| other, a Jacobite, who was patriarch from A. D. 727 to 738. (Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. ii. col. 445, 457.) 5. Of ALEXANDRIA (3). Theodore, a deacon of the church at Alexandria, who at the Council of Chalcedon, A. D. 451, presented a Aí¤¤λλos, Libellus, against the patriarch of Alexandria, Dioscorus, charging him with having grievously oppressed him (Theodore), on account of the regard in which he had been held by Cyril, the predecessor of Dioscorus. The document is given in the various editions of the Concilia (e. g. vol. iv. col. 395, ed. Labbe, vol. ii. col. 321, ed. Hardouin), in the Acta Concilii Chalcedonensis, actio iii. (Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 451, vol. i. p. 443; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 386.) De la Bigne, fol. Paris, 1575, and again, in vol. iv. of the second edition, fol. Paris, 1589. In the Lectiones Antiquae of Canisius, vol. iv. 4to., Ingolstadt, 1604 (vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 463, ed. Basnage), appeared a Latin version by Franciscus Turrianus, of three others (Nos. 27--29, in Gretser); and very soon after Gretser published, with the Hodegus of Anastasius Sinaita (4to. Ingolstadt, 1606), forty-two pieces of Theodore, including all those which had been given in the Bibliotheca and by Canisius. They were given in the Greek (except Nos. 18, 25, and 32) and in a Latin version, partly by Gretser himself, but chiefly by Turrianus, and in a very few short pieces by Genebrardus. The Latin version was reprinted in the Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. iv. ed. Paris, 1609-1610, vol. ix. p. ii. Cologne, 1618, and vol. xvi. ed. Lyon, 1677: the 6. Of ALEXANDRIA (4). A monk who flouGreek text and Latin version were both given in rished about the commencement of the sixth centhe Auctarium of Ducaeus to the edit. of Paris, tury. Cave improperly places him in the seventh. 1624, in vol. xi. of the edit. Paris, 1654, and in the He belonged to that branch of the Monophysite collected edition of Gretser's works, vol. xv. fol. body called Theopaschitae, and is known by his Ratisbon, 1741. The Greek text of No. 18 was controversy with Themistius, another Theopaschite published by Le Quien in his edition of Damas-monk, who is charged with having broached the cenus (vol. i. p. 470, fol. Paris, 1712), with the version of Turrianus, a little altered: the Greek of No. 25 was published by Cotelerius, in a note to the Constitutiones Apostolicae, lib. v. c. 7, in his Patres Apostolici, fol. Paris, 1672 (vol. i. p. 310, ed. Leclerc, fol. Amsterdam, 1724): the Greek of No. 32 has never been printed. (Cave (who has confounded him with Theodore of Caria [No. 20]), Hist. Litt. ad ann. 867, vol. ii. p. 54; Fabric. Bibl. Gruec. vol. x. p. 364, &c.; Gretser (who also identifies him with Theodore of Caria), Epistol. Dedicat. Opusculis Abucarae praefixa; Bayle, Dictionnaire, s. v. Abucaras; Le Quien, Opera Damasceni, and Oriens Christianus, ll. cc.) heresy of the Agnoetae, a sect so called from their affirming that Christ knew not the time of the Day of Judgment. Theodore attacked Themistius in a work of which Photius has given an account. As in this controversy Theodore was on the same side as the orthodox Church, it was probably by some other writing that he incurred the condemnation of the emperor Justinian, as mentioned by Facundus. (Phot. Bibl. Cod. 108; Facundus Hermian. Pro Defensione trium Capitulorum, lib. ii. c. 3; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vi. p. 794, vol. x. pp. 372, 710; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 601, vol. i. p. 573.) 