life. He was thus perpetually familiar with those high principles of art which the authority of Pamphilus had established at Sicyon, and with those great artists who resort to that city, of which Pliny says, diu fuit illa patria picturae. The edition of C. G. Siebelis, Leipzig, 1822-lived at Sicyon, where also Pausias passed his 1828, 5 vols. 8vo, has an improved text, and the corrected version of Amaseo, with a copious commentary and index. The edition of Imm. Bekker, Berlin, 1826-7, 2 vols. 8vo, is founded solely on the Paris MS. 1410, and the few deviations from the text are noted by the editor; there is a very The department of the art which Pausias most good index to this edition. The latest edition is practised, and in which he received the instruction by J. H. C. Schubart and C. Walz, Leipzig, of Pamphilus, was painting in encaustic with the 1838-40, 3 vols. 8vo. There is a French trans-cestrum, and Pliny calls him primum in hoc genere lation by Clavier, with the Greek text collated nobilem. Indeed, according to the same writer, his after the Paris MSS. Paris, 1814, &c, 6 vols. 8vo. restoration of the paintings of Polygnotus, on the The latest German translation is by E. Wiedasch, walls of the temple at Thespiae, exhibited a striking Munich, 1826-29, 4 vols. 8vo. There is an inferiority, because the effort was made in a departEnglish translation by Thomas Taylor, the trans- ment not his own, namely, with the pencil. lator of Plato and Aristotle, which in some passages is very incorrect. [G. L.] PAUSA'NIAS (Пavσavías). 1. A commentator on Heracleitus, hence surnamed 'HpakλEITIσThs. (Diog. Laërt. ix. 15.) Pausias was the first who applied encaustic painting to the decoration of the ceilings and walls of houses. Nothing of this kind had been prac tised before his time, except the painting of the ceilings of temples with stars. The favourite subjects of Pausias were small 2. A Lacedaemonian historian, who, according to Suidas (s. v.), wrote, Пepì 'ЕλλNOTÓVтOU, AаKw-panel-pictures, chiefly of boys. His rivals imνικά, χρονικά, περὶ ̓Αμφικτυόνων, περὶ τῶν ἐν ΛάKWσLV ÉорT@V. He is probably the author referred to by Aelian and Arrian (Tactic. c. 1) as having written on the subject of Tactics. [W. M. G.] PAUSA'NIAS (Пavoavías), the name of two Greek physicians. puted his taste for such small pictures to his want of ability to paint fast: whereupon he executed a picture of a boy in a single day, and this picture became famous under the name of hemeresios (a day's work). Another celebrated picture, no doubt in the same style, was the portrait of Glycera, a flowergirl of his native city, of whom he was enamoured when a young man. The combined force of his affection for his mistress and for his art led him to strive to imitate the flowers, of which she made the garlands that she sold ; and he thus acquired the greatest skill in flower-painting. The fruit these studies was a picture of Glycera with a garland, which was known in Pliny's time as the Stephaneplocos (garland-weaver) or Stephanepolis (garland-seller). A copy of this picture (apogra phon) was bought by L. Lucullus at the Dionysia at Athens for the great sum of two talents. 1. A native of Sicily in the fifth century B. C., who belonged to the family of the Asclepiadae, and whose father's name was Anchitus. He was an intimate friend of Empedocles, who dedicated to him his poem on Nature. (Diog. Laërt. viii. 2. § 60; Suidas, s. v. Aπvous; Galen, De Math. Med. i. 1. vol. x. p. 6.) There is extant a Greek epigram on this Pausanias, which is attributed in the Greek Anthology to Simonides (vii. 508), but by Diogenes Laërtius (l. c.) to Empedocles. The latter opinion appears to be more probable, as he could hardly be known to Simonides, who died B. c. 467. It is also doubtful whether he was born, or buried, at Gela in Sicily, Another painting is mentioned by Pliny as the as in this same epigram Diogenes Laërtius reads finest specimen of Pausias's larger pictures: it was ἔθρεψε Γέλα, and the Greek Anthology έθαψε preserved in the portico of Pompey at