Τοῦρνος αὐτὴν ὑπόμνημα τῆς πορνείας ἐποίησεν.) [P. S.] TURNUS HERDO'NIUS. [HERDONIUS.] TURPI'LIA, left P. Silius one of her heirs. The interpretation of her will gave rise to much controversy. (Cic. ad Fam. vii. 21.) [SILIUS, No. 4.] TURPILIA'NUS, PETRO'NIUS. 1. P. PETRONIUS TURPILIANUS, triumvir of the mint under Augustus, whose name occurs on a great variety of coins, seven of which are given below. The first has on the obverse the head of Augustus, and on the reverse the virgin Tarpeia overwhelmed by the shields cast upon her, which subject has a reference to the Sabine origin of the Petronia gens. The next three coins relate to the Eastern glories of Augustus and the restitution of the Roman standards by the Parthians in B. c. 20. The second coin has on the obverse the head of the goddess Feronia, which likewise has reference to the Sabine origin of the gens, and on the reverse a kneeling Parthian offering a standard. The third coin has the same obverse, and on the reverse a man in a chariot drawn by two elephants, holding an olive branch in his hand, which subject probably has reference to the Indian embassy sent to Augustus in A. D. 20. The fourth coin has on the obverse the head of Libera, or perhaps of Bacchus, habited as a female, and on the reverse a kneeling figure of Armenia. The reverses of the next three coins are probably intended to celebrate the love of Augustus or Petronius for poetry. The fifth coin has on the obverse the head of Augustus, and on the reverse one of the Sirens, holding a trumpet in each hand. The sixth has the same obverse, and on the reverse Pegasus. The seventh has likewise on the obverse the head of Augustus, but struck at a different period, and on the reverse the sun and moon. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 270, foll., vol. vi. p. 99.), COINS OF P. PETRONIUS TURPILIANUS. 2. C. PETRONIUS TURPILIANUS, consul B. c. 61 with C. Caesonius Paetus, was sent by Nero towards the close of the year to succeed Suetonius Paulinus in the government of Britain. He did not undertake in this province any military enter prises, but covered, says Tacitus, idle inactivity with the honourable name of peace. Nevertheless he received the triumphal insignia in A. D. 65; but this honour and the friendship of Nero caused his ruin, for he was in consequence put to death by order of Galba at the commencement of his reign. (Tac. Ann. xiv. 29, 39, Agr. 16, Ann. XV. 72, Hist. i. 6, 37; Plut. Galb. 15.) TURPI'LIUS LA'BEO, of Venice, a Roman knight, contemporary with Pliny, who mentions him as an exception to the low condition in life of the generality of Roman painters since Pacuvius. Another peculiarity was that he painted with his left hand. He was recently dead when Pliny wrote the passage in which he mentions him. There were some beautiful pictures by him at Verona. He may be placed about A. D. 60. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 4. 8. 7.) [P.S.] TURPI'LIUS, SEXTUS, a Roman dramatist whose productions belonged to the department of Comoedia Palliata. The titles of thirteen or fourteen (Acta, Boethuntes, Canephorus, Demetrius, Demiurgus, Epiclerus, Hetacra, Lemni, Leucadio, Lindia, Paraterusa, Philopator, Thrasyleon, Veliterna (?) have been preserved, together with a few fragments which will be found collected in the Poetarum Latii Scenicorum Fragmenta of Bothe, vol. ii. p. 76. 