B. C. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF GREEK HISTORY, FROM THE FIRST OLYMPIAD, B. C. 776, TO THE FALL OF CORINTH, B. C. 146. B. C. 708 693 690 687 685 683 736 Messenians and the Lacedaemonians. Callinus of Ephesus, the earliest Greek elegiac poet, flourished. 735 Naxos, in Sicily, founded by the Chalcidians of Euboea. 674 672 734 Syracuse founded by Archias of Corinth. 730 Leontium and Catana, in Sicily, founded. 728 Megara Hyblaea, in Sicily, founded. Philolaus of Corinth, the Theban lawgiver, flourished. Tarentum founded by the Lacedaemonian Parthenii, under Phalanthus. Thasos and Parium on the Propontis founded by the Parians. Archilochus, of Paros, the Iambic poet, accompanied the colony to Thasos, being then in the flower of his age. Simonides of Amorgos, the lyric poet, flourished. Glaucus of Chios, a statuary in metal, flourished. He was distinguished as the inventor of the art of soldering metals. Foundation of Gela in Sicily, and of Phaselis in Pamphylia. The empire of the Medes is computed By Herodotus to commence from this date, the 23rd year of their independence. It lasted 128 years, and terminated in B. C. 559. Archilochus flourished. See B. c. 708. The beginning of the second Messenian war. First annual Archon at Athens. Tyrtaeus, the Athenian poet, came to Sparta after the first success of the Messenians, and by his martial songs roused the fainting courage of the Lacedaemonians. Ardys, king of Lydia, succeeded Gyges. Foundation of Cyzicus by the Megarians. Foundation of Chalcedon by the Megarians. The Pisatae, led by Pantaleon, revolt from the Eleans, and espouse the cause of the Messenians. Aleman, a native of Sardis in Lydia, and the chief lyric poet of Sparta, flourished. Bsammetichus, king of Egypt, begins to reign. The Argives defeat the Lacedaemonians at Hysiae. 670 723 End of the first Messenian war. The Mes End of the second Messenian war according to Pausanias. 665 gives. Thaletas of Crete, the lyric poet and musician, flourished. 716 Gyges begins to reign in Lydia. This dy- 664 A sea-fight between the Corinthians and 572 The dynasty of the Cypselidae ended. Pittacus resigns the government of Mytilene, Battus II., king of Cyrene, succeeds Arcesilaus I. Naval empire of the Phocaeans. The war between Pisa and Elis ended by the subjection of the Pisaeans. 570 569 Aesopus flourished. Accession of Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum. 621 Legislation of Dracon at Athens. 620 Attempt of Cylon to make himself master of Athens. He had been victor in the Olympic games in B. C. 640. Assisted by Theagenes, tyrant of Megara, whose daughter he had married, he seized the citadel, but was there besieged by the archon Megacles, the Alcmaeonid. Cylon 566 The Panathenaea instituted at Athens. and his adherents surrendered on a promise 617 Alyattes, king of Lydia, succeeds Sadyattes. 611 Pittacus overthrows the tyranny of Melanchrus at Mytilene. Sappho, Alcaeus, and Stesichorus flourished. Birth of Anaximander. 610 606 Nineveh taken by Cyaxares. Combat between Pittacus and Phrynon the commander of the Athenians. 564 559 556 553 Amasis, king of Egypt, succeeds Apries. Death of Pittacus 10 years after his abdication. Eugamon flourished. Alalia in Corsica founded by the Phocaeans. Cyrus begins to reign in Persia. The Me- Anacreon begins to be distinguished. 549 Death of Phalaris of Agrigentum. 548 546 Anaximenes flourished. Sardis taken by Cyrus and the Lydian monarchy overthrown. Hipponax, the Iambic poet, flourished. Pherecydes of Syros, the philosopher, and Theognis of Megara, the poet, flourished. Ibycus of Rhegium, the lyric poet, flourished. Babylon taken by Cyrus. Xenophanes of Colophon, the philosopher, flourished. Thespis the Athenian first exhibits tragedy. Polycrates becomes tyrant of Samos. The philosopher Pythagoras and the poet Anacreon flourished. All accounts make them contemporary with Polycrates. Death of Cyrus and accession of Cambyses as king of Persia. 529 527 Death of Peisistratus, 33 years after his first usurpation. 525 Cambyses conquers Aegypt in the fifth year of his reign. War of the Lacedaemonians against Polycrates of Samos. 523 522 521 Death of Cambyses, usurpation of the Magi, Hecataeus the historian took part in the 480 deliberations of the Ionians respecting the 497 Third year of the Ionian revolt. Aristagoras 479 slain in Thrace. Death of Pythagoras according to Euse. bius. 496 Fourth year of the Ionian revolt. Histiacus comes down to the coast. Birth of Hellanicus of Mytilene, the historian. 