Rome. réλa. Perhaps the former reading is the more This picture was remarkable for striking effects of correct, as it seems to be implied by Diogenes foreshortening, and of light and shade. It repreLaërtius that Pausanias was younger than Empe-senting a sacrifice: the ox was shown in its whole docles, and we have no notice of his dying young, or being outlived by him. 2. A physician who attended Craterus, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, and to whom the king addressed a letter when he heard he was going to give his patient hellebore, enjoining him to be cautious in the use of so powerful a medicine, probably about B. c. 324. (Plut. Alex. c. 41.) [W. A. G.] PAUSA'NIAS (Ilavσavías), artists. 1. A statuary, of Apollonia, made the statues of Apollo and Callisto, which formed a part of the great votive offering of the Tegeans at Olympia. He flourished, therefore, about B. c. 400. (Paus. x. 9. § 3; DAEDALUS II.) 2. A painter, mentioned by Athenaeus as a Topvoypapos, but otherwise unknown. (Ath. xiii. p. 567, b.) [P.S.] length in a front and not a side view (that is, powerfully foreshortened): this figure was painted black, while the people in attendance were placed in a strong white light, and the shadow of the ox was made to fall upon them: the effect was that all the figures seemed to stand out boldly from the picture. Pliny says that this style of painting was first invented by Pausias ; and that many had tried to imitate it, but none with equal success. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 11. s. 40.) Pausanias (ii. 27. § 3) mentions two other paintings of Pausias, which adorned the Tholus at Epidaurus. The one represented Love, having laid aside his bow and arrows, and holding a lyre, which he has taken up in their stead: the other Drunkenness (Méon), drinking out of a glass goblet, through which her face was visible. Most of the paintings of Pausias were probably transported to Rome, with the other treasures of Sicyonian art, in the aedileship of Scaurus, when the state of Sicyon was compelled to sell all the pictures which were public property, in order to PAU'SIAS (Navoías), one of the most distinguished painters of the best school and the best period of Greek art, was a contemporary of Aristeides, Melanthius, and Apelles (about B. C. 360330), and a disciple of Pamphilus. He had pre-pay its debts. (Plin. l. c.) viously been instructed by his father Brietes, who Pliny (.c. § 31) mentions Aristolaus, the son and disciple of Pausias, and Mechopanes, another | Aristotle and Lucian the name is frequently writof his disciples. ten Πάσων and Πάσσων. [P.S.] PAUSIRAS (Пavoípas), or PAUSIRIS (Пavgips). 1. Son of Amyrtaeus, the rebel satrap of Egypt. [AMYRTAEUS.] Notwithstanding his father's revolt, he was appointed by the Persian king to the satrapy of Egypt. (Herod. iii. 15.) 2. One of the leaders of the Egyptians in their revolt against Ptolemy Epiphanes. The rebel chiefs had made themselves masters of Lycopolis, but were unable to hold out against Polycrates, the general of Ptolemy, and they surrendered themselves to the mercy of the king, who caused them all to be put to death, B. c. 184. (Polyb. xxiii. 16.) Concerning the circumstances and period of this revolt, see Letronne (Comm. sur l'Inscription de Rosette, p. 23. Paris, 1841). [E. H. B.] PAUSI'STRATUS (Пavoloтpaтos), a Rhodian, who was appointed to command the forces of that republic in B. c. 197; he landed in the district of Asia Minor called Peraea with a considerable army, defeated the Macedonian general Deinocrates, and reduced the whole of Peraea, but failed in taking Stratoniceia. (Liv. xxxiii. 18). During the war with Antiochus he was appointed to command the Rhodian fleet (B. c. 191), but joined the Romans too late to take part in the victory over Polyxenidas. (Id. xxxvi. 45.) The following spring (B. c. 190) he put to sea early with a fleet of thirty-six ships, but suffered himself to be deceived by Polyxenidas, who pretended to enter into negotiations with him, and having thus lulled him into security suddenly attacked and totally defeated him. Almost all his ships were taken or sunk, and Pausistratus himself slain while vainly attempting to force his way through the enemy's fleet. (Liv. xxxvii. 