8vo. Lips. 1834. Of the above, the Thrasyleon appears to have been taken from Menander, the Demetrius and the Leucadia from Alexis. According to Hieronymus, in the Eusebian Chronicle, Turpilius died, when very old, at Sinuessa in B. c. 101. He stands seventh in the scale of Volcatius Sedigitus. [SEDIGITUS.] [W.R.] TURPILIUS SILA'NUS. [SILANUS.] TURPIO, L. AMBI VIUS, a very celebrated actor in the time of Terence, in most of whose plays he acted. (Didascaliae Terentianae; Cic. de Sen. 14; Tac. Dial. de Orat. 14; Symmach. Ep. i. 25. x. 2.) TURPIO, ANTI'STIUS, fought in single combat Q. Pompeius Niger in the Spanish war in B. C. 45. (Auctor, B. Hisp. 25.) TURPIO, NAE/VIUS. [NAEVIUS, No. 7.] TURRA'NIUS or TURA'NIUS. 1. D. TURRANIUS NIGER, a friend of Varro, to whom the latter dedicated the second book of his work De Re Rustica. He was also a friend of Q. Cicero, whom he accompanied to Cilicia, when Quintus went there as the legatus of his brother Marcus. (Varr. R. R. ii. Praef.; Cic. ad Att. i. 6, vi. 9, vii. 1; in one of these passages the name is written Turannius.) He is perhaps the same as the writer Turranius Gracilis, quoted by the elder Pliny. [GRACILIS.] 2. M'. TURRANIUS, praetor B. c. 44, refused a province which was offered him by Antony, and is therefore called by Cicero "homo summa integritate atque innocentia." (Cic. Phil. iii. 10.) 3. TURRANIUS, a tragic. poet mentioned by Ovid (ex Pont. iv. 16. 29). 4. C. TURRANIUS, praefectus annonae at the death of Augustus, A. D. 14, was one of the first to swear allegiance to Tiberius upon his accession. He continued to hold this office till the reign of Claudius, for he is spoken of as praefectus rei frumentariae in A. D. 48. (Tac. Ann. i. 7, xi. 31.) LIUS Q. F. Q. N. TURRINUS, consul B. c. 239 with Q. Valerius Falto. (Fasti Capit.; Gell. xvii. 21, 43, where the reading is C. Manilius.) 2. Q. MAMILIUS TURRINUS, plebeian aedile B. C. 207 and praetor B. c. 206, obtained by lot the jurisdictio peregrina, but was sent by the senate into Gaul. (Liv. xxviii. 10.) TURRUS or THURRUS, one of the most powerful of the Celtiberian chiefs conquered by Gracchus in B. C. 179, became a faithful ally of the Romans. (Liv. xl. 49.) L. TURSE LIUS, made M. Antonius his heir, disinheriting his own brother. (Cic. Phil. ii. 16.) P. TURU'LIUS or TURU'LLIUS, one of Caesar's assassins, was quaestor of Cassius Longinus in B. c. 43, and received the command of the fleet which had been raised by Tillius Cimber in Bithynia. After the battle of Philippi, in B. c. 42, Turulius joined Cassius Parmensis, and subsequently took refuge with Antony, with whom he lived on intimate terms. In order to please Octavian, Turulius was surrendered to him by Antony after the battle of Actium, and was put to death by order of Octavian in the island of Cos that he might appear to offer satisfaction to Aesculapius, the trees of whose sacred grove he had previously cut down for the use of Antony's navy. (Cic. ad Fam. xii. 13; Appian, B. C. v. 2; Dion Cass. li. 8; Val. Max. i. l. § 19.) TURU'LLIUS CERIA'LIS, a primipilaris in A. D. 69. (Tac. Hist. ii. 22.) TUSCE'NIUS, an obscure person, whom Q. Cicero compelled in B. c. 60 to disgorge some dishonest gains. (Cic. ad Q. Fr. i. 1. § 6, i. 2. § 2.) TUSCIA'NÙS (Tovσkiavós), of Lydia, a distinguished rhetorician in the fourth century of the Christian aera. (Eunap. Jul. p. 95, Prouer. p. 111; Suidas, s. v.) TUSCILIUS NOMINATUS, an orator and a contemporary of the younger Pliny, who mentions him in his correspondence (Ep. v. 4, 14). TUSCUS, C. AQUILLIUS, consul B. c. 487 with T. Sicinius Sabinus, carried on war against the Hernici, whom he defeated, and obtained in consequence an ovation or lesser triumph. (Fasti Capit.; Liv. ii. 40; Dionys. viii. 64, 65, 67.) TUSCUS, CAECI'NĂ. [CAECINA, No. 8.] TUSCUS, CLO'DIUS, to whom Asinius Capito wrote a letter, which is quoted by Gellius (v. 20). TUSCUS, CORNE'LIUS, an historian, and described by Seneca as a man quam improbi animi, tam infelicis ingenii," accused Mamercus Aemilius Scaurus of majestas in A. D. 34. (Senec. Suas. 2, sub fin.; Tac. Ann. vi. 29.) TUSCUS, FABRICIUS, a Roman writer, of whom nothing is known except that he was used by Pliny in drawing up his Natural History (Index, lib. iii. foll.). 