after this catastrophe, Ricimer was attacked by a violent distemper which carried him off a few weeks afterwards. The only act of Olybrius during his short reign, which is recorded in history, is the raising of Gundobaldus, the nephew of Ricimer, to the patrician dignity. Olybrius died a natural death, as it appears, on the 23d of October 472, after a short and peaceful reign of three months and thirteen days. He left a daughter, Juliana Anicia, by his wife Placidia. His successor was Glycerius. (Marcellinus Comes, Cassiodorus, Victor, Chronica; Chron. Alexandr., Chron. Paschale; Ennodius, Vita Epiph. p. 380; Evagrius, ii. 16; Procop. Vand. i. 57; Zonar. vol. i. p. 40; Malchus, p. 95; Priscus in Excerpt. Legat. p. 74; Theophan. p. 102, in the Paris edit.; Jornandes, De Reb. Goth. p. 128, ed. Lindenbrog.) [W. P.] OLY MNIUS ('Oλúuvios), a physician of Alexandria, whose date is unknown, the author of a work on Critical Days, to be found in MS. in the king's library at Paris. (See Cramer's Anecd. Graeca Paris. vol. i. p. 394.) [W. A. G.] that deed in the open manner asserted by some writers. (Plut. Alex. 2, 9, 10; Justin. ix. 5, 7 xi. 11; Athen. xiii. p. 557, c.) After the death of Philip she returned to Macedonia, where she enjoyed the highest consideration and influence through the affection and filial reverence of Alexander; of which she soon after took an unworthy advantage by availing herself of the absence of the young king to put to death her rival Cleopatra, together with her infant daughter; an act of cruelty which excited the vehement indignation of Alexander. (Plut. Alex. 10; Justin. ix. 7; Paus. viii. 7. §7). It is, indeed, a remarkable trait in the character of the latter that while he was throughout his life conspicuous for his warm attachment to his mother, he did not allow himself to be blinded to her faults: during his campaigns in Asia he maintained a constant correspondence with her, and lost no opportunity of showing her respect and attention; but her frequent complaints and representations against his personal friends, especially Hephaestion, remained unheeded, and OLYMPIACUS, physician. [OLYMPICUS.] he strictly forbade her to interfere in political OLYMPIAS ('OXvμπás). 1. Wife of Philip II., affairs, or encroach upon the province of Antipater king of Macedonia, and mother of Alexander the in the government of Macedonia. In this respect, Great. She was the daughter of Neoptolemus I., however, his injunctions were ineffectual: Olymking of Epeirus, through whom she traced her pias and Antipater were continually engaged in descent to Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. (Justin. the bitterest feuds, and their letters to Alexander vii. 6. § 10; Plut. Alex. 2 ; Diod. xix. 51; Paus. i. in Asia were uniformly filled with complaints and 11. §1; Theopomp. fr. 232, ed. Didot.) Her recriminations against each other. Whether the temper, naturally vehement and passionate, led her representations of Olympias concerning the ambito engage with wild enthusiasm in all the mystic tious character and dangerous designs of the regent rites and orgies of the Orphic and Bacchanalian had really produced any effect upon the mind of worship; and we are told that it was on one of the king, or that he deemed it best to put an end these occasions that Philip first met her at Samo-to these bickerings and jealousies by the separation thrace, and became enamoured of her. (Plut. l. c.; Himerius ap. Phot. p. 367, a.) But it was not till some time after the accession of the latter to the throne of Macedonia, B. c. 359, that their nuptials took place. (Justin. l. c.) The marvellous stories circulated at a subsequent period of the circumstances connected with the birth of Alexander, B. c. 356, and which gave rise to, or rather were invented in support of, the idea that the latter was the son of Ammon and not of Philip, are too well known to require further notice. (Plut. Alex. 2, 3; Paus. iv. 14. §7; Justin. xi. 11, xii. 16; Lucian. Alex. 7; Arr. Anab. iv. 10. § 3). Plutarch and Justin absurdly ascribe to these suspicions the estrangement that subsequently arose between Philip and Olympias, for which the numerous amours of the former, and the passionate and jealous character of the latter are amply sufficient to account. It is certain that the birth of their second child Cleopatra was subsequent to that of Alexander; nor was it until many