. A Pythagorean philosopher, the author of a work on virtue (Пepl apers), from which Stobaeus (Serm. i. 67-69) has preserved some extracts. Fabricius (vol. i. p. 876) identifies him with the Theages mentioned by Iamblichus (Pyth. Vit. 257). There is no evidence to decide the question.

2. The son of Demodocus, is introduced by Plato in the dialogue Theages which takes its name from him. [C. P. M.] THEANO (eavé). 1. One of the Danaides. (Apollod. ii. 1. § 5.)

2. A daughter of Cisseus, the wife of Antenor, and priestess of Athena at Ilion. (Hom. I. v. 70, vi. 298, xi. 224; Dict. Cret. v. 8.) She was painted by Polygnotus in the Lesche of Delphi. (Paus. x. 27.)

3. The wife of Metapontus, king of Icaria. (Hygin. Fab. 186; comp. AEOLUS.) [L. S.] THEANO (@cavú). 1. The most celebrated of the female philosophers of the Pythagorean school, appears to have been the wife of Pythagoras, and the mother by him of Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia, and Arignote; but the accounts respecting her were various. Some made her a daughter of Pythonax of Crete, others of Brontinus of Croton, while, according to others, she was the wife of Brontinus, and the disciple of Pythagoras. Her traditional fame for wisdom and virtue was of the highest order, and some interesting sayings are ascribed to her by Diogenes Laërtius, and by

Clemens Alexandrinus (Strom. iv. p. 522). Diogenes also informs us that she left some writings, but he does not mention their titles. Suidas ascribes to her ὑπομνήματα φιλόσοφα καὶ ἀπο pléyμata kai moinμá тi di' èñŵv. Several interesting letters are still extant under her name; and, though it is now universally admitted that they cannot be genuine, they are valuable remains of a period of considerable antiquity. They were first edited in the Aldine collection of Greek Epistles, Venet. 1499, 4to.; then in the similar collection of Cujacius, Aurel. Allob. 1606, fol.; then in Gale's Opuscula Mythologica, pp. 84, foll. Cantab. 1671, Amst. 1688; then, far more accurately in Wolf's Mulierum Graecarum Fragmenta, pp. 162, foll. 1739, 4to.; and lastly in Io. Conrad Orelli's Socratis et Socraticorum, Pythagorae et Pythagoreorum, quae feruntur Epistolae, pp. 55, foll. Lips. 1815, 8vo.; the Greek text is also printed with Wieland's admirable translation of the letters, Leipz. 1791, 8vo. Wieland's translation is reprinted at the end of Orelli's work. (Diog. Laërt. viii. 42, foll.; Suid. s. v.; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. pp. 687, 884; Orelli, ut sup. cit. p. 307.)

Suidas mentions another Theano, of Metapontum or Thurium, also a Pythagorean, the wife of Carystus or Croton or Brontinus; who wrote works on Pythagoras, on Virtue addressed to Hippodamus of Thurium, Tapaivéσeis yvvaikeías, and åñopléɣuata Пvdayopewv. It is pretty clear, however, that this is only another account, somewhat more confused, of the celebrated Theano. (Comp. Fabric. vol. i. p. 885.)

3. A Locrian lyric poetess of this name is mentioned by Suidas (s. v.) and Eustathius (ad Il. ii. p. 327. 10). Ulrici supposes that she lived in the fifth century (Gesch. d. Hellen. Dichtkunst, vol. ii. p. 473). [P. S.]

THEA'RIDAS (@eapídas). 1. A citizen of Megalopolis, who was taken prisoner by Cleomenes, when he surprised that city in B. c. 224. He united with Lysandridas, another of the captives, in persuading the conqueror to offer favourable terms to their fellow-citizens who had escaped to Messene, to which Cleomenes had the magnanimity to consent: but the Megalopolitans refused his overtures, and repulsed Lysandridas and Thearidas with indignation as traitors to their country. (Plut. Cleom. 24.)

2. An Achaean who was sent by his countrymen as ambassador to Rome in B. c. 159. (Polyb. xxxii. 17.) In B. c. 147, he was again placed at the head of an embassy which was designed to excuse the insult offered to the Roman legate Aurelius Orestes, but having on his way to Italy met with the Roman deputy Sex. Julius Caesar, who was appointed to investigate the subject, he was compelled to return with him to Achaia. (Id. xxxviii. 2.) [E. H. B.]