5. TURRANIUS RUFINUS. [RUFINUS, No. 1.] TURRIAʼNUS, a Volscian of Fregellae, was an eminent statuary in clay, in the early Etruscan period, and the maker of a statue of Jupiter, which was dedicated by Tarquinius Priscus, and which was painted with vermilion on great festivals. This is according to the common text of Pliny (H. N. xxxv. 12. s. 45); but the reading is so very doubtful, and the critical discussion of it so complicated, with so very little hope of a satisfactory result, that we must be content to refer the reader to the following works, in which the question is treated at length. (Sillig's Pliny, l. c., and Jan's Supplement; Sillig, Catal. Artif. Append. s. v.; Jan, in the Jen. Litt. Zeitung, 1838, p. 258; Kunstblatt, 1832, No. 49, 1833, No. 51; Müller, TUTELI'NA, an agricultural divinity among Etrusker, vol. ii. p. 246, and Archäol. d. Kunst, the Romans, or, perhaps, rather an attribute of § 171, ed. Welcker.) [P. S.] Ops, by which she is described as the goddess TURRI'NUS, CLO'DIUS, the name of two protecting the fruits which have been brought in rhetoricians, father and son, spoken of with praise at the harvest time from the fields. Tutelina, Secia by the elder Seneca, who gives a short account of and Messia had three pillars with altars before them. The elder by his eloquence obtained wealth them in the Circus. (August. De Civ. Dei, iv. 8; and honour, and held an important public office in Macrob. Sat. i. 16; Plin. H. N. xviii. 2; Varro, De Spain. The son was an intimate friend of Seneca. Ling. Lat. v. 74.) [L. S.] (Senec. Controv. v. Praef. p. 333, ed. Bip., Suas. 2, TUTICA'NUS, a friend of Ovid, who addressed Contr. 30-35.) to him one of his extant epistles from Pontus (iv. TURRINUS, MAMI'LIUS. 1. C. MAMI-12). Tuticanus had made a free translation into Latin verse of the Odyssey, or at least of a portion of it, to which Ovid refers in the lines: Diguam Maeoniis Phaeacida condere chartis Ovid likewise alludes to this poem in another pas- TUTILIUS, a rhetorician, whose daughter Quintilian married. (Plin. Ep. vi. 32; Quintil. iii. 1. § 21, where Tutilius should be read instead of Rutilius.) [QUINTILIANUS, p. 635, a.] L..TUTIUS CEREA'LIS, consul under Trajan A. D. 106 with L. Ceionius Commodus Verus (Fasti). Pliny speaks of Tutius Cerealis a consularis in one of his letters (Ep. ii. 11); but as the letter was written in a. D. 99, it must refer to some other person of the same name, unless we suppose that the consul of the year 106 had held the same dignity previously. TY CHICUS, Q. HATE'RIUS, an architect, who is mentioned in two extant inscriptions, from which it appears that he held the office of redemp tor operum under the emperor Claudius, and that he constructed and adorned with marbles, at his own expense, a small temple of Hercules. (For the inscriptions themselves, see R. Rochette, Let tre à M. Schorn, pp. 420, 421, 2d ed.) [P.S.] TY'CHIUS (Tvxíos). 1. Of Hyle, a mythical artificer, mentioned by Homer (who calls him σKUTOTÓμν x ǎpiσTos), as the maker of Ajax's shield of seven ox-hides, covered with a plate of brass. (П. 219–223; Nonn. Dionys. xiii. 671.) 