7. Of AMASIA. Possevino (Apparatus Sacer, vol. ii. p. 462, ed. Cologne, 1608) mentions two works, Explicatio ad Ecclesiastem et Canticum Canticorum, and Dogmatica Panoplia adversus Judaeos, Armenios et Saracenos, as written by Theodore, bishop of Amasia in Pontus. Le Quien (Oriens Christianus, vol. i. col. 528) notices both works in speaking of Theodore, who was bishop of Amasia at the time of the fifth General Council, A. D. 553, where his signature appears among those of the subscribing prelates; but if, as its title indicates, the Panoplia is a defence of orthodox Christianity against Mohammedanism, the work cannot be of so early a date. No other Theodore is known among the bishops of Amasia. (Possevin.; Le Quien, ul.cc.) 3. Of ALANIA. There is extant in MS. at Vienna, and perhaps elsewhere, a Sermon on the Burial of Christ, In Jesu Sepulturam, by Theodore, bishop of Alania, which Cave conjectures to be a city not far from Constantinople. But as the Vienna MS. contains also discourse or letter addressed by Theodore to the Patriarch of Constantinople, in which are recorded his apostolic labours among the Alani, and his subsequent consecration as bishop of Alania, it is evident that the name Alania designates the country of the Alani, between the Euxine and Caspian seas, north of the Caucasian range. Kollar has given a brief extract from this discourse. The time in which Theodore lived is not clear; but the mention of his apostolic labours 8. ANAGNOSTES ('AvаyváσTns) or LECTOR, among the Alani indicates that he first converted the READER, an ecclesiastical historian, generally them to the belief of Christianity, which may have supposed to have written in the reign of the embeen in the time of Justinian, when the neighbour-peror Justin I., or his successor Justinian I. Noing tribe of the Abasgi were converted. He must, thing of his personal history is known, except that as the Apostle of the Alani, have been a different he held the subordinate ecclesiastical post of reader person from the Theodorus who was bishop of at Constantinople, and, as Suidas states, in the Alania in the thirteenth century. (Kollar, Supple- great church (Suidas, s. v. ). Suidas states that ment. ad Lambecii Commentar. de Biblioth. Caesa- he brought down his history to the time of Justiraea, lib. i. col. 254, &c.; Le Quien, Oriens Chris-nian I.: and though nothing in the extant fragtianus, vol i. col. 1348; Allatius, De Symeon. Scriptis, p. 82; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 372; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. ii. Dissert. Prima, p. 19.) 4. Of ALEXANDRIA (1, 2). There were two patriarchs of Alexandria of the name of Theodore: one surnamed Scribo (Expíswv), a Melchite, or of the orthodox Greek Church, who, after a patriarchate of two years, perished apparently in the troubles occasioned by the revolt of Egypt and Africa against the usurper Phocas, A. D. 609; the ments of his works leads us to a later time than the accession of Justin I., we may not unreasonably admit the correctness of Suidas' statement, so far as to place the composition of the history of Theodore in the reign of Justinian. Theodore is quoted by Joannes Damascenus and by Theophanes, and in the Acta of the second Nicene (seventh General Council), all in the eighth century. He was the author of two works on ecclesiastical history, which were sometimes both comprehended Combéfis, pp. 11, 12, 19, 33, ed. Paris, 1664; Ban- under the general title of 'Ekкλŋσaσtikǹ 'IσTopía, Historia Ecclesiastica, and referred to as constituting one work. They are, in fact, two consecutive works on one subject. 1. 'Ekλoyǹ ÈK TŴV ÈKKAN. σlaσTIK@ν iσTopiwv, Selecta ex Historiis Ecclesias ticis, a compendium of Church history from the time of Constantine the Great, in two books, compiled chiefly from Sozomen, with additions from Socrates and Theodoret. It is probable that Theodore intended that this compendium should comprehend the whole period included in the histories from which he made his extracts: but if so, the work was not completed; for it breaks off at the death of Constantius II. From its incomplete state it was probably the latter of Theodore's two works in the order of composition, and was apparently designed as an introduction to the other. 