9, 10-11; Appian. Syr. 23, 24; Polyb. xxi. 5; Polyaen. v. 27.) Appian calls him Pausimachus. [E. H. B.] PAUSON (Hlavov), a Greek painter, of whom very little is known, but who is of some importance on account of the manner in which he is mentioned by Aristotle in the following passage (Poet. 2. § 2), ὥσπερ οἱ γραφεῖς, Πολύγνωτος μὲν κρείττους, Παύσων δὲ χείρους, Διονύσιος δε ὁμοίους elkater, which undoubtedly means that while, in painting men, Dionysius represented them just as they are, neither more nor less beautiful than the average of human kind, Polygnotus on the one hand invested them with an expression of ideal excellence, while Pauson delighted in imitating what was defective or repulsive, and was in fact a painter of caricatures. In another passage, Aristotle says that the young ought not to look upon the pictures of Pauson, but those of Polygnotus and of any other artist who is neukós. (Polit. viii. 5. $7.) From these allusions it may safely be inferred that Pauson lived somewhat earlier than the time of Aristotle. A more exact determination of his date is gained from two allusions in Aristophanes to a certain Pauson, if this person is, as the Scholiasts and Suidas supposed, the same as the painter (Aristoph. Acharn. 854; Plut. 602; Schol. ll. cc.; Suid. s. v. Пavowνos #TWXÓTEрos); but this is very doubtful, and the passages seem rather to refer to some wretched parasite or mendicant. (Comp. Suid. s. τ. 'Ασκληπίειον Φάρμακον.) A curious anecdote is told of Pauson by Plutarch (de Pyth. Orae. 5, p. 396, d), Aelian (V. H. xiv. 15), and Lucian (Demosth. Encom. 24). In the MSS. of [P.S.] PAX, the personification of peace, was wor shipped at Rome, where a festival was celebrated in her honour and that of Salus, on the 30th of April. (Ov. Fast. i. 711; Juv. i. 115; Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 5 ; Gell. xvi. 8.) [L. S.] PAXAEA, the wife of Pomponius Labeo. [LABEO, POMPONIUS.] PA'XAMUS (IПágaμos), a writer on various subjects. Suidas (s. v.) mentions that he wrote a work called BowTIKά, in two books; also two books on the art of dyeing (Bapıká), two on husbandry, and a work entitled dwdekάтEXVOV, which Suidas explains (according to the emendation of Kuster, who gives eσTI for the old reading ěti), to be an erotic work, περὶ αἰσχρῶν σχημάτων. Some fragments from the treatise on husbandry are preserved in the Geoponica. Paxamus also wrote a culinary work, entitled dapтUTIKά, which, Suidas states, was arranged in alphabetical order. To this work an allusion is probably made by Athenaeus (ix. p. 376, d). [W. M. G.] PAZALIAS, an engraver on precious stones, whose time is unknown. There is a gem of his, representing a female bacchanal, riding on a centaur, which she governs with a thyrsus. (Spilsbury Gems, No. 26.) [P.S.] PEDA'NIUS. 1. T. PEDANIUS, the first centurion of the principes, was distinguished for his bravery in the second Punic war, B. c. 212. (Liv. xxv. 14; Val. Max. iii. 2. § 20.) 2. PEDANIUS, one of the legates of Augustus, who presided in the court, when Herod accused his own sons. (Joseph. B. J. i. 27. § 3.) 3. PEDANIUS SECUNDUS, praefectus urbi in the reign of Nero, was killed by one of his own slaves. (Tac. Ann. xiv. 42.) 4. PEDANIUS COSTA, known only from coins, from which we learn that he was legatus to Brutus in the civil wars. 5. PEDANIUS COSTA, was passed over by Vitellius in his disposal of the consulship in A. D. 69, because Pedanius had been an enemy of Nero. (Tac. Hist. ii. 71.) 