2. A maker of fictile vases, whose name is inscribed on the margin of one of the large vases found at Corneto, in the following form: TV+105 EROESEN. (Gerhard, Rapport Volcent. pp. 178, 701.) His name is also found on some vases recently discovered at Vulci, of which there is one in the Museum at Berlin. (Gerhard, Neuerworbene antik. Denkmäler, No. 1664; R.Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 62, 2d ed.) [P.S.] TYCHON (Tuxwv). 1. A god of chance or accident, was, according to Strabo (ix. p. 408), worshipped at Athens. (Comp. Anthol. Palat. ix. 334.) 66 TUTOR, JULIUS, a Treviran, who had been placed by Vitellius in a command on the left bank 2. An obscene daemon, is mentioned as a comof the Rhine (A. D. 69), took part in the rebellion panion of Aphrodite and Priapus, and seems to sigof CLASSICUS. After the murder of Vocula, henify the producer," or "the fructifier." (Etym. gained over the Roman soldiers at Colonia Agrip- Magn. and Hesych. s. v. ; comp. Jacobs, ad Anthol, pinensis and on the banks of the Upper Rhine to tom. viii. p. 12; Lobeck, Aglaoph. p. 1235.) [L. S. ] the oath to the empire of Gaul. He neglected to guard the Upper Rhine and the passes of the Alps against Cerealis; and, on the appearance of the Roman army he was deserted by a large body of his troops. He retired to Bingium, and was there defeated. After assisting Valentinus in his attempt to renew the war [VALENTINUS], he joined Civilis and Classicus, with whom he fled across the Rhine. [CIVILIS.] (Tac. Hist. iv. 55, 59, 70, v. 19— 22). [P.S.] TYCHE (Τύχη). 1. The personification of chance or luck, the Fortuna of the Romans, is called by Pindar (Ol. xii. init.) a daughter of Zeus the Liberator. She was represented with different attributes. With a rudder, she was conceived as the divinity guiding and conducting the affairs of the world, and in this respect she is called one of the Moerae (Paus. vii. 26. § 3; Pind. Fragm. 75, ed. Heyne); with a ball she represents the varying unsteadiness of fortune; with Plutos or the horn of Amalthea, she was the symbol of the plentiful gifts of fortune. (Artemid. ii. 37; comp. Müller, Anc. Art and its Rem. § 398.) Tyche was worshipped at Pharae in Messenia (Paus. iv. 30. § 2); at Smyrna, where her statue, the work of Bupalus, held with one hand a globe on her head, and in the other carried the horn of Amalthea (iv. 30. § 4); in the arx of Sicyon (ii. 7. § 5); at Aegeira in Achaia, where she was represented with the horn of Amalthea and a winged Eros by her side (vii. 26. § 3; comp. Plut. De Fort. Rom. 4; Arnob. adv. Gent. vi. 25); in Elis (Paus. vi. 25. § 4); at Thebes (ix. 16. § 1); at Lebadeia, together with dyads daíμwv (ix. 39. § 4); at Olympia (v. 15. § 4), and Athens. (Aelian, V. H. ix. 39; comp. FORTUNA.) 2. A nymph, one of the playmates of Persephone. (Hom. Hymn. in Cer. 421.) 3. One of the daughters of Oceanus. Theog. 360.) (Hes. [L. S.] TYCHO'NIUS, also written TICHONIUS, was an African, well versed in sacred and not ignorant of profane literature, who flourished under Theodosius and his sons, being contemporary with Rufinus and Augustine. Attached to the Donatists he nevertheless assailed them in his writings, and although triumphant in confuting their doctrines, refused to quit their communion. This perversity of temper calls forth the indignation of the bishop of Hippo, who while he inveighs against the author, at the same time praises his genius and eloquence, and earnestly recommends his works. Of these one only has reached