netes, that is, Club-bearer, and was a robber at
Epidaurus, who slew the travellers he met with an
iron club. Theseus at last slew him and took his
club for his own use. (Apollod. iii. 16. § 1; Plut.
Thes. 8; Paus ii. 1. § 4; Ov. Met. vii. 437.)
2. A son of Copreus of Mycenae, was slain at
Troy by Hector. (Hom. Il. xv. 638.)

3. A Trojan, who was slain by Teucer. (Hom.
Il. xiv. 515.)
[L. S.]
PERO (Пnp). 1. The mother of the river-
god Asopus by Poseidon. (Apollod. iii. 12. § 6.)
2. A daughter of Neleus and Chloris, was
married to Bias, and celebrated for her beauty.
(Hom. Od. xi. 286; Apollod. i. 9. §9; Paus.
x. 31. § 2.)
[L. S.]

PEROLLA. [CALAVIUS.] PERPERNA, or PERPENNA, the name of a Roman gens. We may infer from the termination of the word, that the Perpernae were of Etruscan origin, like the CAECINAE and SPURINNAE. The Perpernae are first mentioned in the latter half of the second century B. C., and the first member of the gens, who obtained the consulship, was M. Perperna in B. c. 130. There is considerable doubt as to the orthography of the name, since both Perperna and Perpenna occur in the best manuscripts; but as we find Perperna in the Fasti Capitolini, this appears to be the preferable form. (Comp. Graevius and Garaton. ad Cic. pro Rosc. Com. 1; Duker, ad Flor. ii. 20; Drakenborch, ad Liv. xliv. 27.) There are no coins now extant to determine the question of the orthography, although in the time of Fronto there were coins bearing this name. (Fronto, p. 249, ed. Rom.)

1. M. PERPERNA, was sent as an ambassador in B. C. 168 with L. Petillius to the Illyrian king Gentius, who threw them into prison, where they remained till the conquest of Gentius shortly after by the praetor Anicius. Perperna was thereupon sent to Rome by Anicius to convey the news of the victory. (Liv. xliv. 27, 32; Appian, Mac. xvi. 1.)

B. C. 129. (Liv. Epit. 59; Justin. xxxvi. 4; Vell.
Pat. ii. 4; Flor. ii. 20; Oros. v. 10.) [ARIS-
TONICUS, No. 2.] It was the above-mentioned
Perperna who granted the right of asylum to the
temple of Diana in the town of Hierocaesareia in
Lydia. (Tac. Ann. iii. 62.)

3. M. PERPERNA, son of No. 2, consul B. c. 92 with C. Claudius Pulcher, and censor B. c. 86 with L. Marcius Philippus. Perperna is mentioned by the ancient writers as an extraordinary instance of longevity. He attained the great age of ninetyeight years, and died in B. C. 49, the year in which the civil war broke out between Caesar and Pompey. He outlived all the senators who belonged to that body in his consulship, and at the time of his death there were only seven persons surviving, whom he had enrolled in the senate during his censorship. (Plin. H. N. vii. 48 ; Val. Max. viii. 13. § 4; Dion Cass. xli. 14; the last writer gives the details a little differently.) Perperna took no prominent part in the agitated times in which he lived. In the Social or Marsic war, B. c. 90, he was one of the legates, who served under the consul P. Rutilius Lupus. (Appian, B. C: i. 40.) It was probably the same M. Perperna who was judex in the case of C. Aculeo (Cic. de Orat. ii. 65), and also in that of Q. Roscius, for whom Cicero pleaded (pro Rosc. Com. 1, 8). In B. C. 54, M. Perperna is mentioned as one of the consulars who bore testimony on behalf of M. Scaurus at the trial of the latter. ( con. in Scaur. p. 28, ed. Orelli.) The censorship of Perperna is mentioned by Cicero (Verr. i. 55), and Cornelius Nepos speaks of him (Cat. 1) as censorius.