6. PEDANIUS, a Roman horse-soldier, whose bravery at the capture of Jerusalem by Titus, is recorded by Josephus (B. J. vi. 2. § 8). PEDA RITUS or PAEDA'RETUS (Пedáρiтos, Пaidάperos), a Lacedaemonian, the son of Leon, was sent out to serve in conjunction with Astyochus, and after the capture of Iasus was appointed to station himself at Chios, late in the summer of B. C. 412. (Thuc. viii. 28.) Having marched by land from Miletus, he reached Erythrae, and then crossed over to Chios just at the time when application was made by the Lesbians to Astyochus for aid in a revolution which they meditated. But, through the reluctance of the Chians, and the refusal of Pedaritus, Astyochus was compelled to abandon the project (c. 32, 33). Irritated by his disappointment, Astyochus turned a deaf ear to the application which the Chians made for assistance when the Athenians fortified Delphinium, and Pedaritus in his despatches to Sparta complained of the admiral's conduct, in consequence of which a commission was sent out to inquire into it. (Thuc. viii. 38, 40.) Pedaritus himself seems to have acted with great harshness at Chios, in consequence of which some Chian exiles laid complaints against him at Sparta, and his mother Teleutia administered a rebuke to him in a letter. (Plut. Apophth. Lac. p. 241, d). Meantime the Athenians continued their operations at Chios, and had completed their works. Pedaritus sent to Rhodes, where the Peloponnesian fleet was lying, saying that Chios would fall into the hands of the Athenians unless the whole Peloponnesian armament came to its succour. He himself meantime made a sudden attack on the naval camp of the Athenians, and stormed it; but the main body of the Athenians coming up he was defeated and slain, in the beginning of B. C. 411. (Thuc. viii. 55.) [C. P. M.] PEDA'RIUS, L. COMI'NIUS. [COMINIUS, No. 8.] PEDIA'NUS, ASCO'NIUS. [ASCONIUS.] PE'DIAS (Пediás), a daughter of Menys of Lacedaemon, and the wife of Caranus, king of Attica, from whom an Attic phyle and demos derived their name. (Apollod. iii. 14. § 5; Plut. Themist. 14; Steph. Byz. s. v.) PEDIA'SIMUS, JOANNES. No. 61.] [L. S.] [JOANNES, PEDIUS. 1. Q. PEDIUS, the great-nephew of the dictator C. Julius Caesar, being the grandson of Julia, Caesar's eldest sister. This is the statement of Suetonius (Caesar, 83), but Glandorp has conjectured (Onom. p. 432), not without reason, that Pedius may have been the son of the dictator's sister, since we find him grown up and discharging important duties in Caesar's lifetime. The name of Pedius first occurs in B. c. 57, when he was serving as legatus to his uncle in Gaul. (Caes. B. G. ii. 1.) In B. c. 55, Pedius became a candidate for the curule aedileship with Cn. Plancius and others, but he lost his election. (Cic. pro Planc. 7, 22: respecting the interpretation of these passages, see Wunder, Prolegomena, p. lxxxiii, &c. to his edition of Cicero's oration pro Plancio.) On the breaking out of the civil war in B. c. 49, Pedius naturally joined Caesar. During Caesar's campaign in Greece against Pompey, B. c. 48, Pedius remained in Italy, having been raised to the praetorship, and in the course of that year he defeated and slew Milo in the neighbourhood of Thurii. At the beginning of B. c. 45, we find Pedius serving as legatus against the Pompeian party in Spain, and on his return to Rome with Caesar in the autumn of the year, he was allowed the honour of a triumph with the title of proconsul. (Fasti Capit.) In Caesar's will Pedius was named one of his heirs along with his two other great-nephews, C. Octavius and L. Pinarius, Octavius obtaining three-fourths of the property, and the remaining fourth being divided between Pinarius and Pedius, who resigned his share of the inheritance to Octavius. After the fall of the consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, at the battle of Mutina in the month of April, B. c. 43, Octavius marched to Rome at the head of an army [AUGUSTUS, p. 425, b.), and in the month of August he was elected consul along with Pedius. The latter forthwith, at the instigation of his colleague, proposed a law, known by the name of the Lex Pedia, by which all the murderers of Julius Caesar were punished with aquae et ignis interdictio. Pedius was left in charge of the city, while Octavius marched into the north of Italy, and as the latter had now determined to join Antonius and Lepidus, Pedius proposed in the senate the repeal of the sentence of