us, entitled Septem Regulae or De Septem Regulis, being a code of Seven Rules for explaining Holy Scripture. It is analysed by Augustine at the conclusion of his third book De Doctrina Christiana, but will be found to contain little that is important, interesting, or even intelligible. Tychonius composed also a treatise in three books De Bello intestino, on the decrees of the ancient Synods which might be quoted in defence of his party; Commentarium in Apocalypsin, in which he expounded the vision in a sense purely spiritual; and Expositio diversarum causarum in illustration of some arguments employed in defence of his sect; but the whole of these are now lost. The Septem Regulae were first printed in the Monumenta Patrum Orthodoxographa of J. J. Grynaeus, fol. Basil. 1569, vol. v. p. 1352. An edition corrected from MSS. was published by Andreas Schottus, in the Auctuarium to the Magna Bibliotheca Patrum, fol. Colon. 1622, p. 152, reprinted in the Bibliotheca Patrum Max. fol. Lugd. 1677, vol. vi., and the piece will be found under its best form in the Bibliotheca Putrum of Galland, vol. viii. (fol. Venet. 1772) p. 107. (Angustin, de Doctrina Christian. iii. 30. § 42; Gennad. de Viris Illustr. 18; Galland, Proleg, ad Vol. VIII. c. ii. p. v.; Schoenemann, Bibliotheca Patrum Latt, vol. i. cap. iv. § 26; Bähr, Geschichte der Röm. Literat. Suppl. | 499.) Tymnes occurs, as a Carian name, in HeroB. § 100.) dotus (v. 37, vii. 98). [W. R.] TYCUS. [QUARTINUS.] TYDEUS (Tudeus), a son of Oeneus and Periboea (Gorge or Althaea), was the husband of Deïpyle, by whom he became the father of Diomedes; he was king of Calydon, and one of the princes who joined Polyneices in the expedition against Thebes. (Apollod. i. 8. § 5; Hom. Il. ii. 406, xiv. 115, &c.) Tydeus was obliged to flee from his country in consequence of some murder which he had committed, but which is differently described by the different authors, some saying that he killed his father's brother, Melas, Lycopeus, or Alcathous; others that he slew Thoas or Aphareus, his mother's brother; others that he slew his brother Olenias, and others again that he killed the sons of Melas, who had revolted against Oeneus (Schol. ad Stat. Theb. i. 280, 402). He fled to Adrastus at Argos, who purified him from the murder, and gave him his daughter Deïpyle in marriage. With Adrastus he then went against Thebes, where he was wounded by Melanippus, who, however, was slain by him. (Apollod. I. c.; Eustath. ad Hom. pp. 288, 971.) When Tydeus lay on the ground wounded, Athena appeared to him with a remedy which she had received from Zeus, and which was to make him immortal. This, however, was prevented by a stratagem of Amphiaraus, who hated Tydeus, for he cut off the head of Melanippus and brought it to Tydeus, who cut it in two and ate the brain, or devoured some of the flesh. (Schol. ad Pind. Nem. x. 12; comp. Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1273.) Athena seeing this, shuddered, and did not apply the remedy which she had brought. (Apollod. iii. 6. § 8.) Tydeus then died, and was buried by Macon. (Paus. ix. 18. $2; ; comp. ADRASTUS; AMPHIARAUS.) [L.S.] TY'DEUS (Tudeús). 1. A Chian, son of Ion, appears to have been a leader of the democratic party in his native island, and was one of those who were put to death in B. c. 412, by Pedaritus the Lacedaemonian, for attachment to the Athenian cause. It is possible that his father was no other than Ion, the tragic poet. (Thuc. viii. 38.) [ION, No. 1; PEDARITUS.] 