up a host of enemies by openly announcing his designs before his power was firmly consolidated, thus exciting the bitter hatred of the retainers of the court and of the praetorians. So early as the 5th of January, the troops looking back with regret on the ease and licence they had enjoyed under Commodus, and looking forward with disgust and apprehension to the threatened rigour of their new ruler, endeavoured, with the connivance, says Dion (lxxiii. 8), of Laetus to force the supreme power upon a senator of high birth, Triarius Maternus Lascivius by name. Escaping with difficulty from their hands, he hastened to apprise Pertinax of his danger, who, influenced by fear, promised to confirm all the promises made to the army by his predecessor, and thus for a time appeased their wrath. Soon after, during his temporary absence from Rome, another conspiracy was organised in favour of Falco [FALCO], perhaps without the consent of the latter, but this also was suppressed, and many soldiers were put to death upon the testimony of a slave. At length Laetus, by whose instrumentality Pertinax had been chosen emperor, resenting some rebuke, openly joined the ranks of the disaffected. By his contrivance two hundred of the praetorians marched in a body to the palace and forced their way into the interior. Pertinax, instead of endeavouring to resist or to escape, which would have been easy, thought to overa we the rebels by appearing in person, and imagined that he could persuade them by argument to forego their purpose. He therefore came forth and commenced a solemn address in justification of his policy. At first the men shrunk back with shame, cast down their eyes and sheathed their swords, but one ferocious barbarian, a Tungrian, rushing forwards transfixed the royal orator with his weapon, upon which the rest, animated with like fury, despatched him with many wounds, and cutting off his head stuck it in triumph upon a spear. Eclectus the chamberlain alone stood manfully by his master to the last, wounded many of the assailants, and was himself murdered upon the spot. The rest of the attendants took to flight at the beginning of the affray and escaped in all

directions.

Such was the end of Pertinax on the 28th of March, A. D. 193, in the 67th year of his age, after a reign of two months and twenty-seven days. He was a man of venerable aspect, with long beard and curling locks, of commanding figure, although somewhat corpulent and troubled with lameness. He expressed himself without difficulty, and was mild and winning in his address, but was believed to be deficient in sincerity and genuine warmth of heart. (Dion Cass. lxxi. 3-19, Ixxii. 4—9, lxxiii. 1-10; Herodian. ii. 1. § 6-12, ii. 2. § 17, 9. § 12; Aur. Vict. Epit. xviii. Dion Cassius says nothing of the attempt to place Maternus upon the throne. He speaks of the conspiracy of Falco as the first; states that upon this occasion

COIN OF PERTINAX

N

Pertinax made his apologetic harangue, that Laetus
took advantage of this commotion to put to death
a great multitude of the soldiers as if by the orders
of Pertinax; that this circumstance filled the
praetorians with rage and terror, and led to the
catastrophe.)
[W.R.]

PESCE NNIUS, a friend of Cicero's in his exile. (Cic. ad Fam. xiv. 4.)

PESCE NNIUS FESTUS. [FESTUS] PESCE'NNIUS NIGER. [NIGER.] PESSINUNTΙΑ (Πεσσινουντία οι Πεσσιvovvrís), a surname of Cybele, which she derived from the town of Pessinus, in Galatia. (Cic. De Harusp. Resp. 13; Liv. xxix. 10; Strab. xii. p. 567; Herodian, i. 11.) [L. S.]

PETEOS (Пеrews), a son of Orneus, and father of Menestheus, was expelled from Athens by Aegeus, and is said to have gone to Phocis, where he founded the town of Stiris. (Hom. Il. ii. 552, iv. 338; Apollod. iii. 10. § 8; Paus. ii. 25. § 5, x. 35. § 5; Plut. Thes. 32.) [L. S.]

PETICUS, C. SULPICIUS, a distinguished patrician in the times immediately following the enactment of the Licinian laws. He was censor B. C. 366, the year in which a plebeian consul was first elected; and two years afterwards, B. C. 364, he was consul with C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, the proposer of the celebrated Licinian laws. In this year a fearful pestilence visited the city, which occasioned the establishment of ludi scenici for the first time. In B. c. 362 he served as legate in the army of the plebeian consul, L. Genucius, and after the fall of the latter in battle, he repulsed the Hernici in an attack which they made upon the Roman camp. In the following year, B. c. 361, Peticus was consul a second time with his former colleague Licinius: both consuls marched against the Hernici and took the city of Ferentinum, and Peticus obtained the honour of a triumph on his return to Rome. In B. c. 358, Peticus was appointed dictator in consequence of the Gauls having penetrated through the Praenestine territory as far as Pedum. The dictator established himself in a fortified camp, but in consequence of the murmurs of the soldiers, who were impatient at this inactivity, he at length led them to battle against the Gauls, whom he eventually conquered, but not He obtained a triumph in without difficulty. consequence of this victory, and dedicated in the Capitol a considerable quantity of gold, which was part of the spoils. In B. c. 355 he was one of the interreges for holding the elections, and in the same year was elected consul a third time with a patrician colleague, M. Valerius Poplicola, in violation of the Licinian law. In B. c. 353 he was consul a fourth time with the same colleague as in his last consulship. In B. c. 351 he was interrex, and in the same year obtained the consulship for the fifth time with T. Quinctius Pennus Capitolinus. (Liv. vii. 2, 7, 9, 12-15, 17-19, 22.)