outlawry which had been pronounced against them. To this the senate was obliged to give an unwilling consent; and soon afterwards towards the close of the year there was formed at Bononia the celebrated triumvirate between Octavius, Antonius and Lepidus. As soon as the news reached Rome that the triumvirs had made out a list of persons to be put to death, the utmost consternation prevailed, more especially as the names of those who were doomed had not trans. pired. During the whole of the night on which the news arrived, Pedius was with difficulty able to prevent an open insurrection; and on the following morning, being ignorant of the decision of the triumvirs, he declared that only seventeen persons should be put to death, and pledged the public word for the safety of all others. But the fatigue to which he had been exposed was so great that it occasioned his death on the succeeding night. (Cic. ad Att. ix. 14; Caesar, B. C. iii. 22; Auctor, B. Hisp. 2; Suet. Caes. 83; Dion Cass. xliii. 31, 42, xlvi. 46, 52; Appian, B. C. iii. 22, 94, 96, iv. 6; Plin. H. N. xxxv. 4. s. 7; Vell. Pat. ii. 69; Suet. Ner. 3, Galb. 3.) 2. Q. PEDIUS, the grandson of No. 1, was a painter. [See below.] 3. PEDIUS POPLICOLA, a celebrated orator mentioned by Horace (Serm. i. 10. 28), may have been a son of No. 1. 4. PEDIUS BLAESUS. [BLAESUS, p. 492, a.] 5. CN. PEDIUS CASTUS, consul suffectus at the beginning of the reign of Vespasian, a. D. 71. PEDIUS, Q., a Roman painter in the latter part of the first century B. C. He was the grandson of that Q. Pedius who was the nephew of Julius Caesar, and his co-heir with Augustus (see above, No. 1): but, as he was dumb from his birth, his kinsman, the orator Messala, had him taught painting: this arrangement was approved of by Augustus, and Pedius attained to considerable excellence in the art, but he died while still a youth (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 4. s. 7). Müller places him at B. C. 34, but this is too early a date. [P.S.] PE'DIUS, SEXTUS, a Roman jurist, whose writings were apparently known to Pomponius (Dig. 4. tit. 3. s. 1. § 4). His name Sextus appears in a passage of Paulus (Dig. 4. tit. 8. s. 32. § 20), and in other passages. Pedius was younger than Ofilius [OFILIUS], or at least a contemporary (Dig. 14. tit. 1. s. 1. § 9): and the same remark applies to Sabinus (Dig. 50. tit. 6. s. 13. § 1), where Massurius Sabinus is meant. He is most frequently cited by Paulus and Ulpian. He is also cited by Julian (Dig. 3. tit. 5. s. 6. § 9). We may, therefore, conclude that he lived before the time of Hadrian. He wrote Libri ad Edictum, of which the twenty-fifth is quoted by Paulus (Dig. 37. tit. 1. s. 6. § 2). He also wrote Libri de Stipulationibus (12. tit. 1. s. 6). The passages which are cited from him show that he had a true perception of the right method of legal interpretation; for instance, he says, in a passage quoted by Paulus, “it is best 66 not to scrutinize the proper signification of words, but mainly what the testator has intended to declare; in the next place, what is the opinion of those who live in each district" (De Instructo vel Instrumento Legato, Dig. 33. tit. 7. s. 18. § 3). In another passage quoted by Ulpian (Dig. 1. tit. 3. s. 13), Pedius observes that when one or two things are introduced by a lex, it is a good ground for supplying the rest which tends to the same useful purpose, by interpretation, or at least by jurisdictio." (Grotius, Vitae Jurisconsultorum; Zimmern, Geschichte des Röm. Privatrechts, p. 333; the passages of the Digest in which Sextus Pedins is cited are collected by Wieling, Jurisprudentia Restitula, p. 335.) [G. L. PEDO ALBINOVANUS. [ALBINOVANUS.] PEDO, M. JUVENTIUS, a judex spoken of with praise by Cicero in his oration for Cluentius (c. 38). PEDO, M. VERGILIA'NUS, consul A. D. 115 with L. Vipstanus Messalla. PEDUCAEA'NUS, C. CURTIUS, praetor B. C. 50, to whom one of Cicero's letters is addressed (ad Fam. xiii. 59). He was probably a son of Sex. Peducaeus, who was propraetor in Sicily BC. 76-75 [PEDUCAEUS, No. 2], and was adopted by C. Curtius. In one of Cicero's speeches after his return from banishment, he speaks of M'. Curtius or Curius, as some editions have the name, to whose father he had been quaestor (post Red. in Senat. 