2. An Athenian, was one of the three additional generals who were appointed in B. c. 405 to share the command of the fleet with Conon, Philocles, and Adeimantus. Tydeus and Menander, one of his colleagues, are particularly mentioned by Xenophon as contemptuously rejecting the advice of Alcibiades before the battle of Aegos-potami in the same year; and we find in Pausanias that he and Adeimantus were suspected by their countrymen of having been bribed by Lysander. He was put to death by the Spartans, as we may conclude, after the battle, together with the other Athenian prisoners. (Xen. Hell. ii. 1. §§ 16, 26; Paus. x. 9.) [ADEIMANTUS.] [E. E.] [P.S.] TYMPANUS, L. POSTU'MIUS, quaestor B. c. 194, slain in battle by the Boii. (Liv. xxxiv. 47.) TYNDAREUS (Tvrdápews), the son of Perieres and Gorgophone, and a brother of Aphareus, Leucippus, Icarius, and Arete (Apollod. i. 9. § 5) or according to others (Apollod. iii. 10. § 4), a son of Oebalus, by the nymph Bateia or by Gorgophone. (Paus. iii. 1. § 4.) Tyndareus, with Icarion, being expelled by his step-brother Hippocoon and his sons, he fled to Thestius in Aetolia, and assisted him in his wars against his neighbours. Others (Paus. I. c.) state that Icarion assisted Hippocoon, and, according to a Laconian tradition, Tyndareus went to Pellana in Laconia, and according to a Messenian tradition, he went to Aphareus in Messenia. (Paus. iii. 1. § 4, 21. § 2.) In Aetolia he married Leda, the daughter of Thestius (Apollod. iii. 10. § 5; Eurip. Iph. Aul. 49), and afterwards he was restored to his kingdom of Sparta by Heracles. (Apollod. ii. 7. § 3. iii. 10. § 5; Paus. ii. 18. § 6; Diod. iv. 33.) By Leda, Tyndarens became the father of Timandra, Clytaemnestra and Philonoë. (Apollod. iii. 10. § 6; Hom. Od. xxiv. 199.) One night Leda was embraced both by Zeus and Tyndareus, and the result of this was the birth of Polydeuces and Helena, the children of Zeus, and of Castor and Clytemnestra, the children of Tyndareus. (Hygin. Fab. 77; comp. DIOSCURI; HELENA ; CLYTAEMNESTRA.) When Tyndareus saw that his beautiful daughter Helena was beleaguered by suitors, he began to be afraid, lest if one should be successful, the others should create disturbances, and, on the advice of Odysseus, he put them all to their oath, to protect the suitor that should be preferred by Helena, against any wrong that might be done to him. (Paus. iii. 20. § 9.) To reward Odysseus for this good advice, Tyndareus himself begged Icarius to give to Odysseus his daughter Penelope. (Apollod. iii. 10. § 9.) Tyndareus was believed to have built the temple of Athena Chalcioecus at Sparta. (Paus. iii. 17. § 3.) When Castor and Polydeuces had been received among the immortals, Tyndareus invited Menelaus to come to Sparta, and surrendered his kingdom to him. (Apollod. iii. 11. § 2.) tomb was shown at Sparta as late as the time of Pausanias (iii. 17. § 4). [L. S.] His TYNDA'RION (Tuvdapiwv), a tyrant of Tauromenium in Sicily, who invited Pyrrhus over from Italy in B. C. 278. Pyrrhus directed his course first to Tauromenium, and received reinforcements from Tyndarion. (Diod. Ecl. viii. p. 495; comp. Plut. Pyrrh. 