PETI'LLIA or PETI'LIA GENS, plebeian. This name is frequently confounded with that of Poetelius, as for instance by Glandorp in his Onomasticon. The Petillii are first mentioned at the beginning of the second century B. C., and the first member of the gens, who obtained the consulship. was Q. Petillius Spurinus, B. c. 176. Under the republic the only cognomens of the Petillii are those of CAPITOLINUS and SPURINUS: a few persons, who are mentioned without a surname, are given below. On coins Capitolinus is the only

cognomen that occurs. The following coin of the Petillia gens must have been struck by a Petillius Capitolinus, as the reverse is nearly the same as the obverse of the coin figured in Vol. I. p. 605, and seems to have reference to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.

COIN OF PETILLIA GENS.

PETILLIUS. 1, 2. Q. PETILLII, two tribunes of the plebs, B. c. 185, are said to have been instigated by Cato the Censor, to accuse Scipio Africanus the elder, of having been bribed by Antiochus to allow that monarch to come off too leniently; but according to other authorities it was M. Naevius and not the Petillii who brought the charge. On the death of Africanus in this year, the Petillii brought forward a bill for making an inquiry respecting the persons who had received money from Antiochus without paying it into the treasury. (Liv. xxxviii. 50, 54, 56; comp. Gell. iv. 18; Aur. Vict. de Vir. Ill. 49.) [NAEVIUS, No. 4.]

3. L. PETILLIUS, a scriba, in whose land at the foot of the Janiculus, the books of Numa were said to have been found in B. c. 181. The books were subsequently taken to the city-praetor Petillius Spurinus. (Liv. xl. 29.) [NumA, p. 1213, a.] 4. L. PETILLIUS, was sent as ambassador in B. c. 168 with M. Perperna to the Illyrian king Gentius, and was with his colleague thrown into prison by that king, but was liberated shortly afterwards on the conquest of Gentius by the praetor Anicius. (Liv. xliv. 27, 32; Appian, Mac. xvi. 1.)

5. M. PETILIUS, a Roman eques, who carried on business at Syracuse, while Verres was governor of Sicily. (Cic. Verr. ii. 29.)

6. Q. PETILIUS, a judex at the trial of Milo. (Cic. pro Mil. 16.)

PETILLIUS CEREA'LIS. [CEREALIS.]
PETILLIUS RUFUS. [RUFUS.]

PETINES (Пetívns), one of the generals who commanded the Persian army at the passage of the Granicus, B. c. 334. He was killed in the battle. (Arr. Anab. i. 12. 16.)

[E. H. B.] PETOSI'RIS (Пeróσipis), an Egyptian priest and astrologer, who is generally named along with Nechepsos, an Egyptian king. The two are said to be the founders of astrology, and of the art of casting nativities. Suidas (s. v.) states that Petosiris wrote on the right mode of worshipping the gods, astrological maxims èk Tŵv iepwv BeXiwv (which are often referred to in connection with astrology), and a work on the Egyptian mysteries. But we may infer from a statement made by Vettius Valens, of which the substance is given by Marsham (Canon Chronicus, p. 479, ed. Lips. 1676), that Suidas assigns to Petosiris, what others attribute partly to him, and partly to Nechepsos. For his ̓́Οργανον Αστρονομικόν, οι, ψῆφος σεληνιακή, containing astrological principles for predicting the event of diseases, and for his other writings, Fabricius (Bibl. Gracc. vol. iv. p. 160) may be

consulted. And to the list given by him may be added a translation into Latin by Bede, of the astrological letter of Petosiris to Nechepsos, entitled, De Divinatione Mortis et Vitae. (Bed. Opera, vol. ii. pp. 233, 234, ed. Col. Agripp. 1612.) His name, as connected with astrology, was in high repute early in Greece, and in Rome, in her degenerate days. This we learn from the praises bestowed on him by Manethon (v. 10), who, indeed, in the prologue to the first and fifth books of his Apotelesmatica, professes only to expand in Greek verse the prose rules of Petosiris; from Julius Firmicus (Mathes. iv. in praefat. &c.), who calls Petosiris and Nechepsos, divini illi viri atque omni admiratione digni; and, from the references of Pliny. (H. N. i. 23, vii. 49.) But the best proof is the fact, that, like our own Lilly, Petosiris became the common name for an astrologer, as we find in Aristophanes, quoted by Athenaeus (iii. p. 114, c.), in the 45th epigram of Lucillius (Jacobs, Anthol. Graec. vol. iii. p. 38), whence we learn the quantity, and in Juvenal, vi. 580. Marsham has a full dissertation on Nechepsos and Petosiris, in the work above quoted (pp. 474-481). [W. M. G.]'