8). The latter person would seem to be the same as the praetor, and the praenomen is probably wrong in one of the passages quoted above. PEDUCAEUS, a Roman name, which first occurs in the last century of the republic, is also written Paeduceus; but it appears from inscriptions that Peducaeus is the correct form. 1. SEX. PEDUCAEUS, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 113, brought forward a bill appointing L. Cassius Longinus as a special commissioner to investigate the charge of incest against the Vestal virgins Licinia and Marcia, whom the college of pontiffs had acquitted. (Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 30; Ascon. in Milon. p. 76, ed. Orelli.) For a full account of this transaction, see LICINIA, No. 2. 2. SEX. PEDUCAEUS, was propraetor in Sicily during B. c. 76 and 75, in the latter of which years Cicero served under him as quaestor. His government of Sicily gained him the love of the provincials, and Cicero in his orations against Verres constantly speaks of his justice and integrity, calling him Vir optimus et innocentissimus. During his administration he took a census of the island, to which Cicero frequently refers. But in consequence of his being an intimate friend of Verres, he was rejected as judex by Cicero at the trial of the latter. At a later time Cicero also spoke of Peducaeus in terms of the greatest respect and esteem. (Cic. Verr. i. 7, ii. 56, iii. 93, iv. 64, de Fin. ii. 18, ad Att. x. 1.) There is some difficulty in determining in the letters of Cicero, whether this Peducaeus is meant or his son [No. 3]; but the two following passages, from the time at which the letters were written, would seem to refer to the father (ad Att. i. 4, 5). Besides the son Sextus mentioned below, Peducaeus appears to have had another son, who was adopted into the Curtia gens. [PEDUCAEANUS.] 3. SEX. PEDUCAEUS, was an intimate friend both of Atticus and Cicero, the latter of whom frequently mentions him in his correspondence in terms of the greatest affection. During Cicero's absence in Cilicia Peducaeus was accused and acquitted, but of the nature of the accusation we are not informed. (Caelius, ad Fam. viii. 14.) On the breaking out of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, Peducaeus sided with the former, by whom he was appointed in B. c. 48 to the government of Sardinia. In B. c. 39, Peducaeus was propraetor in Spain, and this is the last time that his name is mentioned. (Cic. ad Att. vii. 13, a., 14, 17, ix. 7, 10, x. 1, xiii. 1, xv. 13, xvi. 11, 15; Appian, B. C. ii. 48, v. 54.) 4. L. PEDUCAEUS, a Roman eques, was one of the judices at the trial of L. Flaccus, whom Cicero defended B. c. 59. (Cic. pro Flace. 28.) 5. T. PEDUCAEUS, interceded with the judices on behalf of M. Scaurus, B. c. 54.` (Ascon. in Scaur. p. 29, ed. Orelli.) 6. C. PEDUCAEUS, was a legate of the consul, C. Vibius Pansa, and was killed at the battle of Mutina, B. c. 43. (Cic. ad Fam. x. 33.) 7. M. PEDUCAEUS PRISCINUS, consul A. D. 110 with Ser. Salvidienus Orfitus. 8. M. PEDUCAEUS STOLGA PRISCINUS, consul A. D. 141, with T. Hoenius Severus. PEGANES, GEORGIUS. [GEORGIUS, No. 18, p. 247, a.] PE'GASIS (Пnyaσís), i. e. descended from Pegasus or originating by him; hence it is applied to the well Hippocrene, which was called forth by the hoof of Pegasus (Mosch. iii. 78; Ov. Trist. iii. 7. 15). The Muses themselves also are sometimes called Pegasides, as well as other nymphs of wells and brooks. (Virg. Catal. 71. 2; Ov. Heroid. xv. 27; Propert. iii. 1. 19; Quint. Smyrn. iii. 301; comp. Heyne, ad Apollod. p. 301.) [L. S.] PEGASUS (Пnyaσos). 1. A priest of Elentherae, who was believed to have introduced the worship of Dionysus at Athens. (Paus. i. 2. § 4.) 