2. 'EKKANOIAσTIKǹ iσTopía, Historia Ecclesiastica. An original work on ecclesiastical history, also in two books, comprehending the period from the reign of Theodosius the younger, where Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret end to the reign of Justin I., perhaps of Justinian I. From the circumstance of this work commencing from the point where the earlier ecclesiastical histories cease, it is inferred that the compendium just mentioned was intended to come down to the same point, and consequently that it was never completed. Its incompleteness occasioned a void of seventy years to be left between the close of one, and the commencement of the other of Theodore's works. The compendium is extant in MS., in the library of St. Mark at Venice, though the MS. is mutilated at the beginning. A copy (whether transcribed from the Venetian MS. is not known) | was in the possession of Allatius, who intended to 9. Of ANCYRA. Fabricius in two places (Bibl. publish it, but who never fulfilled his intention; Graec. vol. viii. p. 696, x. p. 359) mentions a Theonor has it ever been published. Allatius sent a dore of Ancyra, as being cited in the Catenac of the transcript of some portions to Valesius, who em- Fathers on the Acts of the Apostles and the Catholic ployed it in correcting the text of his edition of Epistles: but the similarity of the names leads us the original authors. Theodore's own history is to suspect that the author cited is Theodotus, who lost, except some extracts ἀπὸ φωνῆς Νικηφόρου | was bishop of Ancyra in the first half of the Gith Καλλίστου τοῦ Ξανθοπούλου, ex ore Nicephori century. The names Theodotus and Theodorus Callisti Xanthopuli. As Nicephorus never in his are in MSS. frequently confounded (comp. Fabric. own Ecclesiastical History quotes Theodore, except Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 512). Dr. J. A. Cramer, in the for statements contained in these extracts, it is Catena in Acta SS. Apostolorum, edited under his fairly inferred by Valesius that the original was not care (8vo. Oxford, 1838), has substituted (pp. 33, in his hands; and that the extracts were made by 227, 427, 438) the name of Theodotus where the some one before his time, and were all the remains MSS. have that of Theodore of Ancyra," or of Theodore's work then extant, at least all that Theodore the Monk," or "Theodore the Monk he had access to. These extracts ('Ekλoyal, Ex and Presbyter." cerpta) were first published by Robert Stephens, 10. Of ANTIDA or ANDIDA or more correctly with Eusebius and the other Greek ecclesiastical of SANDIDA, a bishopric of the province of Pamhistorians, fol. Paris, 1544; and again, with the phylia Secunda, of which Perga was the ecclesiLatin version of Christopherson, fol. Geneva, astical metropolis (comp. Le Quien, Oriens Christian. 1612 but the best edition is that of Henri Valois, vol. i. col. 1013, 1030). Allatius in several of his or Valesius; who published them with the ecclesias- works has cited some passages from an Expositio tical histories of Theodoret, Evagrius, and Philostor- Missae by "Theodorus Antidorum (s. Andidorum) gius, fol. Paris, 1673, reprinted under the care of Episcopus: " but gives us no clue to the age of the Reading, fol. Cambridge, 1720, and again at Turin, writer except in one place, and there (J. H. Hot1748. Valesius published not only the Excerpta tingerus fraudis, &c. convictus, p. 12, 8vo. Rom. of Nicephorus, but some other fragments of Theo- 1661) we only learn that