4. M. PERPERNA VENTO, son of No. 3, joined the Marian party in the civil war, and was raised to the praetorship (Perperna praetorius, Vell. Pat. ii. 30), though in what year is uncertain. After Sulla had completely conquered the Marian party in Italy in B. c. 82, Perperna fled to Sicily with some troops; but upon the arrival of Pompey shortly afterwards, who had been sent thither by 2. M. PERPERNA, consul in B. c. 130, is said Sulla, Perperna evacuated the island. On the to have been a consul before he was a citizen; for death of Sulla in B. c. 78, Perperna joined the Valerius Maximus relates (iii. 3. § 5), that the consul M. Aemilius Lepidus in his attempt to father of this Perperna was condemned under the overthrow the new aristocratical constitution, and Papia lex after the death of his son, because he retired with him to Sardinia on the failure of this had falsely usurped the rights of a Roman citizen.* attempt. Lepidus died in Sardinia in the following M. Perperna was praetor in B. c. 135, in which year, B. c. 77, and Perperna with the remains of year he had the conduct of the war against the his army crossed over to Spain, where the amiable slaves in Sicily, and in consequence of the ad- disposition and brilliant genius of Sertorius had vantages which he obtained over them received the gained the love of the inhabitants of the country, honour of an ovation on his return to Rome. (Flor. and had for some time defied all the efforts of Q. iii. 19; Fasti Capit.) He was consul in B. C. Metellus Pius, who had been sent against him 130 with C. Claudius Pulcher Lentulus, and was with a large army by the ruling party at Rome. sent into Asia against Aristonicus, who had de- Perperna, however, was not disposed to place himfeated one of the consuls of the previous year, self under the command of Sertorius. He had P. Licinius Crassus. Perperna, however, soon brought with him considerable forces and large brought the war to a close. He defeated Aristoni- treasures; he was proud of his noble family, being cus in the first engagement, and followed up his both the son and grandson of a consul; and victory by laying siege to Stratoniceia, whither although his abilities were mean, he thought that Aristonicus had fled. The town was compelled by the chief command ought to devolve upon him, and famine to surrender, and the king accordingly fell therefore resolved to carry on the war on his own into the consul's hands. Perperna did not how- account against Metellus. But his troops, who well ever live to enjoy the triumph, which he would knew on which commander they could place most undoubtedly have obtained, but died in the neigh-reliance, compelled him to join Sertorius, as soon as bourhoood of Pergamum on his return to Rome in

they heard that Pompey was crossing the Alps in order to prosecute the war in conjunction with Metellus. For the next five years Perperna served

As to this Papia lex, the date of which has under Sertorius, and was more than once defeated.

given rise to some dispute, see PAPIUS.

[For details, see SERTORIUS.] But although

Perperna acted apparently in concert with Sertorius, he and the other Roman nobles who accompanied him were jealous of the ascendency of the latter, and at last were mad enough to allow their jealousy and pride to destroy the only man who could have restored them to political power. In B. C. 72, Perperna and his friends assassinated Sertorius at a banquet. His death soon brought the war to a close. Perperna was completely defeated in the first battle which he fought with Pompey after the death of Sertorius, and was taken prisoner. Anxious to save his life, he offered to deliver up to Pompey the papers of Sertorius, which contained letters from many of the leading men at Rome, inviting Sertorius to Italy, and expressing a desire to change the constitution which Sulla had established. But Pompey refused to see him, and commanded him to be put to death and the letters to be burnt. (Appian, B. C. i. 107, 110, 113—| 115; Plut. Pomp. 10, 20, Sert. 15, 25-27; Liv. Epit. 96; Eutrop. vi. 1; Flor. iii. 22; Oros. v. 23; Vell. Pat. ii. 30; Sall. Hist. lib. ii. iii.; Cic. Verr. v. 58.)

PERPETUUS, P. TITIUS, consul A. D. 237 with L. Ovinius Rusticus Cornelianus.

for himself, he was appointed to a chief command in Corinth, and hence he is classed by Aelian (V. H. iii. 17), among those philosophers who have taken an active part in public affairs. According to Athenaeus (iv. p. 162, c), who has no high opinion of his morality, his dissipation led to the loss of Corinth, which was taken by Aratus the Sicyonian, B. c. 243. Pausanias (ii. 8, vii. 8) states that he was then slain. Plutarch doubtfully represents him as escaping to Cenchreae. But this may have been to put into his mouth when alive, what Athenaeus says of him when dead, that he who had been taught by Zeno to consider philosophers as the only men fit to be generals, had been forced to alter his opinion, being corrected by a Sicyonian youth.