495 Fifth year of the Ionian revolt. Birth of Sophocles. 494 Sixth and last year of the Ionian revolt. The 493 The Persians take the islands of Chios, 492 Mardonius, the Persian general, invades Eu- 491 Dareius sends heralds to Greece to demand War between Athens and Aegina. 490 Datis and Artaphernes, the Persian generals, Euboea, and land in Attica under the guidance of Hippias. They are defeated at Marathon by the Athenians under the command of Miltiades. Aeschylus fought at the battle of Marathon, aet. 35. Miltiades attempts to conquer Naxus, but is repulsed. He is accused, and, unable to pay the fine, in which he was condemned, is thrown into prison, where he died. Panyasis the poet, the uncle of Herodotus, flourished. Chionides, the Athenian comic poet, first exhibits. Revolt of Egypt from the Persians in the Aeschylus gains the prize in tragedy. Xerxes invades Greece. He set out from Sardis at the beginning of the spring. The battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium were fought at the time of the Olympic games. The Athenians deserted their city, which was taken by Xerxes. The battle of Salamis, in which the fleet of Xerxes was destroyed, was fought in the autumn. Birth of Euripides. Pherecydes of Athens, the historian, flourished. After the return of Xerxes to Asia, Mardonius, who was left in the command of the Persian army, passed the winter in Thessaly. In the spring he marches southward and occupies Athens ten months after its occupation by Xerxes. At the battle of Plataeae, fought in September, he is defeated by the Greeks under the command of Pausanias. On the same day the Persian fleet is defeated off Mycale by the Greek fleet. Sestos besieged by the Greeks in the autumn and surrendered in the following spring. Antiphon, the Athenian orator, born. Choerilus of Samos, the epic poet, probably born. Sestos taken by the Greeks. Hieron suc ceeds Gelon. The history of Herodotus terminates at the siege of Sestos. In consequence of the haughty conduct of Pausanias, the maritime allies place themselves under the supremacy of Athens. Commencement of the Athenian ascendency or empire, which lasted about seventy years sixty-five before the ruin of the Athenian affairs in Sicily, seventy-three before the capture of Athens by Lysander. Epicharmus, the comic poet, flourished in the reign of Hieron. 476 Cimon, commanding the forces of the Athe B.C. 456 455 The Athenians commanded by Myronides, Herodotus aet. 25. Thucydides aet. 15. Herodotus is said to have recited his history at the Olympic games, when Thueydides was a boy. The recitation may therefore be placed in this year, if the tale be true, which is very doubtful. Death of Aeschylus aet. 69. The Messenians conquered by the Lacedaemonians in the tenth year of the war. Tolmides, the Athenian general, settles the expelled Messenians at Naupactus. See B.C. 464. Tolmides sails round Peloponnesus with an Athenian fleet, and does great injury to the Peloponnesians. End of the Egyptian war in the sixth year. See B. c. 460. All Egypt conquered by the Persians, except the marshes, where Amyrtaeus continued to hold out for some years. See B. C. 449. Euripides aet. 25 first gains the prize in tragedy. 454 Campaign of Pericles at Sicyon and in Acarnania. Peloponnesians, made through the intervention of Cimon. After the death of Hieron Thrasybulus ruled 450 Five years' truce between the Athenians and Syracuse for a year, at the end of which time a democratical form of government was established. Diagoras of Melos flourished. 465 Revolt of Thasos. Death of Xerxes, king of Persia, and acces sion of Artaxerxes I. 464 Earthquake at Sparta, and revolt of the Helots and Messenians. Cimon marches to the assistance of the Lacedaemonians. Zeno of Elea flourished. 463 Thasos subdued by Cimon. Xanthus of Lydia continued to write history in the reign of Artaxerxes. 461 Cimon marches a second time to the assistance of the Lacedaemonians, but his offers are declined by the latter, and the Athenian troops sent back. Ostracism of Ci mon. Pericles at the head of public affairs at 460 Revolt of Inaros, and first year of the Egyp- The Anaxagoras aet. 50 withdraws from Athens, after residing there thirty years. Crates, the comic poet, and Bacchylides flourished. 449 Renewal of the war with Persia. The Athenians send assistance to Amyrtaeus. Death of Cimon and victory of the Athenians at Salamis in Cyprus. 