Theodore was later than dore. Combéfis, in his Originum Rerumque CPo- Photius, who lived in the ninth century. The litanarum Manipulus, and Bandurius in his Im-citations of Allatius are enumerated by Fabricius perium Orientale, have given an anonymous work (Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 372). Παραστάσεις σύντομοι χρονικαί, Breves Demonstrationes s. Enarrationes Chronographicae, in which are some citations from a Oeódwpos, Theodorus, or Θεόδωρος Αναγνώστης, Theodorus Lector, or Θεόδωρος Χρονογράφος ἀναῤῥωσθεὶς ἀναγνώσμασιν, Theodorus Chronographus Lectionibus clarus (comp. 11. Of ANTIOCH (1-6). There were several patriarchs of Antioch of the name of Theodore. An Arian patriarch in the reign of the emperor Valens is called Dorotheus by Sozomen (H. E. vi. 37), but Theodorus by Philostorgius (H. E. ix. 14), who identifies him with Theodore of Heracleia (No. 42). The orthodox Greeks do not recognise him; their lists contain Theodorus I. from A. D. 750 or 751 to 773 or 774, or later; Theodorus II. under the reign of the emperor John Tzimisces; Theodorus III. in the first half of the eleventh century; Theodorus IV. a learned jurist [BALSAMO, THEODORUS] in the twelfth century; and Theodore V. of a more recent date. (Le Quien, Oriens Christian. vol. ii.) Theodoretus, successor of Theodorus I., is sometimes erroneously called Theodorus. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 396, vol. xii. p. 733.) An extract from a Zurodiкóv, Synodica Epistola, of Theodore of Antioch, evidently Theodore I., is cited by Theodore Studita in his Antirrheticus II. (Sirmond, Opera Varia, vol. v. p. 124.) Two works entitled Homilia de Sancto Theodoro Orientali, and In duodecim Prophetas, the first in Arabic, the second in Greek, both by a Theodore of Antioch, are extant in MS. (Le Quien, Oriens Christian. vol. ii. col. 746; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 396), but whether they are by the same person, and with which of the Theodores he is to be identified, is not known. 12. ASCIDAS ( 'Aσкidâs), a Cappadocian, first a monk of the convent of Nova Laura in Palestine. and afterwards archbishop of Caesaraeia in Cappadocia in the reign of Justinian I. He was probably appointed to his see in A. D. 536, or soon after, but resided little in his diocese, being much at court, where he enjoyed the favour and confidence of the emperor, and was much employed by him. He was also in favour with the empress Theodora, probably from his secretly holding the opinions of the Acephali. When the revival of the doctrines of Origen [ORIGENES] in the monasteries of Pa| lestine, and especially in that monastery called Nova Laura, began to excite attention, Eustochius, patriarch of Jerusalem, a decided Anti-Origenist expelled from the convent of Nova Laura those of the monks who were known as Origenists, and compelled them, by his persecution, to fly to distant parts. In their dispersion, however, they diffused their views more widely, and their cause was warmly espoused by many persons, of whom Theodore Ascidas was at once the most active and influential. He loudly protested against the conduct of Eustochius as both impious and unjust; so that Eustochius found it needful to send as delegates to Constantinople, to counteract Theodore's influence, several monks of his own party, at the head of whom were Conon of the monastery of St. Saba and Rufus, abbot of the monastery of St. Theodosius. Theodore, with undaunted resolution, maintained the Origenists, but the emperor was persuaded by Pelagius the Deacon, legate of Pope Vigilius, and by Mennas, patriarch of Constantinople, to order the condemnation of certain propositions, extracted by the Palestinian monks from the works of Origen and to anathematize their author. The condemnation of Origen was a severe