We find a list of his writings in Laërtius, in which we are startled to find OuéσTns. Athenaeus (iv. 140, p. 6, e) agrees with Laërtius, in attributing to him a work, entitled Пoλitela Aakwvikń. He also gives a general view of the contents of a work bearing his name, entitled UμTOTIKol Atáλoyou (iv. p. 162, e.). But that the favourite pupil of Zeno, and the trusted friend of Antigonus for many years, could have written such a work as PERSAEUS (Пepralos), surnamed Cittieus he describes, seems incredible. He very probably (KITTIEUS), from his native town Cittium, in the did write a book bearing the title Trouvaтα south of Crete, was a favourite disciple of Zeno, ZUμTÓTIKα (as stated by Laërtius), on the model the stoic, who was also of Cittium. Suidas (s. v.) of the Zuunóotor of Plato; hence the Пepl гánov states that he was also named Dorotheus, and that and Пepì 'Epúτwv, mentioned by Laërtius as sepahis father's name was Demetrius. Diogenes La- rate treatises of Persaeus. But, being the friend ërtius mentions that it was doubtful whether he of Antigonus, he was deemed to be an enemy to was merely an intimate friend of Zeno's, or Greek freedom; hence the inveterate enmity of Mewhether, after having been the slave of Antigonus nedemus (Diog. Laërt. ii. 143), and hence spurious Gonatas, and tutor to his son Alcyoneus, and then productions of a contemptible character were propresented by that monarch to Zeno as a copyist, he bably assigned to him. Lipsius, however (Manuhad been freed by the philosopher. The opinion duct. ad Stoic. Philosoph. xii. 1), seems to be of an that he had been Zeno's slave prevails extensively opinion quite the reverse. Suidas and Eudocia in later writers, as in A. Gellius (ii. 18). But the (p. 362) state that he wrote a history, which may notion is contradicted by the general current of his refer to his political writings. He also wrote, life, and seems to have originated in a remark of according te Laërtius, against the laws of Plato. Bion Borysthenites. Bion having seen a bronze Of his philosophical opinions, we know hardly statue of Persaeus, bearing the inscription, Пepoaîov anything. It is reasonable to conjecture that he adZvwvos Kirića, remarked that this was a mistake, hered closely to the tenets of Zeno. Accordingly, fος Περσαίον Ζήνωνος οἰκιτιέα (Athen. iv. p. we find him, on one occasion, convicting Ariston 162, d.) But from the sal nigrum which charac- of inconsistency in not adhering in practice to his terises Bion's sayings, this seems nothing more dogma, that the wise man was opinionless (áðó§aothan a sneer at the servility which he thus insinu- TOS). We find him, however, if we can trust ated that Persaeus, with whom he had come into Laërtius, agreeing with Ariston in his doctrine of rivalry at the court of Antigonus, manifested in his indifference (àdiapopía), and himself convicted of demeanour to Zeno. Indeed, if Persaeus had actually inconsistency by Antigonus - an incident which been Zeno's slave, the sarcasm would have been has been ingeniously expanded by Themistius. pointless. We learn from Diogenes Laërtius, that (Orat. xxxii. p. 358.) Cicero (de Nat. Deor. i, Zeno lived in the same house with Persaeus, and 15, where the old reading was Perseus) censures he narrates an incident, which certainly supports an opinion of his that divinity was ascribed not the insinuation of Bion. The same story is told only to men who had improved the arts of life, but by Athenaeus (xiii. p. 607, a. b.), on the authority even to those material substances which are of of Antigonus the Carystian, somewhat differently, use to mankind. Meursius (de Cypro, ii. p. 167) and not so much to Zeno's credit. Persaeus was in thinks that this is taken from a work of his the prime of life in the 130th Olympiad, B. c. 260. entitled 'Hokal Exoλal mentioned by Laërtius. Antigonus Gonatas had sent for Zeno, between Minucius Felix (Octav. p. 22, ed. Lugd. Bat. 1652), B. C. 277 and 271 (Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. p. 368, alludes also to this opinion, but he seems to have note i), when the philosopher was in his eighty-derived his knowledge from Cicero, as the illusfirst year. Zeno excused himself, but sent Persaeus and Philonides, with whom went also the poet Aratus, who had received instructions from Persaeus at Athens. Persaeus seems to have been in high favour with Antigonus, and to have guided the monarch in his choice of literary associates, as we learn from a sneer of Bion's, recorded by Laërtius. At last, unhappily |