years after that event that the marriage of Philip with Cleopatra, the niece of Attalus (B. c. 337), led to an open rupture between him and Olympias. The latter took refuge at the court of her brother Alexander, king of Epeirus, whom she stimulated to engage in war with Macedonia, at the same time that she continued to foment the intrigues of her son and his partisans at the court of Philip. She appears to have been the prime mover of the scheme for the marriage of Alexander with the daughter of Pixodarus, which gave especial offence to Philip; and it was even generally believed that she lent her countenance and support to the assassination of the king by Pausanias, B. c. 336. It is, however, hardly credible that she evinced her approbation of of the parties, it is certain that Craterus had been Her 2. Daughter of Pyrrhus I. king of Epeirus, and wife of her own brother Alexander II. After his death she assumed the regency of the kingdom on behalf of her two sons, Pyrrhus and Ptolemy; and in order to strengthen herself against the Aetolians gave her daughter Phthia in marriage to Demetrius II. king of Macedonia. By this alliance she secured herself in the possession of the sovereignty, which she continued to administer till her sons were grown up to manhood, when she resigned it into the hands of Pyrrhus. But the deaths of that prince and his brother Ptolemy followed in quick succession, and Olympias herself died of grief for her double loss. (Justin. xxviii. 3.) Such is Justin's statement: according to another account Olympias had poisoned a Leucadian damsel named Tigris, to whom her son Pyrrhus was attached, and was herself poisoned by him in revenge. (Athen. xiii. p. 589, f; Helladius, ap. Phot. p. 530, a.) mother of Alexander, still carried much weight | said to have denied the rites of sepulture to her with the Macedonians, and her alliance was now remains. (Diod. xix. 35, 36, 49-51; Justin. eagerly courted by the new regent Polysperchon, xiv. 6; Paus. ix. 7. §2; Polyaen. iv. 11. § 3; who stood in need of her support against Cas- Aelian. H. N. xii. 6; Euseb. Arm. p. 155.) Of sander; and he sent her an honourable embassy, her character it is unnecessary to speak, after the imploring her to return to Macedonia, and under- events above related: she was certainly not withtake the charge of the young prince Alexander, out something of the grandeur and loftiness of the son of Roxana. She, however, followed the spirit which distinguished her son, but her unadvice of Eumenes, that she should remain in governable passions led her to acts of sanguinary Epeirus until the fortune of the war was decided, cruelty that must for ever disgrace her name. and contented herself with interposing the weight life was made the subject of a separate biography of her name and authority in favour of Poly- by Amyntianus, a writer in the reign of M. Auresperchon in Greece, and of Eumenes in Asia. lius. (Phot. Bibl. p. 97, a.) (Diod. xviii. 49, 57, 58, 62, 65.) For a time, indeed, fortune appeared to be unfavourable: the disasters of Polysperchon in Greece, and the alliance concluded by Eurydice with Cassander, gave a decided preponderance to the opposite party. But in B. c. 317, Olympias determined to take a more vigorous part in the contest, and took the field in person, together with Polysperchon, at the head of an army furnished by the king of Epeirus. Eurydice met them with equal daring; but when the mother of Alexander appeared on the field, surrounded by a train in bacchanalian style, the Macedonians at once declared in her favour, and Eurydice, abandoned by her own troops, fled to Amphipolis, where she soon after fell into the hands of her implacable rival, and was put to death, together with her unfortunate husband, the puppet king Arrhidaeus [EURYDICE]. Not content with this unnecessary act of cruelty, Olympias followed up her vengeance by the execution of Nicanor, the brother of Cassander, as well as of an hundred of his leading partisans among the Macedonian nobles, and even wreaked her fury upon the lifeless remains of his brother Iollas. (Diod. xix. 11; Justin. xiv.5; Athen. xiii p. 560, f.; Paus. i. 11. §4; Plut. Alex. 77 ; Ael. V. H.xiii. 35.) But her sanguinary triumph was of short duration: her cruelties alienated the minds of the Macedonians, and Cassander, who was at that time in the Peloponnese, hastened to raise the siege of Tegea, in which