PETRAЕA (ПeTpaía), is the name of one of the Oceanides, and also occurs as a surname of Scylla, who dwelt in or on a rock. (Hes. Theog. 357; Hom. Od. xii. 231.) [L. S.]

PETRAEUS (Пerрaîos). 1. One of the centaurs who figures at the wedding of Peirithous. (Hes. Scut. Herc. 185; Ov. Met. xii. 330.)

2. A surname of Poseidon among the Thessalians, because he was believed to have separated the rocks, between which the river Peneius flows into the sea. (Pind. Pyth. iv. 246, with the Schol.) [L. S.]

PETRAEUS (Пeтpaîos), a friend of Philip V., king of Macedonia, who was sent by that monarch to Sparta in B. c. 220, to receive the submission of the Lacedaemonians, and confirm them in their allegiance to Macedonia. We subsequently find him commanding a military force in Thessaly, where he successfully opposed the invasion of that country by the Aetolian general Dorimachus, B. C. 218. (Polyb. iv. 24, v. 17.) [E. H. B.]

PETREIUS. 1. CN. PETREIUS, of Atina, was a centurion primi pili in the army of Q. Catulus, B. c. 102, in the Cimbrian war, and received a crown on account of his preserving a legion. (Plin. H. N. xxii. 6.)

2. M. PETREIUS, is first mentioned in B. c. 62, when he served as legatus to the proconsul C. Antonius, in his campaign against Catiline. Both Cicero and Sallust speak of Petreius as a man of great military experience, and one who possessed considerable influence with the troops. He had previously served in the army more than thirty years, either as tribune, praefectus, legatus, or praetor; but we know nothing of his former history, nor in what year he was praetor. In consequence of the illness of Antonius, according to one statement, or his dislike to fight against his former friend, as others relate, the supreme command of the army devolved upon Petreius on the day of the battle, in which Catiline perished. (Sall. Cat. 59, 60; Dion Cass. xxxvii. 39, 40; Cic. pro Sest. 5.) The name of Petreius next occurs in B. c. 59, in which year he offered to go to prison with Cato, when Caesar, the consul, threatened the latter with this punishment. (Dion Cass. xxxviii. 3.) In B. C. 55 Petreius was sent into Spain along with L. Afranius

as legatus of Pompey, to whom the provinces of the two Spains had been granted. On the breaking out of the civil war in B. c. 49, Afranius and Petreius were in Nearer Spain at the head of so powerful an army, that Caesar, after obtaining possession of Italy, hastened to Spain to reduce those provinces. Afranius and Petreius, on the approach of Caesar, united their forces, and took up a strong position near the town of Ilerda (Lerida in Catalonia), on the right bank of the Sicoris (Segre). At first they were very successful, and Caesar was placed in great difficulties; but these he quickly surmounted, and soon reduced the enemy to such straits, that Afranius and Petreius were obliged to surrender. They were dismissed uninjured by Caesar, part of their troops disbanded, and the remainder incorporated in the conqueror's army. Petreius joined Pompey in Greece, and after the loss of the battle of Pharsalia in B. c. 48, he first fled to Patrae in Achaia, and subsequently passed over to Africa. He took an active part in the campaign in Africa in B. C. 46. At the battle of Ruspina, fought at the beginning of January in this year, he was severely wounded; and he was also present at the battle of Thapsus in the month of April, by which Caesar completely destroyed all the hopes of the Pompeian party in Africa. After the loss of the battle Petreius fled with Juba to Zama, and as the inhabitants of that town would not admit them within its walls, they retired to a country house of Juba's, where despairing of safety they fell by each other's hands. The exact manner of their death is somewhat differently related by different writers. According to some accounts Juba despatched Petreius first and then killed himself, while the contrary is stated by others. (Cic. ad Att. viii. 2; Caes. B. C. i. 38, 63-86; Hirt. B. Afr. 18, 19, 91, 94; Dion Cass. xli. 20, xlii. 13, xliii. 2, 8; Appian, B. C. ii. 42, 43, 95, 100; Lucan, iv. 4, &c.; Vell. Pat. ii. 48, 50; Suet. Caes. 34, 75; Liv. Epit. 110, 114.)