2. The famous winged horse, whose origin is thus related. When Perseus struck off the head of Medusa, with whom Poseidon had had intercourse in the form of a horse or a bird, there sprang forth from her Chrysaor and the horse Pegasus. The latter obtained the name Pegasus because he was believed to have made his appearance near the sources (yai) of Oceanus. Pegasus rose up to the seats of the immortals, and afterwards lived in the palace of Zeus, for whom he carried thunder and lightning (Hes. Theog. 281, &c. ; Apollod. ii. 3. § 2, 4. § 2; Schol. ad Aristoph. Pac. 722; comp. Ov. Met. iv. 781, &c. vi. 119). According to this view, which is apparently the most ancient, Pegasus was the thundering horse of Zeus; but later writers describe him as the horse of Eos (Schol. ad Hom. Il. vi. 155; Tzetz. ad Lyc. 17), and place him among the stars as the heavenly horse (Arat. Phaen. 205, &c.; Hygin. Poet. Astr. ii. 18; Ov. Fast. iii. 457, &c.). Pegasus also acts a prominent part in the fight of Bellerophon against the Chimaera (Hes. Theog. 325; Apollod. ii. 3. § 2). After Bellerophon had tried and suffered much to obtain possession of Pegasus for his fight against the Chimaera, he consulted the soothsayer Polyidus at Corinth. The latter advised him to spend a night in the temple of Athena, and, as Bellerophon was sleeping, the goddess appeared to him in a dream, commanding him to sacrifice to Poseidon, and gave him a golden bridle. When he awoke he found the bridle, offered the sacrifice, and caught Pegasus, who was drinking at the well Peirene (Pind. Ol. xiii. 90, &c. with the Schol.; Strab. viii. p. 379). According to some Athena herself tamed and bridled Pegasus, and surrendered him to Bellerophon (Paus. ii. 4. § 1), or Bellerophon received Pegasus from his own father Poseidon (Schol. ad Hom. Il. vi. 155). After he had conquered the Chimaerà (Pindar says that he also conquered the Amazons and the Solymi, Ol. xiii. 125), he endeavoured to rise up to heaven with his winged horse, but fell down upon the earth, either from fear or from giddiness, or being thrown off by Pegasus, who was rendered furious by a gad-fly which Zeus had sent. But Pegasus continued his flight (Hygin. Poet. Astr. ii. 18; Pind. Isthm. vii. 6; Tzetz. ad Lyc. 17; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 636). Whether Hesiod considered Pegasus as a winged horse, cannot be inferred with certainty from the word άτоптάμеvos; but Pindar, Euripides, and the other later writers, expressly mention his wings. Pegasus lastly was also regarded as the horse of the Muses, and in this capacity he is more celebrated in modern times than he ever was in antiquity; for with the ancients he had no connection with the Muses, except that by his hoof he called forth the inspiring well Hippocrene. The story about this well runs as follows. When the nine Muses engaged in a contest with the nine daughters of Pierus on Mount Helicon, all became darkness when the daughters of Pierus began to sing; whereas during the song of the Muses, heaven, the sea, and all the rivers stood still to listen, and Helicon rose heavenward with delight, until Pegasus, on the advice of Poseidon, stopped its rising by kicking it with his hoof (Anton. Lib. 9); and from this kick there arose Hippocrene, the inspiring well of the Muses, on Mount Helicon, which, for this reason, Persius (Prol. 1) calls fons caballinus (Ov. Met. v. 256). Others again relate that Pegasus caused the well to gush forth because he was thirsty; and in other parts of Greece also similar wells were believed to have been called forth by Pegasus, such as Hippocrene, at Troezene, and Peirene, near Corinth (Paus. ii. 31. § 12; Stat. Theb iv. 60). Pegasus is often seen represented in ancient works of art and on coins along with Athena and Bellerophon. [L. S.] PEGASUS, a Roman jurist, one of the followers or pupils of Proculus, and praefectus urbi under Domitian (Juv. iv. 76), though Pomponius says that he was praefectus under Vespasian (Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 2. § 47). Nothing is known of any writings of Pegasus, though he probably did write something; and certainly he must have given Responsa, for