he was engaged, and turn-his arms against Macedonia. Olympias on his approach threw herself (together with Roxana and the young Alex- | ander) into Pydna, where she trusted to be able to hold out until Polysperchon or Aeacides should come to her relief; but Cassander succeeded in cutting off all succours from without, and kept the city closely blockaded both by sea and land throughout the winter. At length in the spring of 316, after suffering the utmost extremities of famine, Olympias was compelled by the increasing discontent of the garrison to surrender to Cassander, stipulating only that her life should be spared. But notwithstanding this promise, the conqueror ca. sed her to be arraigned before the assembly of the Macedonians for her late executions, and condemned to death without being allowed a hearing. Olympias in vain protested against the sentence, and demanded to be heard in her own defence. Cassander feared the effect which her personal appearance might produce, and despatched a body of soldiers to put her to death. Even these men, awed by her daring and majestic carriage, hesitated to fulfil their orders, but the friends of the Macedonians whom she had so lately put to death, rushed in and despatched her with many wounds. She met her fate with a fortitude and dignity worthy of the mother of Alexander. Cassander is 3. Daughter of Polycletus of Larissa, was the wife of Demetrius, surnamed the Handsome, by whom she became the mother of Antigonus Doson, afterwards king of Macedonia. (Euseb. Arm. p. 161.) [E. H. B.] OLYMPIAS. a female painter, of whom Pliny knew nothing more than that she instructed Autobulus. (H. N. xxxv. 11. s. 40. § 43.) [P.S.] OLY MPICUS ('OXvμTIKós), sometimes called Olympiacus, but probably incorrectly, a physician of Miletus, who belonged to the sect of the Methodici, though he did not embrace all their doctrines. (Galen, Introd. c. 4, vol. xiv. p. 684.) He was the tutor of Apollonius of Cyprus (Galen, De Meth. Med. i. 7, vol. x. p. 54), and therefore lived in the first century after Christ. Galen does not appear to have thought very highly of him, as he calls him "a frivolous (Anpaons) person" (Ibid. p. 53), and criticizes severely his definition of the words yieía and wάeos. (Ibid. pp. 54, &c. 67, &c.) [W. A. G.] OLYMPION ('OXvuriwv), an ambassador sent by Gentius, the Illyrian king, to Perseus, in B..c. 168. (Polyb. xxix. 2, 3; Liv. xliv. 23.) [GENTIUS; PERSEUS.] OLYMPIODO'RUS (оμoowpos), historical. 1. An Athenian, the son of Lampon. He commanded a body of 300 picked Athenian troops at the battle of Plataeae. When the Megarians were being hard pressed by the Persian cavalry before the general engagement, this body of Athenians undertook to relieve them, a service from which all the other Greeks shrank. (Herod. ix. 21; Plut. Aristid. p. 327, a.). 2. An Athenian, against whom a law-suit was brought by his brother-in-law, Callistratus, respecting an inheritance left by a man named Conon. Demosthenes wrote the speech Kaтà 'OXUμTIOdepov for Callistratus on this occasion. The par ticulars of the dispute are detailed in the speech, [HIEROCLES], the groundwork or idea of which he to which the reader is referred. 3. An Athenian general and statesman of considerable ability. When Cassander made his attempt upon Athens in B. c. 293, Olympiodorus sailed to Aetolia, and induced the Aetolians to send assistance to Athens; and Cassander was compelled to withdraw his forces. Shortly afterwards, when Elatea, which had been conquered by Cassander, revolted from him, it was mainly through Olympiodorus that it was enabled to hold ont against his troops. Subsequently, in B. c. 288, when Demetrius was stripped of his kingdom by Lysimachus and Pyrrhus, a small number of the Athenians, with Olympiodorus at their head, resolved to rid the city of the Macedonian garrison which Demetrius had posted in Athens in the fortress of the Museum after his conquest of the city, and which still remained faithful to him. The Athenians readily joined Olympiodorus and his confederates, and the Museum was carried by storm. Peiraeus and Munychia were also recovered, and Olympiodorus, at the head of a small body of troops which he raised at Eleusis, put to flight a body of troops in the service of Demetrius, who were ravaging the plain. Demetrius invested Athens, but was compelled by the approach of Pyrrhus to raise the siege, and shortly afterwards crossed over into Asia Minor. It was probably this Olympiodorus who was archon eponymus in B. C. 294. There was a statue of him on the Acropolis. (Paus. i. 25. § 2, i. 29. § 13, x. 18. § 7, x. 34. § 3.) [C. P. M.] OLYMPIODO'RUS ('OXvμтiódwpos), literary. 