Athenian forces. Mindarus the Lacedaemonian admiral defeated at Cynossema. Antiphon, the orator, had a great share in the establishment of the Four Hundred. After their downfal he is brought to trial and put to death. The history of Thucydides suddenly breaks off in the middle of this year. The Lysistrata and Thesmophoriazusze of Aristophanes. Agathon, the tragic poet, gains the prize. 415 Seventeenth year of the Peloponnesian war. The Athenian expedition against Sicily. It sailed after midsummer, commanded by Nicias, Alcibiades, and Lamachus. Mutilation of the Hermae at Athens before the fleet sailed. The Athenians take Catana. Alcibiades is recalled home: he 409 Twenty-third year of the Peloponnesian war. makes his escape, and takes refuge with the Lacedaemonians. 410 Andocides, the orator, imprisoned on the 408 mutilation of the Hermae. He escapes by turning informer. He afterwards went to Cyprus and other countries. Xenocles, the tragic poet, gains the first 407 prize. Archippus, the comic poet, gains the Lacedaemonian comes to the assistance of The Birds and Amphiaraus (a lost Ameipsias, the comic poet, gains the 406 prize with his Κωμασταί. 413 Nineteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. Hegemon of Thasos, the comic poet, was 412 Twentieth year of the Peloponnesian war. 405 404 Lysias returns from Thurii to Athens. Twenty-second year of the Peloponnesian war. Mindarus defeated and slain by Alcibiades at Cyzicus. The Philoctetes of Sophocles. Plato aet. 20 begins to hear Socrates. Twenty-fourth year of the Peloponnesian Alcibiades recovers Byzantium. war. The Orestes of Euripides. The Plutus of Aristophanes. Twenty-fifth year of the Peloponnesian war. Alcibiades returns to Athens. Lysander appointed the Lacedaemonian admiral and supported by Cyrus, who this year received the government of the countries on the Asiatic coast. Antiochus, the lieutenant of Alcibiades, defeated by Lysander at Notium in the absence of Alcibiades. Alcibiades is in consequence banished, and ten new generals appointed. Antiphanes, the comic poet, born. Twenty-sixth year of the Peloponnesian war. Callicratidas, who succeeded Lysander as Lacedaemonian admiral, defeated by the Athenians in the sea-fight off the Arginussae islands. The Athenian generals condemned to death, because they had not picked up the bodies of those who had fallen in the battle. Dionysius becomes master of Syracuse. Death of Sophocles. [See Vol. IIL p. 868, b.] Philistus of Syracuse, the historian, espoused the cause of Dionysius. Twenty-seventh year of the Peloponnesian war. Lysander defeats the Athenians off Aegos potami, and takes or destroys all their fleet with the exception of eight ships which fled with Conon to Cyprus. The Frogs of Aristophanes acted in February at the Lenaea. Twenty-eighth and last year of the Peloponnesian war. Athens taken by Lysander in the spring on the 16th of the month Munychion. Democracy abolished, and the government entrusted to thirty men, usually called the Thirty Tyrants. The Thirty Tyrants held their power for eight months, till Thrasybulus occupied Phyle and advanced to the Peiraeeus. Death of Alcibiades during the tyranny of the Thirty. Lysias banished after the battle of Aegospotami. and appoints him one of their generals. 403 Thrasybulus and his party obtain possession He is afterwards recalled by a vote of the people at Athens, but he remained abroad for the next four years at the head of the of the Peiraceus, from whence they carried on war for several months against the Ten, the successors of the Thirty. They ob B.C. tain possession of Athens before Hecatombaeon (July); but the contest between the parties was not finally concluded till Boëdromion (September). The date of the amnesty, by which the exiles were restored, was the 12th of Boëdromion. Euclides was archon at the time. Thucydides, aet. 68, Lysias and Andocides return to Athens. 401 Expedition of Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes. He falls in the battle of Cunaxa, which was fought in the autumn. His Greek auxiliaries commence their return to Greece, usually called the retreat of the Ten Thousand. First year of the war of Lacedaemon and Xenophon accompanied Cyrus, and afterwards was the principal general of the Greeks in their retreat. Ctesias, the historian, was physician at the court of Artaxerxes at this time. The Oedipus at Colonus of Sophocles exhibited after his death by his grandson Sophocles. See B. c. 405, Telestes gains a dithyrambic prize. 