mortification to Theodore, who, however, availing himself of this example of the anathematizing of the dead, prevailed on the emperor, by holding out to him the prospect of thereby reconciling the Monophysites to the church, to issue a libellus, condemning the three decisions "tria Capitula" of the Council of Chalcedon, which recognised the orthodoxy of Theodoret of Cyrus, of Theodore of Mopsuestia, and of the Epistle of Ibas of Edessa; and to anathematize Theodore of Mopsuestia, a prelate much reverenced by the opposite party. This condemnation of the tria Capitula excited great disturbances in the church; Pope Vigilius resisted the con- 13. ASINAEUS (8 'Arivaîos), a Neo-Platonic philosopher, a native of one of the towns which bore the name of Asine, probably of the Laconian Asine, on the coast, near the mouth of the Eurotas. He was a disciple of Porphyry, and one of the most eminent of the later Platonists. Proclus repeatedly mentions him in his commentaries on Plato (see the references in Fabric. Biblioth. Graec. vol. ix. p. 443), and frequently adds to his name some laudatory epithet, & uéyas "the great," & Savuaorós "the admirable," yevvaîos" the noble." He wrote a work on the soul, now lost. It is cited by Nemesius of Emesa [NEMESIUS, No. 1] in his De Natura Hominis, cap. ii. De Anima, under this title of "Orɩ ʼn Yuxǹ mávra tà elồn éoti, Animum esse omnes species. (Proclus, Comment. passim ; Damascius, Vita Isidori, apud Phot. Biblioth. Cod. 242; Brucker, Hist. Critica Philosoph. Period ii. Pars i. Lib. i. c. 2. § 4, vol. ii. pp. 232, 249, ed. Leipzig. 1766; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iii. p. 190, vol. ix. p. 443, vol. x. p. 373.) 14. Of ATHENS, father of the orator Isocrates [ISOCRATES] according to Photius. (Biblioth. Cod. 260.) Theodorus was of the demos of Erchia, which was also the birth-place of the historian Xenophon. 15. The ATHEIST. [No. 32.] 17. Of BYZANTIUM (1), a rhetorician or pleader of Byzantium. He is mentioned, but somewhat contemptuously by Plato (Phaedr. vol. iii. p. 266, ed. Steph. vol. i. pt. i. p. 81, ed. Bekker, p. 811, ed. Baiter, 4to. Züric. 1839) as "the most excellent tricker-out of a speech," TÓV YE BÉλTIOTOV Xoyodaidatov. He appears to have written a treatise on rhetoric, as Plato, in the passage just cited, | refers to the minute subdivisions of an oration | depose the young emperor, and confer the purple mentioned by Theodore (comp. Rufinus, De Com- on Leo, were defeated by the vigilance of Theopositione et Metris Oratorum). Cicero (Brut. c. 12) dore, who prevailed on the emperor to summon to describes him as excelling rather in the theory his assistance Romanus, afterwards colleague of than the practice of his art," in arte subtilior, in Constantine in the empire; who, probably, from orationibus autem jejunior." He was apparently finding Theodore's fidelity an obstacle to his adcontemporary with Plato. Dionysius of Halicar- vancement, caused him and his brother Simeon to nassus (De Antiq. Oratorib.; de Isaco, c. 19) speaks be banished from Constantinople to their estates of him as antiquated, careless and superficial. He in the Opsician thema, on the Asiatic side of the is cursorily noticed by Quintilian (Institut. Orat. Bosporus. (Leo Grammaticus, Chronog, pp. 492iii. 1) and Diogenes Laërtius (ii. 104). Suidas 496, ed. Paris; Theoph. Continuat. lib. vi. De (s. v.) says he wrote Karà 'Avdokidov, Contra Constant. Porphyrog. cc. 11-16; Sym. Magist. De Andocidem, Karà Opaσv¤óúλov, Contra Thrasy- Constant. Porphyrog. cc. 12—16; Georg. Monach. bulum, and some other pieces, which are all now De Constant. Porphyrog. cc. 20-34; Zonaras, Anlost. (Diogenes Laërtius says (l. c.) there was nales, xvi. 17; Cedrenus, Compend. pp. 614-619, another sophist Theodore, but does not mentioned. Paris, vol. ii. pp. 289-296, ed. Bonn.) To this whether he was a Byzantine or not. Fabric. Bibl. Theodore Lambecius ascribes the authorship of five Graec. vol. vi. p. 139, vol. x. p. 382.) Aoyo, Orationes, extant in MS. in the Imperial Library at Vienna. (Lambec. Commentar. de Biblioth. Caesaraea, lib. s. vol. iv. col. 22, &c., ed. Koilar, which he intended to publish. He has given some extracts. (Lambec. vol. iii. p. 147, and I. c. ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 920, vol. ii. p. 93; Oudin, De Script. Eccles. vol. ii. col. 428; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 384.) 18. Of BYZANTIUM (2), styled DIACONUS et RHETOR, a Monothelite of the time of Maximus the Confessor [MAXIMUS CONFESSOR]. He was Synodicarius (or representative in some synod) of Paul, patriarch of Constantinople, an appointment which indicates the esteem in which he was held. He was the author of two brief 'Aropía, Dubitationes, which, with the 'Emiλuσeis, Solutiones, of Maximus, are given by Combéfis in his edition of the works of that father. (Vol. ii. p. 116, &c. fol. Paris, 1675.) 19. Of CARA. [No. 2.] 20. Of CARIA, one of the supporters of Photius [PHOTIUS, No. 3] in his contest with Ignatius [IGNATIUS, No. 3] for the patriarchate of Constantinople, in the ninth century. He is noticed here only to guard against his being confounded, as he has been by some writers, with Theodore Abucara [No. 2]. 21. Of CHIOS, a Stoic philosopher mentioned by Diogenes Laërtius (ii. 104). 22. COETONITA, a Greek Hymnographer, who wrote Canon in Joannem Euchaitorum Episcopum cognomento Mauropodem [JOANNES, No. 58], of which Allatius (Contra Hottinger. p. 180) makes some extracts. As Joannes lived in the middle of the eleventh century, and the Canon of Theodore was written on occasion of his death, we are enabled to fix the time at which Theodore lived. 66 23. Of COLOPHON, a Greek poet of unknown age, author of a song entitled àλîris," the wandering." because sung at the Athenian festival called anτis or ai@pai, instituted in commemoration of the wandering of Erigone, in search of her father Icarius. (Pollux iv. 7. § 55.) [ICARIUS] Aristotle, in his account of the constitution of Colophon (év Ty Koλopwviwv ToλITEią, apud Athen. xiv. p. 618) mentions a tradition that Theodore was a self-indulgent, luxurious person, which he thinks is apparent also from his poetry; and states that he perished by violence. 66 24. The COMEDIAN (8 Kwμikós), mentioned by Hesychius as being surnamed, or rather nicknamed πελεθόβαψ, dung-diver." According to some accounts he was a poet. Nothing is known of his time or country. (Hesych. s. v. Пeλe0óba.) GUS. 25. CONSTANTINI PORPHYROGENITI PAEDAGOTheodore, tutor to the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus [CONSTANTINUS VII.] en joyed during the minority of that accomplished but weak prince, considerable influence in the palace. The attempt of Leo Phocas and his brother-in-law, the chamberlain Constantine, to 26. Of CONSTANTINOPLE (1-2). The list of Patriarchs of Constantinople comprehends two Theodores: Theodore I., from A. n. 676 to 678, when he was deposed, on what account is not known. But on the death of George, who had been appointed to succeed him, he recovered his patriarchate, which he held only for a short time, probably from A.D. 683 to 686. Theodore II. was surnamed Irenicus or Copas; he had previously held the office of Summus Philosophorum, "Taros Tv piλoσópwv, and Chartophylax of the Great Church at Constantinople; and was patriarch for sixteen months only, A. D. 1213–1215, while Constantinople was in the hands of the Latin invaders. (Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. i. col. 232, 233, 277.) 27. CRONUS; more correctly Diodorus Cronus. [DIODORUS, literary, No. 6.] 