THEA'RIDES (@eapídns), a Syracusan, son of Hermocrates and brother of Dionysius the elder, tyrant of Syracuse. He is first mentioned in B. C. 390, when he was appointed by Dionysius to succeed his brother Leptines in the command of the fleet. The next year he commanded an expedition to the Liparaean islands, where he captured ten ships belonging to the Rhegians. Again in B. c. 388 he was chosen by his brother to conduct the magnificent procession which Dionysius sent to the Olympic festival. (Diod. xiv. 102, 103, 109.) [E. H. B.]

simply arises from his placing together, with his usual carelessness, two distinct facts in the life of Themistius. Shortly before the death of Julian, A.D. 363, Themistius delivered an oration in honour of him, which is no longer extant, but which is referred to at some length by Libanius, in a letter to Themistius (Ep. 1061). In A.D. 364 he went, as one of the deputies from the senate, to meet Jovian at Dadastana, on the confines of Galatia and Bithynia, and to confer the consulate upon him; and on this occasion he delivered an oration, which he afterwards repeated at Constantinople, in which he claims full liberty of conscience both for the Christians and the heathen. (Orat. v.; Socrat. H. E. iii. 26.) In the same year he delivered an oration at Constantinople, in honour of the accession of Valentinian and Valens, in the presence of the latter. His next oration is addressed to Valens, congratulating him on his victory over Procopius in June 366, and interceding for some of the rebels; it was delivered in a. D. 367. (Orat. vii.) In the next year he accompanied Valens to the Danube in the second campaign of the Gothic war, and delivered before the emperor, at Marcianopolis, a congratulatory oration upon his Quinquennalia, A.D. 368. (Orat. viii.) His next orations are to the young Valentinian upon his consulship, A. D. 369 (Orat. ix.), and to the senate of Constantinople, in the presence of Valens, in honour of the peace granted to the Goths, B. c. 370 (Orat. x.). On March 28, A. D. 373, he addressed to Valens, who was then in Syria, a congratulatory address upon the emperor's entrance on the tenth year of his reign (Orat. xi.). It was also while Valens was in Syria, that Themistius addressed to him an oration by which he persuaded him to cease from his persecution of the Catholic party. (Socrat. H. E. iv. 32; Sozom. H. E. vi. 36.) It is thought by the best critics that this oration is lost, and that the extant oration to Valens on behalf of religious liberty (Orat. xii.) was delivered at some other time, probably soon after the emperor's accession. (Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. vol. vi. p. 797.) In addition to these numerous orations, which prove that the orator was in high favour with the emperor, we have the testimony of Themistius himself to his influence with Valens. (Orat. xxxi. where the words, tτngels únd tŵv ẻμŵv nóywv moλλákis, seem to refer to such examples of the orator's power as that mentioned just above.)

In A. D. 377 we find him at Rome, whither he appears to have gone on an embassy to Gratian, to whom he there delivered his oration entitled 'EpwTIKós (Orat. xiii.). On the association of Theodosius in the empire by Gratian, at Sirmium, in A. D. 379, Themistius delivered an elegant oration, congratulating the new emperor on his elevation (Orat. xiv.). Of his remaining orations some are public and some private; but few of them demand special notice as connected with the events of his life. In A. D. 384, about the first of September, he was made prefect of Constantinople (Orat. xvii.), an office which had been offered to him, but declined, several times before (Orat. xxxiv. 13). He only held the prefecture a few months, as we learn from an oration delivered after he had laid down the office (Orat. xxxiv.), in which he mentions, as he had done even six years earlier (Orat. xiv.), and more than once in the interval (Or. xv. xvi.), his old age and ill-health. From the 34th oration we also learn that he had previously held the offices of

VOL. III.

princeps senatus and praefectus annonae, besides his embassy to Rome; in another oration he mentions ten embassies on which he had been sent before his prefecture (Orat. xvii.); and in another, composed probably about A. D. 387, he says that he has been engaged for nearly forty years in public business and in embassies (Orat. xxi.). So great was the confidence reposed in him by Theodosius, that, though Themistius was a heathen, the emperor, when departing for the West to oppose Maximus, entrusted his son Arcadius to the tutorship of the philosopher, A. D. 387-388. (Socrat. H. E. iv. 32; Sozom. H. E. vi. 36; Niceph. H. E. xi. 46.) We have no particulars of the history of Themistius after this time; and it may therefore be inferred that his life did not extend much, if at all, beyond A. D. 390. Besides the emperors, to whom so many references have been made, he numbered among his friends the chief orators and philosophers of the age, Christian as well as heathen. Not only Libanius, but Gregory of Nazianzus also was his friend and correspondent, and the latter, in an epistle still extant, calls him the "king of arguments" (Bariλéa λóywv, Greg. Naz. Epist. 140).