400 Return of the Ten Thousand to Greece. Second year of the war of Lacedaemon and Elis. The speech of Andocides on the Mysteries: he is now about 67 years of age. B. C. 393 392 391 399 The Lacedaemonians send Thimbron with an Third and last year of the war of Lacedae- Death of Socrates, aet. 70. 398 Dercyllidas continues the war in Asia with success. Ctesias brought his Persian History down to this year. Astydamas, the tragic poet, first exhibits. 389 Philoxenus, Timotheus, and Telestes, 388 flourished. 397 Dercyllidas still continues the war in Asia. 396 Agesilaus supersedes Dercyllidas. First campaign of Agesilaus in Asia. He winters at Ephesus. Sophocles, the grandson of the great Sophocles, begins to exhibit this year in his own name. See B. c. 401. Xenocrates, the philosopher, born. 395 Second campaign of Agesilaus in Asia. He defeats Tissaphernes, and becomes master of Western Asia. Tissaphernes superseded by Tithraustes, who sends envoys into Greece to induce the Greek states to declare war against Lacedaemon. Commencement of the war of the Greek states against Lacedaemon. Lysander slain at Haliartus. 387 386 385 384 382 Plato, aet. 34, returns to Athens 394 Agesilaus recalled from Asia to fight against the Greek states, who had declared war 381 against Lacedaemon. He passed the Hellespont about midsummer, and was at the entrance of Boeotia on the 14th of August. He defeats the allied forces at Coroneia. A little before the latter battle the Lacedaemonians also gained a victory near Corinth; but about the same time Conon, the Athenian admiral, and Pharnabazus, gained a decisive victory over Peisander, the Spartan admiral, off Cnidus. Xenophon accompanied Agesilaus from Asia and fought against his country at Coroneia. He was in consequence banished from Athens. He retired under Lacedaemonian protection to Scillus, where he composed his works. Theopompus brought his history down to this year. It embraced a period of 17 years, from the battle of Cynossema, B. C. 411, to the battle of Cnidos, B. c. 394. Sedition at Corinth and victory of the Lacedaemonians at Lechaeum. Pharnabazus and Conon ravage the coasts of Peloponnesus. Conon begins to restore the long walls of Athens and the fortifications of the Peiraeeus. The Lacedaemonians under Agesilaus ravage the Corinthian territory, but a Spartan mora is cut to pieces by Iphicrates. The Ecclesiazusae of Aristophanes. Expedition of Agesilaus into Acarnania. Speech of Andocides" On the Peace." He is banished. Plato, the comic poet, exhibits. Expedition of Agesipolis into Argolis. The Persians again espouse the cause of the Lacedaemonians, and Conon is thrown into prison. The Athenians assist Evagoras, of Cyprus, against the Persians. Thrasybulus, the Athenian commander, is defeated and slain by the Lacedaemonian Teleutias at Aspendus. Agyrrhius sent as the successor of Thrasybulus to Aspendus and Iphicrates to the Hellespont. Plato, aet. 40, goes to Sicily: the first of the three voyages. Aeschines born about this time. Antalcidas, the Lacedaemonian commander on the Asiatic coast, opposed to Iphicrates and Chabrias. The second edition of the Plutus of Aristophanes. The peace of Antalcidas. Antiphanes, the comic poet, begins to exhibit. Restoration of Plataeae, and independence of the towns of Boeotia. Destruction of Mantineia by the Lacedaemonians under Agesipolis. Great sea-fight between Evagoras and the Persians. Birth of Aristotle. First year of the Olynthian war. The Lacedaemonians commanded by Teleutias. Phoebidas seizes the Cadmeia, the citadel of Thebes. This was before Teleutias marched to Olynthus. Birth of Demosthenes. Second year of the Olynthian war. Teleutias B. C. slain and the command taken by Agesipolis. 380 Third year of the Olynthian war. Death of Agesipolis, who is succeeded by Poly'biades. The Panegyricus of Isocrates. 379 Fourth and last year of the Olynthian war. The Olynthians surrender to Polybiades. Surrender of Phlius, after a siege of 20 months, to Agesilaus. The Cadmeia recovered by the Theban exiles in the winter. 378 Cleombrotus sent into Boeotia in the middle of winter, but returned without effecting anything. The Lacedaemonian Sphodrias makes an attempt upon the Peiraeeus. The Athenians form an alliance with the Thebans against Sparta. First expedition of Agesilaus into Boeotia. Death of Lysias. 377 Second expedition of Agesilaus into Boeotia. 376 Cleombrotus marches into Boeotia, and sustains a slight repulse at the passes of Ci thaeron. The Lacedaemonian fleet conquered by 367 366 365 Demosthenes left an orphan in his seventh year. 364 Anaxandrides, the comic poet, flourished. 375 Cleombrotus sent into Phocis, which had been invaded by the Thebans, who withdraw into their own country on his arrival. Araros, the son of Aristophanes, first exhibits comedy. Eubulus, the comic poet, flourished. 