23; Droysen, Geschichte des Hellenismus, vol. ii. p. 150.) [E. E.] TYPHON or TYPHOEUS (Τυφάων, Τυφωεύς, Tupús), a monster of the primitive world, is described sometimes as a destructive hurricane, and sometimes as a fire-breathing giant. According to Homer (Il. ii. 782; comp. Strab. xiii. p. 929) he was concealed in the country of the Arimi in the earth, which was lashed by Zeus with flashes of lightning. In Hesiod Typhaon and Typhoeus are two distinct beings. Typhaon there is a son of Typhoeus TYMNES (Túurns), an epigrammatic poet, whose epigrams were included in the Garland of Meleager, but respecting whose exact date we have no further evidence; for the grounds on which Reiske supposes that he was a Cretan, and that he was contemporary with Meleager, are very slight. There are seven of his epigrams in the Greek Anthology. (Brunck, Anal. vol. i. p. 505: Jacobs, Anthol. Graec. vol. i. p. 256, vol. xiii. p. 963; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. pp. 498, | xiv. 89). Eiv 'Api pois, of which the Latin poets have made Inarime (Virg. Aen. ix. 716; Ov. Met. (Theog. 869), and a fearful hurricane, who by Echidna became the father of the dog Orthus, Cerberus, the Lernaean hydra, Chimaera, and the Sphynx. (Theog. 306; comp. Apollod. ii. 3. § 1, iii. 5. § 8.) Notwithstanding the confusion of the two beings in later writers, the original meaning of Typhaon was preserved in ordinary life. (Aristoph. Ran. 845; Plin. H. N. ii. 48.) Typhoeus, on the other hand, is described as the youngest son of Tartarus and Gaea, or of Hera alone, because she was indignant at Zeus having given birth to Athena. Typhoeus is described as a monster with a hundred heads, fearful eyes, and terrible voices (Pind. Pyth. i. 31, viii. 21, Ol. iv. 12); he wanted to acquire the sovereignty of gods and men, but was subdued, after a fearful struggle, by Zeus, with a thunderbolt. (Hes. Theog. 821, &c.) He begot the winds, whence he is also called the father of the Harpies (Val. Flacc. iv. 428), but the beneficent winds Notus, Boreas, Argestes, and Zephyrus, were not his sons. Hes. Theog. 869, &c.) Aeschylus and Pindar describe him as living in a Cilician cave. (Pind Pyth. viii. 21; comp. the different ideas in Apollon. Rhod. ii. 1210, &c., and Herod. iii. 5.) He is further said to have at one time been engaged in a struggle with all the immortals, and to have been killed by Zeus with a flash of lightning ; he was buried in Tartarus under Mount Aetna, the workshop of Hephaestus. (Ov. Her. xv. 11, Fast. iv. 491; Aeschyl. Prom. 351, | &c.; Pind. Pyth. i. 29, &c.) The later poets frequently connect Typhoeus with Egypt, and the gods, it is said, when unable to hold out against him, fled to Egypt, where, from fear, they metamorphosed themselves into animals, with the exception of Zeus and Athena. (Anton. Lib. 28; Hygin. Poet. Astr. ii. 28; Ov. Met. v. 321, &c.; comp. Apollod. i. 6. § 3; Ov. Fast. ii. 461; Horat. Carm. iii. 4. 53.) [L. S.] TYRANNION (Τυραννίων). 1. A Greek grammarian, a native of Amisus in Pontus, the son of Epicratides, or, according to some accounts, of Corymbus. He was a pupil of Hestiaeus of Amisus, and was originally called Theophrastus, but received from his instructor the name of Tyrannion on account of his domineering behaviour to his fellow disciples. He afterwards studied under Dionysius the Thracian at Rhodes. In B. c. 72 he was taken captive by Lucullus, who carried him to Rome. At the request of Murena Tyrannion was handed over to him, upon which he emancipated him, an act with which Plutarch (Lucullus, 19) finds fault, as the emancipation involved a recognition of his having been a slave, which does not seem to have been the light in which Lucullus regarded him. At Rome Tyrannion occupied himself in teaching. He was also employed in arranging the library of Apellicon, which Sulla brought to Rome. (Plut. Sulla, 26.) Cicero employed him in a similar manner, and speaks in the highest terms of the learning and ability which Tyrannion exhibited in these labours. (Cic. ad Att. iv. 4, b. 1. 