448 Sacred war between the Delphians and Phocians for the possession of the oracle and temple. The Lacedaemonians assisted the Delphians, and the Athenians the Phocians. 447 The Athenians defeated at Coroneia by the 445 Revolt of Euboea and Megara from Athens. Athenians sent assistance to the Egyptians. 444 Pericles begins to have the sole direction Democritus and Hippocrates born. 459 458 Gorgias flourished. 457 Battles in the Megarid between the Athe of public affairs at Athens. Thucydides, the son of Milesias, the leader of the aris tocratical party, ostracised. Melissus and Empedocles, the philosophers, flourished. nians and Corinthians. The Lacedaemo- 443 The Athenians send a colony to Thurii in nians march into Doris to assist the Do- Panyasis, the uncle of Herodotus, put 441 440 Italy. Herodotus aet. 41, and Lysias aet. 15 accompany this colony to Thurii. Euripides gains the first prize in tragedy. Samos revolts from Athens, but is subdued by Pericles in the ninth month. Sophocles aet. 55 was one of the ten Athenian generals, who fought against Samos. Cratinus, the comic poet, gains the prize. 435 War between the Corinthians and Corcyraeans on account of Epidamnus. Corinthians defeated by the Corcyracans 426 in a sea-fight. The 434 The Corinthians make great preparations to carry on the war with vigour. Lysippus, the comic poet, gains the prize. 433 The Corcyraeans and Corinthians send embassies to Athens to solicit assistance. The Athenians form a defensive alliance with the Corcyraeans. 432 The Corcyraeans assisted by the Athenians defeat the Corinthians in the spring. In the same year Potidaea revolts from Athens. Congress of the Peloponnesians in the autumn to decide upon war with Athens. Andocides the orator, one of the commanders of the Athenian fleet, to protect the Corcyraeans against the Corinthians. Anaxagoras prosecuted for impiety at Athens, withdraws to Lampsacus, where he died about four years afterwards. Aspasia, prosecuted by the comic poet Hermippus, but acquitted through the influence of Pericles. Prosecution and death of Pheidias. [See Vol. III. pp. 248, 249.] 431 First year of the Peloponnesian war. The Thebans make an attempt upon Plataeae two months before midsummer. Eighty days afterwards Attica is invaded by the Peloponnesians. Alliance between the Athenians and Sitalces king of Thrace. Hellanicus aet. 65, Herodotus aet. 53, Thucydides aet. 40, at the commencement of the Peloponnesian war. The Medea of Euripides exhibited. 430 Second year of the Peloponnesian war. cond invasion of Attica. The plague rages at Athens. Se 429 Third year of the Peloponnesian war. Potidaea surrenders to the Athenians after a siege of more than two years. Naval actions of Phormio in the Corinthian gulph. Commencement of the siege of Plataeae. Death of Pericles in the autumn. Birth of Plato, the philosopher. Eupolis and Phrynichus, the comic poets, exhibit. 428 Fourth year of the Peloponnesian war. Third invasion of Attica. Revolt of all Lesbos except Methymnae. Mytilene besieged towards the autumn. Death of Anaxagoras, aet. 72. The Hippolytus of Euripides gains the first prize. Plato the comic poet first exhibits. 427 Fifth year of the Peloponnesian war. Fourth invasion of Attica. Mytilene taken by the Athenians and Lesbos recovered. The demagogue Cleon begins to have great in 425 424 423 Plataeae sur fluence in public affairs. rendered to the Peloponnesians. Sedition at Corcyra. The Athenians send assistance to the Leontines in Sicily. Aristophanes, the comic poet, first exhibits. He gains the prize with the play called Δαιταλεῖς, which is lost. Gorgias ambassador from Leontini to Athens. He was probably now nearly 60 years of age. The Sixth year of the Peloponnesian war. The Babylonians of Aristophanes. The Acharnians of Aristophanes. Eighth year of the Peloponnesian war. Nicias ravages the coast of Laconia and captures the island of Cythera. March of Brasidas into Thrace, who obtains possession of Acanthus and Amphipolis. The Athenians defeated by the Thebans at Delium. Socrates and Xenophon fought at the battle of Delium. Thucydides, the historian, commanded at Amphipolis. The Knights of Aristophanes. Ninth year of the Peloponnesian war. Truce for a year. Thucydides banished in consequence of the loss of Amphipolis. He was 20 years in exile. The Clouds of Aristophanes first exhibited. Antiochus of Syracuse brought down his history to this date. 422 Tenth year of the Peloponnesian war. Hos |