28. CUTULA ( Kovráλa), the contemporary and friend of Nicephorus Gregoras, the Byzantine historian [GREGORAS, NICEPHORUS], and writer of a commendatory letter to Nicephorus, which is given by Boivin among the Elogia prefixed to his first volume of his edition of the works of that historian, fol. Paris, 1702. It is reprinted in Schopen's edition (2 vols. 8vo. Bonn, 1829-30), vol. i. col. lxxxviii. Comp. Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 655, vol. x. p. 385. 29. Of CYNOPOLIS, a Greek rhetorician of uncertain date. Allatius published under his name an Ethopoeia ('Heorota). The piece was, however, published by Gale among the Ethopoeias of Severus [SEVERUS], to whom it is also assigned by Walz. (Gale, Rhetores Selecti, 8vo. Oxon. 1676, p. 219; Allatius, Exempla Varia Graecor. Rhetor, ac Sophistarum, 8vo. Rome, 1641, p. 235; Walz, Rhetores Graeci, vol. i. p. 540, Stuttgard, 1832.) 30. CYNULCUS (8 KúvoυAKOs), one of the speakers in the Deipnosophistae of Athenaeus (Epit. lib. i. p. 1, d., iv. p. 156, a., p. 159, e., p. 160, d., viii. p. 347, d., &c., xv. p. 669, b. e., ed. Casaub.). He is represented as a Cynic philoso pher, a native of Megalopolis, and as laying aside his true name of Theodore for the epithet Cynulcus. Whether he was a real or imaginary personage is not known. The epithet Cynulcus, " ,"one whom the Cynics (Kúves) followed," was borne by other teachers of the Cynic philosophy, e. g. CAR NEIUS. 31. Of CYRENE, a Pythagorean philosopher of the age, of Pericles. According to Proclus (In Euclid. Element. Lib. I. Commentarius, lib. ii. p. 19, ed. Gryn. fol. Basil. 1533), he was a little younger than Anaxagoras [ANAXAGORAS], and was eminent as a mathematician. Apuleius (De Dogmate Platonis, lib. i. s. De Philos. Natural, haud longe ab init., and Diogenes Laërtius (iii. 6, comp. ii. 103) state that Plato went to Cyrene to study geometry under Theodore the mathematician, apparently the subject of this article. He is one of those enumerated by Iamblichus (De Pythag. Vita, c. ult.) in his catalogue of the eminent Pythagoreans. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. p. 876, vol. x. p. 385.) Senec. de Tranq. An. c. 14; Val. Max. vi. 2, extern. 3):-"Employ such threats to those courtiers of yours; for it matters not to Theodore whether he rots on the ground or in the air." From the court or camp of Lysimachus he returned apparently to that of Ptolemy (Diog. Laërt. ii. 102). We read also of his going to Corinth with a number of his disciples (ibid.): but this was perhaps only a transient visit during his residence at Athens. He returned at length to Cyrene, and lived there, says Diogenes Laërtius (ii. 103), with Marius. This Roman name is very questionable; and Grantmesnil (apud Menag. Obs. in Diog. Laërt. l. c.) not improbably conjectures that we should read Magas, who was stepson of Ptolemy the son of Lagus, and ruled over Cyrene for fifty years (from B. c. 308 to B. c. 258), either as viceroy or king. The account of Laërtius leads to the inference that Theodore ended his days at Cyrene. Athenaeus (xiii. p. 611, a) states that he died a violent death, but this is probably only a repetition of the erroneous statement of Amphicrates already noticed. Various characteristic anecdotes of Theodore are preserved by the ancients (especially by Laërtius, ii. 97-103, 116; Plutarch, De Animi Tranquill. Opp. vol. vii. p. 829, De Exsilio, Opp. vol. viii. p. 391, ed. Reiske; Val. Max. l. c.; Philo Jud. Quod omnis probus liber, c. 18, vol. ii. p. 465, ed. Mangey, p. 884, ed. Pfeiffer. s. Paris, vol. v. p. 295, ed. Richter, Leipsic, 1828; Suidas, s. v. "Hpa), from which he appears to have been a man of keen and ready wit, unrestrained either by fear or a sense of decency. 