1. A writer mentioned by Pliny amongst those from whom he drew materials for the 12th book of his Natural History. 2. A disciple of Theophrastus, with whom was deposited one of the copies of his will. (Diog. Laërt. v. 57.) 3. An historical writer, a native of Thebes in Egypt, who lived in the fifth century after Christ. He wrote a work in 22 books, entitled 'IoTopikol Aoyo, which comprised the history of the Western empire under the reign of Honorius, from A. D. 407|| to October, A. D. 425 (Clinton, Fust. Rom. anno 425). Olympiodorus took up the history from about the point at which Eunapius had ended. [EUNAPIUS.] The original work of Olympiodorus is lost, but an abridgment of it has been preserved by Photius (Cod. 80), who describes the style of the work as being clear, but without force or vigour, loose, and descending to vulgarity, so as not to merit being called a history. Of this Photius thinks that the author himself was aware, and that for this reason he spoke of his work at being not a history, but a collection of materials for a history (An σvyypads). It was dedicated to the emperor Theodosius II. Olympiodorus seems to have had better qualifications as a statesman than as a writer; and in various missions and embassies amongst barbarian states he rendered important services to the empite, for which the highest honours were conferred upon him by the Roman senate (Photius, Cod. 214. p. 171, ed. Bekker.) He was sent by Honorius on an embassy to the Huns, probably to Hungary. After the death of Honorius Olympio dorus removed to Byzantium, to the court of the emperor Theodosius. Hierocles dedicated to this Olympiodorus his work on providence and fate professes to have derived from him. Photius states that Olympiodorus was a worns, that is, an alchymist. It has been supposed that this statement has arisen from a confusion between this and some other man of the same name. But Photius distinctly makes the statement on the authority of Olympiodorus himself (ws aúrós onσi). It appears, from what Photius has preserved of his writings, that he was a heathen. The abridgment by Photius has been several times published: by Phil. Labbeus, in his Eclogae Histor. de Rebus Byzant.; by Sylburg, in his Collectio Scriptorum Hist. Rom. Minorum; by Andreas Schottus, in his Eclogae Historicorum de Rebus Byzantinis; and, in conjunction with Dexippus, Eunapius, and other historical fragments, by Niebuhr, Bonn, 1829. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. pp. 632, 703.) 4. A peripatetic philosopher, who taught at Alexandria, where Proclus was one of his pupils and speedily attracted the attention of Olympiodorus, who was so much attached to him that he wished to betroth his daughter to him. Owing to the rapidity of his utterance and the difficulty of the subjects on which he treated, he was understood by very few. When his lectures were concluded, Proclus used to repeat the topics treated of in them for the benefit of those pupils who were slower in catching the meaning of their master. Olympiodorus had the reputation of being an eloquent man and a profound thinker. Nothing of his has come down to us in a written form. (Marinus, Vita Procli, c. 9; Suidas, s. v.; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 628) 5. A philosopher of the Platonic school, a contemporary of Isidorus of Pelusium, who in one of his letters (ii. 256) reproaches him for neglecting the precepts of Plato, and spending an indolent life. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iii. p. 180.) 