trations are Roman, and not Greek, as we might have expected. Dio Chrysostom (Orat. liii.) states that following the example of Zeno, Persaeus, while commenting on Homer, did not discuss his general merits, but attempted to prove that he had written κατὰ δοξάν, and not κατὰ ἀληθείαν. (Comp. Diog. Laërt. vii., with Lipsius, Meursius, ll. cc., and Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iii. p. 570.) [W. M. G.]

PERSE (Пépon), a daughter of Oceanus, and wife of Helios, by whom she became the mother of Aeetes and Circe. (Hom. Od. x. 139; Hes. Theoy. 356, 956.) She is further called the mother of Pasiphae (Apollod. i. 9. § 1, iii. 1. § 2 ; Hygin. Praef.), Perses (Apollod. i. 9, in fin.), and Aloeus (Tzetz. ad Lyc. 174). Homer and Apollonius Rhodius (iv. 591) call her Perse, while others call her Perseis (comp. Tzetz. ad Lyc. 798) or Persea. (Virg. Cir. 66.)

[L. S.] PERSEIDES or PERSEIUS (Пepreídns, Περσηϊάδης, Περσεῖος, or Περσήϊος), a patronymic of Perseus, used to designate his descendants. (Hom. Il. xix. 123; Thucyd. i. 9.) But it is also used to designate the descendants of Perse, viz. Aeetes and Hecate. (Val. Flacc. v. 582, vi. 495.)

became doomed to the lower world, and an agreement was made that Persephone should spend one third (later writers say one half) of every year in Hades with Pluto, and the remaining two thirds with the gods above. (Apollod. i. 5. § 1, &c.; Ov. Met. v. 565; comp DEMETER.) The place where Persephone, was said to have been carried off, is different in the various local traditions. The Sicilians, among whom her worship was probably introduced by the Corinthian and Megarian colonists, believed that Pluto found her in the meadows near | Enna, and that the well Cyane arose on the spot where he descended with her into the lower world. (Diod. v. 3, &c.; comp. Lydus, De Mens. p. 286; Ov. Fast. iv. 422.) The Cretans thought that their own island had been the scene of the rape (Schol. ad Hes. Theog. 913), and the Eleusinians mentioned the Nysaean plain in Boeotia, and said that Persephone had descended with Pluto into the lower world at the entrance of the western Oceanus. Later accounts place the rape in Attica, near Athens (Schol. ad Soph. Oed. Col. 1590) or at Erineos near Eleusis (Paus. i. 38. § 5), or in the neighbourhood of Lerna (ii. 36. §7; respecting other localities see Conon, Narr. 15; Orph. Argon. 1192; Spanheim, ad Callim. Hymn. in Cer. 9).