3. M. PETREIUS, a centurion in Caesar's army in the Gallic war, who died fighting bravely at Gergovia, B. c. 52. (Caes. B. G. vii. 50.)

PETRICHUS (Пéтpixos), the author of a Greek poem on venomous serpents, 'Opiakά, who lived in or before the first century after Christ. His poem, which is no longer extant, is quoted by Pliny (H. N. xx. 96, xxii. 40) and the scholiast on Nicander's Theriaca (pp. 47, 50, ed. Ald.).

[W. A. G.]

PETRO, T. FLA'VIUS, the ancestor of the emperor Vespasian, was a native of the municipium of Reate, and served as a centurion in Pompey's army at the battle of Pharsalia, B. C. 48. (Suet. Vesp. 1.) [VESPASIANUS.]

PETROCO'RIUS or PETRICO'RDIUS (PAULINUS). Among the various Paulini who flourished in the Western Empire in the fifth century, was Paulinus, called in the MSS. Petricordius, which modern critics correct to Petrocorius, and suppose to be given him from the place of his birth, inferred to be Petrocorii, the modern Perigueux. Some moderns have erroneously given to him the praenomen Benedictus; an error which has arisen from their having regarded as a name the epithet benedictus," "blessed," given to him by some who have confounded him with his more celebrated namesake, Paulinus of Nola [PAULINUS, p. 144]. Sidonius Apollinaris (Epistol. viii. 11) mentions a Paulinus, an eminent rhetorician of

Perigueux, whom Sirmond supposed to be the subject of the present article, but whom the authors of the Histoire Littéraire de la France consider, but with little reason, to be his father. Our Paulinus was intimate with Perpetuus, who was bishop of Tours from A. D. 461 to 491, and whom he calls his patron. It was at the desire of Perpetuus that he put into verse the life of St. Martin of Tours; and in an epistle addressed to that prelate, he humbly tells him, with an amusing reference to the history of Balaam, that, in giving him confidence to speak, he had repeated the miracle of opening the mouth of the ass. He afterwards supplied, at the desire of the bishop, some verses to be inscribed on the walls of the new church which Perpetuus finished about A. D. 473 (or according to Oudin, A. D. 482), and to which the body of St. Martin was transferred. He sent with them some verses De Visitatione Nepotuli sui, on occasion of the cure, supposed to be miraculous, which his grandson and the young lady to whom he was married or betrothed, had experienced through the efficacy of a document, apparently the account of the miracles of St. Martin, written by the hand of the bishop. We gather that this poem was written when the author was old, from the circumstance of his having a grandson of marriageable age. Of the death of Paulinus we have no account.

The works of Paulinus Petrocorius are:-1. De Vita S. Martini, a poem in hexameter verse, divided into six books. It has little poetical or other merit. The first three books are little else than a versified abridgement of the De Beati Martini Vita Liber of Sulpicius Severus; and the fourth and fifth comprehend the incidents mentioned in the Dialogi II. et III. de Virtutibus Beati Martini of the same author. The sixth book comprises a description of the miracles which had been wrought at the tomb of St. Martin, under the eyes of Perpetuus, who had sent an account of them to Paulinus. 2. De Visitatione Nepotuli sui, a description of the miraculous cure of his grandson already mentioned; also written in hexameter verse. 3. De Orantibus (an inappropriate title, which should rather be Orantibus simply, or Ad Orantes), apparently a portion of the hexameter verses designed to be inscribed on the walls of the new church built by Perpetuus. 4. Perpetuo Episcopo Epistola. This letter was sent to Perpetuus, with the verses De Visitatione and De Orantibus. The works of Paulinus Petrocorius were first printed by Franciscus Juretus, Paris, 1585. Some writers have spoken, but without foundation, of an earlier edition printed at Dijon: Juretus ascribed the works to Paulinus of Nola, an error which is as ancient as the time of Gregory of Tours and Fortunatus of Poictiers, by whom it was shared. After the first publication of the works they were inserted in several collections of the Christian poets, and in some editions (e. g. Paris, 1575, 1589, and Cologne, 1618) of the Bibliotheca Patrum, generally, however, under the name of Paulinus of Nola. In the Lyon edition of the Bibliotheca Patrum, fol. 1677, vol. vi. p. 297, &c., they are ascribed to their right author. They were again published by Christianus Daumius, 8vo. Leipzig, 1686, with ample notes of Juretus, Barthius, Gronovius, and Daumius. To the works of our Paulinus were subjoined in this edition, the Eucharisticon of Paulinus the Penitent, or Paulinus of Pella [PAULINUS], and the poem on Jonah and the Ninevites, ascribed to Ter