he is cited by Valens, Pomponius, Gaius (iii. 64), Papinian, Paulus, and frequently by Ulpian. The Senatusconsultum Pegasianum, which was passed in the time of Vespasian, when Pegasus was consul suffectus with Pusio, probably took its name from him. (Gaius, i. 31, ii. 254; Inst. 2. tit. 23. $ 5, 6, 7.) of Pegasus which were so called. (Juvenal, ed. Heinrich; Grotius, Vitae Jurisconsult.; Zimmern, Geschichte des Röm. Privatrechts, p. 322; Wieling, Jurisprudentia Restituta, p. 337, gives the citations from Pegasus in the Digest). [G. L.] PEIRAEUS (Пeipaios), a son of Clytius of Ithaca, and a friend of Telemachus. (Hom. Od. xv. 539, &c. xvii. 55, 71.) [L.S.] PEIRANTHUS (Пeipaveos), a son of Argus and Evadne, and the father of Callirrhoe, Argus, Arestorides, and Triopas. (Apollod. ii. 1. § 2; Hygin. Fab. 145; Schol. ad Eurip. Or. 932, where he is called Peirasus, which name also occurs in Pausanias, ii. 16. § 1, 17. § 5.) [L.S.] PEI RASUS (Пeípaσos), or РEIRAS, the son of Argus, a name belonging to the mythical period of Greek art. Of the statues of Hera, which Pausanias saw in the Heraeum near Mycenae, the most ancient was one made of the wild pear-tree, which Peirasus, the son of Argus, was said to have dedicated at Tiryns, and which the Argives, when they took that city, transferred to the Heraeum (Paus. ii. 17. § 5). The account of Pausanias and the mythographers, however, does not represent Peirasus as the artist of this image, as some modern writers suppose, but as the king who dedicated it. (Comp. Paus. ii. 16. § 1; Schol. ad Eurip. Orest. 920; Apollod. ii. 1. § 2; Euseb. Praep. Ecan. iii. 8; Thiersch, Epochen, 20.) [P.S.] PEIREN (Пeιрýv), the name of two mythical personages, one the father of Io, commonly called Inachus (Apollod. ii. 1. § 2), and the other a son of Glaucus, and brother of Bellerophon. (Apollod. ii. 3. § 1.) [L. S.] PEIRE NE (Пeipvn), a daughter of Achelous, Oebalus, or Asopus and Methone, became by Poseidon the mother of Leches and Cenchrias (Paus. ii. 2. § 3; Diod. iv. 74). She was regarded as the nymph of the well Peirene near Corinth, which was believed by some to have arisen out of the tears which she shed in her grief at the death of her son Cenchrias. (Paus. ii. 3. § 5.) [L.S.] PEIRITHOUS (Пepi0oos), a son of Ixion or Zeus by Dia, of Larissa in Thessaly (Hom. Il. ii. 741, xiv. 317; Apollod. i. 8. § 2; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 101). He was one of the Lapithae, and married to Hippodameia, by whom he became the father of Polypoetes (Hom. I. ii. 740, &c. xii. 129). When Peirithous was celebrating his marriage with Hippodameia, the intoxicated centaur Eurytion or Eurytus carried her off, and this act occasioned the celebrated fight between the centaurs and Lapithae (Hom. Od. xi. 630, xxi. 296, Il. i. 263, &c. ; Ov. Met. xii. 224). He was worshipped at Athens, along with Theseus, as a hero. (Paus. i. 30. § 4; comp. Apollod. i. 8. § 2; Paus. x. 29. § 2; Ov. Met. viii. 566; Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 4, and the articles HERACLES and CENTAURI.) [L. S.] PEIROOS (Πείροos or Πείρως), a son of Imbrasus of Aenus, and the commander of the Thracians who were allied with Priam in the Trojan war. (Hom. Il. ii. 844, xx. 484.) [L. S.J PEISANDER (Neiσavôpos). 1. A son of Maemalus, a Myrmidon, and one of the warriors of Achilles. (Hom. Пl. xvi. 193.) The Scholia Vetera of Juvenal (iv. 77) has the following comment: "Hinc est Pegasianum, scilicet jus, quod juris peritus fuerat ;" and in v. 79, juris peritus fuit ut praefectus; unde jus Pega- 2. A son of Antimachus, and brother of Hipposianum," which Schopen proposes to emend: "juris lochus, a Trojan, was slain by Agamennon. (Hom. peritus, fuit urbis praefectus; unde et S. C. Pega- | Il. xi. 122, &c, xiii. 601, &c; Paus. iii. 3. § 6.) sianum;" which is a probable emendation. The 3. A son of Polyctor, and one of the suitors of expression "jus Pegasianum" has been compared Penelope. (Hom. Od. xviii. 298, &c, xxii. 268; with "jus Aelianum," but we know of no writings | Ov. Her. i. 91.) [L. S.] |