374 The Athenians, jealous of the Thebans, conclude a peace with Lacedaemon. Timotheus, the Athenian commander, takes Corcyra, and on his return to Athens restores the Zacynthian exiles to their country. This leads to a renewal of the war between Athens and Lacedaemon. Second destruction of Plataeae. Jason elected Tagus of Thessaly. Isocrates advocated the cause of the Plataeans in his Πλαταϊκός. 362 361 373 The Lacedaemonians attempt to regain pos- 360 session of Corcyra, and send Mnasippus with a force for the purpose, but he is defeated Prosecution of Timotheus by Callistratus and 359 Iphicrates. Timotheus is acquitted. 372 Timotheus goes to Asia. Iphicrates continued in the command of a fleet in the Ionian sea. The most eminent orators of this period were Leodamas, Callistratus, Aristophon the Azenian, Cephalus the Colyttian, Thrasybulus the Colyttian, and Diophantus. Astydamas gains the prize in tragedy. 371 Congress at Sparta, and general peace, from which the Thebans were excluded, because they would not grant the independence of the Boeotian towns. 358 357 Second invasion of Peloponnesus by the Thebans. Expedition of Pelopidas to Thessaly. He is imprisoned by Alexander of Pherae, but Epaminondas obtains his release. Eudoxus flourished. Aphareus begins to exhibit tragedy. Archidamus gains a victory over the Arcadians. Embassy of Pelopidas to Persia. Death of the elder Dionysius of Syracuse after a reign of 38 years. Aristotle, aet. 17, comes to Athens. Third invasion of Peloponnesus by the Thebans. The Archidamus of Isocrates." War between Arcadia and Elis. Second campaign of the war between Arcadia and Elis. Battle of Olympia at the time of the games. Demosthenes, aet. 18, delivers his oration against Aphobus. Fourth invasion of Peloponnesus by the Thebans. Battle of Mantineia, in June, in which Epaminondas is killed. Xenophon brought down his Greek history to the battle of Mantineia. Aeschines, the orator, aet. 27, is present at Mantineia. A general peace between all the belligerents, with the exception of the Lacedaemonians, because the latter would not acknowledge the independence of the Messenians. Agesilaus goes to Egypt to assist Tachos, and dies in the winter when preparing to return home. Birth of Deinarchus, the orator. War between the Athenians and Olynthians for the possession of Amphipolis. Timotheus, the Athenian general, repulsed at Amphipolis. Theopompus commenced his history from this year. Accession of Philip, king of Macedonia, aet. 23. He defeats Argaeus, who laid claim to the throne, declares Amphipolis a free city, and makes peace with the Athenians. He then defeats the Paeonians and Illyrians. Dion sails from Zacynthus and lands in 342 Death of Democritus, aet. 104, of Hippo- 356 Second year of the Social War. Birth of Alexander, the son of Philip and Dionysius the younger expelled from Syracuse Philistus, the historian, espouses the 355 Third and last year of the Social War. Peace concluded between Athens and her former allies. 354 Trial and condemnation of Timotheus. Demosthenes begins to speak in the assemblies of the people. 353 Philip seizes upon Pagasae, and begins to besiege Methone. Death of Dion. 352 Philip takes Methone and enters Thessaly. 351 341 340 Philip besieges Selymbria, Perinthus, and Isocrates completes the Panathenaic oration. See B. C. 342. Ephorus brought down his history to the siege of Perinthus. 339 Renewal of the war between Philip and the Athenians. Phocion compels Philip to raise the siege, both of Byzantium and Perinthus. He defeats and slays Onomarchus, the Phocian general, expels the tyrants from 338 Pherae, and becomes master of Thessaly. He attempts to pass Thermopylae, but is prevented by the Athenians. War between Lacedaemon and Megalopolis. The first Philippic of Demosthenes. Speech of Demosthenes for the Rhodians. 349 The Olynthians attacked by Philip, ask succour from Athens. The Olynthiac orations of Demosthenes. 348 Olynthian war continued. The speech of Demosthenes against 347 Olynthus taken and destroyed by Philip. Death of Plato, aet. 82. Speusippus suc 337 336 Xenocrates succeeds Speusippus at the Academy. Philip is chosen general of the Amphictyons to carry on the war against Amphissa. He marches through Thermopylae and seizes Elateia. The Athenians form an alliance with the Thebans; but their united forces are defeated by Philip at the battle of Chaeroneia, fought on the 7th of Metageitnion (August). Philip becomes master of Greece. Congress at Corinth, in which war is declared by Greece against Persia and Philip appointed to conduct it. Death of Isocrates, aet. 98. Death of Timoleon. Murder of Philip, and accession of his son Alexander, act. 20. Deinarchus aet. 26 began to compose orations. ceeds Plato. Aristotle, upon the death 335 Alexander marches against the Thracians, of Plato, went to Atarneus. Anaxandrides, the comic poet, exhibits. 