[L. S.] PERSE PHONE (Пepσepóvn), in Latin Proserpina, the daughter of Zeus and Demeter. (Hom. Il. xiv. 326, Od. xi. 216; Hes. Theog. 912, &c.; Apollod. i. 5. § 1.) Her name is commonly derived from pépei póvov, "to bring" or "cause death," and the form Persephone occurs first in Hesiod (Theog. 913; comp. Hom. Hymn. in Cer. 56), the Homeric form being Persephoneia. But besides these forms of the name, we also find Persephassa, Phersephassa, Persephatta, Phersephatta, Pherrephassa, Pherephatta, and Phersephoneia, for which The story according to which Persephone spent various etymologies have been proposed. The Latin one part of the year in the lower world, and another Proserpina, which is probably only a corruption of with the gods above, made her, even with the anthe Greek, was erroneously derived by the Romans cients, the symbol of vegetation which shoots forth from proserpere, 66 to shoot forth." (Cic. de Nat. in spring, and the power of which withdraws into Deor. ii. 26.) Being the infernal goddess of death, she the earth at other seasons of the year. (Schol. ad is also called a daughter of Zeus and Styx (Apollod. Theocrit. iii. 48.) Hence Plutarch identifies her i. 3. § 1); in Arcadia she was worshipped under with spring, and Cicero (De Nat. Deor. ii. 26) calls the name of Despoena, and was called a daughter of her the seed of the fruits of the field. (Comp. Poseidon, Hippius, and Demeter, and said to have Lydus, De Mens. pp. 90, 284; Porphyr. De Ant. been brought up by the Titan Anytus. (Paus. viii. Nymph. p. 118, ed. Barnes.) In the mysteries of 37. §§ 3, 6, 25. §5.) Homer describes her as the Eleusis, the return of Cora from the lower world wife of Hades, and the formidable, venerable, and was regarded as the symbol of immortality, and majestic queen of the Shades, who exercises her hence she was frequently represented on sarcopower, and carries into effect the curses of men phagi. In the mystical theories of the Orphics, upon the souls of the dead, along with her hus- and what are called the Platonists, Cora is deband. (Hom. Od. x. 494, xi. 226, 385, 634, Il. ix. scribed as the all-pervading goddess of nature, who 457, 569; comp. Apollod. i. 9. § 15.) Hence she both produces and destroys every thing (Orph. is called by later writers Juno Inferna, Averna, Hymn. 29. 16), and she is therefore mentioned and Stygia (Virg. Aen. vi. 138; Ov. Met. xiv. along, or identified with, other mystic divinities, 114), and the Erinnyes are said to have been such as Isis, Rhea, Ge, Hestia, Pandora, Artemis, daughters of her by Pluto. (Orph. Hymn. 29. 6, Hecate. (Tzetz. ad Lyc. 708, 1176; Schol. ad 70. 3.) Groves sacred to her are said by Homer Apollon. Rhod. iii. 467; Schol. ad Theocrit. ii. 12; to be in the western extremity of the earth, on the Serv. ad Aen. iv. 609.) This mystic Persephone frontiers of the lower world, which is itself called is further said to have become by Zeus the mother the house of Persephone. (Od. x. 491, 509.) of Dionysus, Iacchus, Zagreus or Sabazius. (Hesych. s. v. Zaypeús; Schol. ad Eurip. Or. 952; Aristoph. Ran. 326; Diod. iv. 4; Arrian. Exped. Al. ii. 16; Lydus De Mens. p. 198; Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 23.) The surnames which are given to her by the poets, refer to her character as queen of the lower world and of the dead, or to her symbolic meaning which we have pointed out above. She was commonly worshipped along with Demeter, and with the same mysteries, as for example, with Demeter Cabeiria in Boeotia. (Paus. ix. 25. $5.) Her worship further is mentioned at Thebes, which Zeus is said to have given to her as an acknowledgment for a favour she had bestowed on him (Schol. ad Eurip. Phoen. 687): in like manner Sicily was said to have been given to her at her wedding (Pind. Nem. i. 17; Diod. v.2; Schol. ad Theocrit. xv. 14), and two festivals were celebrated in her honour in the island, the one at the time of

The story of her being carried off by Pluto, against her will, is not mentioned by Homer, who simply describes her as his wife and queen; and her abduction is first mentioned by Hesiod (Theog. 914). Zeus, it is said, advised Pluto, who was in love with the beautiful Persephone, to carry her off, as her mother, Demeter, was not likely to allow her daughter to go down to Hades. (Comp. Hygin. Fab. 146.) Pluto accordingly carried her off while she was gathering flowers with Artemis and Athena. (Comp. Diod. v. 3.) Demeter, when she found her daughter had disappeared, searched for her all over the earth with torches, until at length she discovered the place of her abode. Her anger at the abduction obliged Zeus to request Pluto to send Persephone (or Cora, i. e. the maiden or daughter) back. Pluto indeed complied with the request, but first gave her a kernel of a pomegranate to eat, whereby she