The orations (TOXITIKOl λÓYOι) of Themistius, extant in the time of Photius, were thirty-six in number (Phot. Bibl. Cod. 74), of which thirtythree have come down to us in the original Greek, and one in a Latin version. The other two were supposed to be lost, until one of them was discovered by Cardinal Maio, in the Ambrosian Library at Milan, in 1816. His philosophical works must have been very voluminous; for Photius (/. c.) tells us that he wrote commentaries (úñoμvýμara) on all the books of Aristotle, besides useful abstracts (μerappáσeis) of the Analytics, the books on the Soul, and the Physics, and that there were exegetical labours of his on Plato; "and, in a word, he is a lover and eager student of philosophy" (paσths ẻσti kal σπουδαστής φιλοσοφίας). Suidas mentions his Paraphrase of the Physics of Aristotle, in eight books; of the Analytics, in two books; of the Apodeictics, in two books; of the treatise on the Soul, in seven books; and of the Categories in one book. Of these, we have the Paraphrases of the Second Analytics, of the Physics, of the treatise on the Soul, and of the works on Memory and Recollection, on Sleeping and Waking, on Dreams, and on Divination in Sleep. Besides these, which are in the original Greek, we have two other commentaries in Latin, translated from Hebrew versions of the originals, namely, that on the work on Heaven, translated by Moses Alatinus, and that on the twelve books of the Metaphysics, translated by Moses Finzius.

The earliest editions of Themistius contained only the philosophical works, in the Latin version of Hermolaus Barbarus, which was first published at Venice, 1481, fol., and reprinted, Venet. 1502, fol., 1520, fol., 1527, fol., Paris, 1528-1529, fol., Basil. 1530, fol., 1533, 4to., Venet. 1554, fol., 1559, fol., 1570, fol.: the last is the most complete of the old editions. The two commentaries which only exist in Latin were published at Venice in 1574 and 1576 respectively, both in folio.

Of the Greek text the Editio Princeps is that of Aldus, 1534, fol., containing the Paraphrases and eight Orations, together with the treatises of Alexander Aphrodisiensis on the Soul and on Fate. There has been no subsequent edition of the whole works, or of the Paraphrases; but the Orations

3 u

have been since published, by H. Stephanus, whose edition contains thirteen of them, Paris, 1562, 8vo. ; by G. Remus, who reprinted, with a Lation version, only the six orations which Stephanus had published for the first time, and a seventh in Latin only, Amberg, 1605, 4to.; by Petavius, who printed sixteen, in Greek and Latin, fifteen of which had been hitherto ascribed to Synesius, besides a seventeenth, which is only extant in Latin, but of which Petavius gives also a Greek version by himself, Paris, 1613, 8vo. ; by P. Pantinus, who printed a few orations not before edited, 1614, 8vo.; by Petavius again, who inserted in this second edition all the orations which had as yet appeared, to the number of nineteen, in Greek and Latin, several of the Latin versions being new, with fuller notes than in his first edition, Paris, 1618, 4to.; and by Harduin, who first published the whole thirty-three orations, with the versions and notes of Petavius and his own, Paris, 1684, fol. Besides these thirty-three orations, another, hitherto unknown, against certain persons who had attacked Themistius for accepting the prefecture of the city, was discovered at Milan by Cardinal Mai, as mentioned above, and published by him, in Greek and Latin, in 1816, 8vo., together with a newly-discovered fragment of the second oration, and two supplements to the nineteenth and twentythird. Dindorf also founded upon the Milan MS. a new edition, first of two of the orations, Lips. 1830, 8vo., and afterwards of them all, Lips. 1832, 8vo. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vi. pp. 790, foll.; Clinton, Fusti Romani, under the several dates given in this article; Hoffmann, Lexicon Biliograph. Script. Graec. s. v.)