8, a. 2). Cicero also availed himself of his services in the instruction of his nephew Quintus (ad Quint. Fratr. ii. 4. § 2; comp. ad Att. ii. 6. § 1, xii. 6. § 1, 2. § 2, 7. § 2, ad Quint. Fr. iii. 4. § 5). Strabo (xii. p. 548) speaks of having received instruction from Tyrannion. The geographical knowledge of Tyrannion seems to have been considerable; at any rate Cicero thought highly of it. (Cic. ad Att. ii. 6.) Tyrannion amassed considerable wealth, and ac cording to the scarcely credible statement of Suidas (s. v.) collected himself a library of 30,000 volumes. Cicero alludes to a small work of his (ad Att. xii. 6), but we do not learn the subject of it. Tyrannion died at a very advanced age of a paralytic stroke. 2. A native of Phoenicia, the son of Artemidorus, and a disciple of the preceding. His original name was Diocles. He was taken captive in the war between Antonius and Octavianus, and was purchased by Dymas, a freedman of the emperor. By him he was presented to Terentia, the wife of Cicero, who manumitted him. He taught at Rome, and according to Suidas, wrote 68 works. The following are mentioned:—1. Пep Tâs 'Ounpekts poowdías. 2. Пeрì τŵv μeрŵv Toû λóyov. 3. Пepi Tĥs 'Pwμalks diaλékтov, showing that the Latin language is derived from the Greek. 4. Toù 'AFτιγένους ἡ Ῥωμαϊκή διάλεκτος. 5. Οτι διαφα νοῦσιν οἱ νεώτεροι ποιηταὶ πρὸς Ομηρον. 6. Ἐξ ήγησις τοῦ Τυραννίωνος μερισμού. 7. Διόρθωσις 'Oμnpin. 8. 'Oploypapía. Tyrannion is mentioned in the scholia on Homer (Schol. Marc. ad Il. B'. 92, 155, 169). 3. Suidas mentions a third writer of the name of Tyrannion, a Messenian, who wrote a work on augury (olwvoσкоTIKά) in three books, and some other works. A work Περὶ τοῦ σκολιοῦ μέτρου is ascribed by Suidas (s. v. σkoλóv) to a writer named Tyrannion, and stated to have been written at the suggestion of Caius Caesar. If this notice is correct, and the Tyrannion meant is the second of that name, he must have reached a very advanced age when be commenced this treatise, even supposing him to have been young when he was brought to Rome. [C. P. M.] TYRIA'SPES (Tupidowns), a Persian, who in B. C. 327 was appointed by Alexander the Great to the satrapy of the Paropamisadae, west of the river Cophen. In the following year Alexander commissioned him and Philippus to reduce the Assacenians, who had revolted (Arr. Anab. iv. 22, v. 20.) [E. E.] TYRO (Tupú), a daughter of Salmoneus and Alcidice, was the wife of Cretheus, and the be loved of the river-god Enipeus in Thessaly, in the form of whom Poseidon appeared to her, and be came by her the father of Pelias and Neleus. By Cretheus she was the mother of Aeson, Pheres, and Amythaon. (Hom. Od. xi. 235, &c.; Apollod. i. 9. § 8.) [L.S.] TYRO SABI NUS. [SABINUS.] TYRRHENUS (Τυῤῥηνός οι Τυρσηνός), a son of the Lydian king Atys and Callithea, and a brother of Lydus, is said to have led a Pelasgian colony from Lydia into Italy, into the country of the Umbrians, and to have given to the colonists his name, Tyrrhenians. (Herod. iv. 94; Dionys. Hal. i. 27.) Others call Tyrrhenus a son of Heracles by Omphale (Dionys. i. 28), or of Telephus and Hiera, and a brother of Tarchon. (Tzetz. ad Lyc. 1242, 1249.) The name Tarchon seems to be only another form for Tyrrhenus, and the two names represent a Pelasgian hero founding settlements in the north of Italy. (Comp. Müller, Die Etrusker, vol. i. p. 72, &c.) [L. S.] TYRRHEUS, a shepherd of king Latinus Ascanius once, while hunting, killed a tame stag belonging to Tyrrheus, whereupon the country people took up arms, which was the first conflict in |