32. CYRENAICUS, a philosopher of the Cyrenaic school [ARISTIPPUS], to one branch of which he gave the name of "Theodorians," eodwpeio. He is usually designated by ancient writers ATHEUS (ó ǎ0eos), the Atheist, a name for which that of THEUS (éos) was afterwards substituted. He was apparently a native of Cyrene (comp. Diog. Laërt. ii. 103), and was a disciple of the younger Aristippus (ib. ii. 86), who was grandson of the elder (Suidas, s. v. 'Apiorinnоs) and more celebrated Aristippus, by his daughter Arete [ARISTIPPUS; ARETE]. Theodore belonged to the age of Alexander and his successors, a circumstance which, as well as the opposite character of his opinions, distinguishes him from the subject of the preceding notice. He heard the lectures of a It has been already noticed that Theodore was number of philosophers beside Aristippus; as An- the founder of that branch of the Cyrenaic sect niceris [ANNICERIS], and Dionysius the dialec- which was called after him "Theodorei" (cotician (Laërt. ii. 98), Zeno of Citium, Bryson, and dúpeto), "Theodoreans." The general characterPyrrhon (Suidas, s. v. Oeódwpos); but not Crates, istics of the Cyrenaic philosophy are described as Fabricius (Bibl. Graec. vol. iii. p. 189) has from elsewhere [ARISTIPPUS]. The opinions of Theoa hasty and inaccurate interpretation of a passage dore, as we gather them from the perplexed statein Diogenes Laërtius (iv. 23) erroneously stated. ment of Diogenes Laërtius (ii. 98, foll.) partook of Nor could he have been, as Suidas states (s. v. the lax character of the Cyrenaic school. He Zwкράтns), a hearer of Socrates. He was banished taught that the great end of human life is to obtain from Cyrene, but on what occasion is not stated joy and avoid grief, the one the fruit of prudence, (Laërt. ii. 103); and it is from the saying re- the other of foily; that prudence and justice are corded of him on this occasion, "Ye men of Cy-good, their opposites evil; that pleasure and pain rene, ye do ill in banishing me from Cyrene to Greece" (ib.), as well as from his being a disciple of Aristippus, that we infer that he was a native of Cyrene. Of his subsequent history we have no connected account; but unconnected anecdotes of him show that he was at Athens, where he narrowly escaped being cited before the court of Areiopagus. The influence, however, of Demetrius Phalereus shielded him (ib. ii. 101); and this incident may therefore probably be placed during Demetrius' ten years' administration at Athens, B. c. 317 -307 [DEMETRIUS, literary, No. 28]. As Theo-charge of atheism is sustained by the popular dedore was banished from Athens, and was after- signation of Theodorus "Atheus," by the auwards in the service of Ptolemy son of Lagus, first thority of Cicero (de Nat. Deor. i. 1), Laërtius king of the Macedonian dynasty in Egypt, it is (l. c.), Plutarch (De Placit. Philos. i. 7), Sextus not unlikely that he shared the overthrow and Empiricus (Pyrrhon. Hypotyp. lib. iii. p. 182, ed. exile of Demetrius. The account of Amphicrates Fabric. 1718, p. 172, ed. Bekker, 1842), and some cited by Laërtius (ii. 101), that he was condemned of the Christian Fathers; while some other auto drink hemlock and so died, is doubtless an thorities (e. g. Clem. Alex. Protrept. ad Gentes, p. error. While in the service of Ptolemy, Theodore 7, ed. Sylburg. pp. 20, 21, ed. Pott. vol. i, p. 20, was sent on an embassy to Lysimachus, whom he ed. Klotz. Leipsic, 1831) speak of him as only reoffended by the freedom of his remarks. One jecting the popular theology. The question is disanswer which he made to a threat of crucifixion cussed and the authorities cited by Reimmann which Lysimachus had used, has been celebrated (Hist. Atheismi, sect. ii. c. xxiv. § 3), and Brucker by many ancient writers (Cic. Quaest. Tusc. i. 43;|(Hist. Crit. Philos. pars ii. lib. ii. c. iii. § 11) But are indifferent. He made light of friendship and "He The |