The Greek Anthology contains one epigram ascribed to Themistius, on the subject, according to the superscription in the Aldine edition, of his own appointment to the prefecture of the city by Julian, It would seem, however, that there is a mistake respecting both the author and the subject of this epigram. In the Palatine MS. it is ascribed to Palladius, and it is quite in his style. The subject is explained by Maio. (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 404; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. iii. p. 112, vol. x. 1 p. 191, vol. xiii. p. 957; Maio, ad Orat. xxxiv. p. 458, p. 471, ed. Dindorf.)

2. There was another Greek writer of this name, who lived much later, and was the founder of the sect of the Agnoetue, who were so called from their asserting that Christ's knowledge was not perfect. The little that is known of him is not worth mentioning here. (See Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vi. p. 794.) [P.S.]

THEMISTO (EμOTÓ). 1. A daughter of Nereus and Doris. (Hes. Theog. 261.)

2. A daughter of the Lapithe Hypseus, and the wife of Athamas. (Apollod. i. 9. § 2; Athen. xiii. p. 560; comp. ATHAMAS.)

3. The mother of Arcas, who is commonly called Callisto, and by some Megisto. (Steph. Byz. s. v. 'Apkás; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 300; Hygin. Poet. Astr. ii. 1.)

4. Of Cyprus, was said by some to be the mother of Homer. (Paus. x. 24. § 3.) [L. S.]

THEMISTOCLEIA. [ARISTOCLEIA.] THEMI'STOCLES (©EμiσTоKλns), was the son of Neocles, not one of the most distinguished among the Athenians, though he was allied to the Lycomedae. The name of his mother was Abrotonon, a Thracian woman, according to some authors, but

others call her Euterpe, and say that she was a Carian; and Neanthes adds that she was of Halicarnassus. As his mother was not an Athenian, Themistocles belonged to the class of nothi. (Plut. Themist. 1, compare Pericl. c. 37.) Themistocles was born about B. c. 514 as it is conjectured. In his youth he had an impetuous character; he displayed great intellectual power combined with a lofty ambition and desire of political distinction. In his hours of relaxation he did not join in the ordinary amusements of the boys, but he practised himself in making speeches on imaginary subjects. His master used to say to him My boy, you will not be any thing little, but certainly something great, good or bad." He had not much taste for the usual branches of learning and for accomplishments, but be showed a decided liking for all studies which strengthened the understanding and had a practical object. There is a story that his father who saw his ambitious turn of mind, wishing to divert him from a political career, pointed out to him some old gallies thrown on the shore and neglected, and he told him that this was the way that "the many" treated popular leaders, when they were no longer of any use. The remark, though true, did not keep Themistocles from his course, nor will it keep others.

The ambition of Themistocles was to be the first man in Athens, and he began his career by setting himself in opposition to those who had most power, among whom Aristides was the chief. We cannot infer from the words of Plutarch (c. 3) whether Themistocles was in the battle of Marathon (B. C. 490) or not; but if he was born so early as B.C. 514, he must have been old enough for military service in B.C. 490. The fame which Miltiades acquired by his generalship at Marathon made a deep impression on Themistocles; he became thoughtful, and avoided his usual company; and in reply to the remarks of his friends on the change in his habits, he said, that the trophy of Miltiades would not let him sleep. Others thought that the victory of Marathon had terminated the Persian war; but Themistocles foresaw that it was only the beginning of a greater struggle, and it was his policy to prepare Athens for it.

His rival Aristides was ostracized in B. c. 483, to which event Themistocles contributed; and from this time he was the political leader in Athens. In B. c. 481 he was Archon Eponymus. The chronology of the early part of the life of Themistocles is uncertain. It was perhaps before his archonship, or it may have been in that year that he persuaded the Athenians to employ the produce of the silver mines of Laurium in building ships, instead of distributing it among the Athenian citizens. (Herod. vii. 144; Plut. Themist. c. 4.) The motive which he suggested was that the fleet of Athens should be made a match for that of Aegina, with which state Athens was then at war; but his real object was to prepare Athens against a future attack from the Persians. It was the policy of Themistocles to draw the Athenians to the sea, as he was convinced that it was only by their fleet that Athens could repel the Persians and obtain the supremacy in Greece. The number of ships which were built at the suggestion of Themistocles was two hundred, according to Herodotus; and they were not employed against Aegina, with which state Athens made peace, but against the Persians; and thus, as Plutarch remarks, the policy