346 Peace between Philip and the Athenians. Philip overruns Phocis and brings the Sacred 345 War to an end, after it had lasted ten Oration of Isocrates to Philip. Oration of Demosthenes on the Peace. Speech of Aeschines against Timarchus. 344 Timoleon sails from Corinth to Syracuse, to expel the tyrant Dionysius. neus, went to Mytilene. Aristotle, after three years' stay at Atar The second Philippic of Demosthenes. 333 343 Timoleon completes the conquest of Syracuse. 332 Dionysius was thus finally expelled. He Triballi, and Illyrians. While he is engaged in this war, Thebes revolts. He forthwith marches southwards, and destroys Thebes. Philippides, the comic poet, flourished. Alexander commences the war against Persia. He crosses the Hellespont in the spring, defeats the Persian satraps at the Granicus in the month Thargelion (May), and conquers the western part of Asia Minor. Aristotle returns to Athens. Alexander subdues Lycia in the winter, collects his forces at Gordium in the spring, and defeats Dareius at Issus late in the autumn. Alexander takes Tyre, after a siege of seven months in Hecatombaeon (July). He takes Gaza in September, and then marches into Egypt, which submits to him. In the winter he visits the oracle of Ammon, and gives orders for the foundation of Alexandria. Stephanus, the comic poet, flourished. Alexander sets out from Memphis in the 4 R B. C. spring, marches through Phoenicia and Syria, crosses the Euphrates at Thapsacus in the middle of the summer, and defeats Dareius again at Arbela or Gaugamela on the 1st of October. He wintered at Persepolis. In Greece, Agis is defeated and slain by Antipater. 330 Alexander marches into Media, and takes Ecbatana. From thence he sets out in pursuit of Dareius, who is slain by Bessus. After the death of Dareius, Alexander conquers Hyrcania, and marches in pursuit of Bessus through Drangiana and Arachosia, towards Bactria. The speech of Aeschines against Ctesiphon, and the speech of Demosthenes on the Crown. Aeschines, after his failure, withdrew to Asia. Speech of Lycurgus against Leocrates. Philemon began to exhibit comedy, during the reign of Alexander, a little earlier than Menander. 329 Alexander marches across the Paropamisus in the winter, passes the Oxus, takes Bes- 328 Alexander is employed during the whole of B. C. Antipater had taken refuge. Death of Demosthenes returns to Athens. Hyperides pronounces the funeral oration over those who had fallen in the Lamian war. Epicurus aet. 18 comes to Athens. 322 Leonnatus comes to the assistance of Anti- 321 320 Craterus comes to the assistance of Antipater. Defeat of the confederates at the battle of Crannon on the 7th of August. End of the Lamian war. Munychia occupied by the Macedonians on the 19th of September Death of Demosthenes on the 14th of October. Death of Aristotle aet 63 at Chalcis, whither he had withdrawn from Athens a few months before. Antipater and Craterus cross over into Asia, to carry on war against Perdiccas. Craterus is defeated and slain by Eumenes, who had espoused the side of Perdiccas. Perdiccas invades Egypt, where he is slain by his own troops. Partition of the provinces at Triparadisus. Menander aet. 20 exhibits his first comedy. Antigonus carries on war against Eumenes. Death of Antipater, after appointing Polysperchon regent, and his son Cassander chiliarch. Escape of Eumenes from Nora, where he had been long besieged by Antigonus. Demades put to death by Cassander. 318 War between Cassander and Polysperchon in Greece. The Athenians put Phocion to death. Athens is conquered by Cassander, who places it under the government of Demetrius Phalereus. 327 Alexander completes the conquest of Sog Demosthenes, accused of having received 323 Death of Alexander at Babylon in June, after a reign of twelve years and eight months. Division of the satrapies among Alexander's The Greek states make war against Mace- 316 315 Eumenes is appointed by Polysperchon com- Cassander takes Pydna, and puts Olympias Coalition of Seleucus, Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus against Antigonus. First year of the war. Polemon succeeds Xenocrates at the Academy. 314 Second year of the war against Antigonus. Successes of Cassander in Greece. Antigonus conquers Tyre, and winters in Phrygia. Death of the orator Aeschines, aet. 75. |