6. The last philosopher of any celebrity in the Neo-Platonic school of Alexandria. He lived in the first half of the sixth century after Christ, in the reign of the emperor Justinian. He was a younger contemporary, and possibly a pupil, of Damascius; the partiality which he uniformly shows for him, and the preference which he gives him even above Proclus, seem to indicate this. Our knowledge of Olympiodorus is derived from those works of his which have come down to us. From a passage in his scholia to the Alcibiades Prior of Plato, Creuzer has acutely inferred that he taught before the Athenian school was finally suppressed by Justinian, that is, before a. D. 529; though the confiscations to which the philosophers were being subjected are alluded to. And in various other passages the philosophy of Proclus and Damascius is spoken of as still in existence. From what we have of the productions of Olympiodorus he appears to have been an acute and clear thinker, and, if not strikingly original, far from being a mere copyist, though he follows Damascius pretty closely. He was a man of extensive reading, and a great deal of valuable matter from the lost writings of other philosophers, as Iamblichus, Syrianus, Damascius, and others, with historical and mytho logical notices, have come down to us through him In his sketches of the general at second hand. plan and object of the dialogues of Plato, and of their dramatic construction and the characters introduced, he exhibited great ability. A great deal that is valuable is also to be found in his analyses of the philosophical expressions of Plato. His style, as might have been expected, is marked by several of the solecisms of his age, but exhibits in the main a constant endeavour after purity and accuracy. His scholia, as we have them, were put into a written form by his pupils, from notes which they took of his lectures, and are distributed into pažeis, or lessons. The inscriptions which precede the scholia state that they were written drò pwr 'Ohμtioдúpou тoû μeyáλov piλoσóþov. This will probably account for many of the defects of style observable in Olympiodorus. Of his compositions there have come down to us a life of Plato; a polemical work against Strato (in MS. at Munich); and scholia on the Gorgias, Philebus, Phaedo, and Alcibiades I. of Plato. Whether these were all the works of Plato on which he commented, or not, we do not know. The life of Plato was published in Wetstein's edition of Diogenes Laërtius, in 1692, from the posthumous papers of Is. Casaubon. It was again published by Etwall, in his edition of three of Plato's dialogues, Lond. 1771; and by Fischer, in his edition of some dialogues of Plato, Leipzig, 1783. Some of the more important scholia on the Phaedo were published by Nathan Forster, Oxford, 1752; by Fischer (l. c.); and in a more complete form, by Mystoxides and Schinas, in their Συλλογὴ Ἑλληνικῶν ἀνεκδότων, Venice, 1816. The scholia to the Gorgias were published by Routh, in his edition of the Euthydemus and Gorgias, Oxford, 1784; those to the Philebus by Stallbaum, in his edition of Plato, Leipzig, 1826; those on the Alcibiades by Creuzer, Frankfort, 1821. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 631.) same name, 7. An Aristotelic philosopher, the author of a commentary on the Meteorologica of Aristotle, which is still extant. He himself (p. 37, 6) speaks of Alexandria as his residence, and (p. 12, 6) mentions the comet which appeared in the 281st year of the Diocletian era (A. D. 565), so that the period when he lived is fixed to the latter half of the sixth century after Christ. His work, like the scholia of the Neo-Platonic philosopher of the is divided into pažeis; from which it would seem that the Aristotelic philosophy was taught at Alexandria even after the Neo-Platonic school had become extinct. Like Simplicius, to whom, however, he is inferior, he endeavours to reconcile Plato and Aristotle. Of Proclus he speaks with great admiration, styling him ó elos; but his great authority is Ammonius. His commentary was published by the sons of Aldus, at Venice, 1551. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 628, &c., who gives a list of the authors quoted by him.) OLYMPIO'STHENES ('OUμпioσlévηs), a sculptor, whose country is unknown, made three of the statues of the Muses, which were set up on Mt. Helicon, and the other six of which were made by Cephisodotus and Strongylion. (Paus. ix. 30. § 1.) It may safely be inferred that the three artists were contemporary; but, looking only at the passage of Pausanias, it is doubtful whether the elder or the younger Cephisodotus is meant. It appears, however, from other evidence that Strongylion was a contemporary of Praxiteles, and therefore of the elder Cephisodotus. [STRONGYLION.] According to this, the date of Olympiosthenes would be about B. c. 370. [P.S.] OLYMPIUS ('Oxúμmios), the Olympian, occurs as a surname of Zeus (Hom. I. i. 353), Heracles (Herod. ii. 44), the Muses (Olympiades, Il. ii. 491), and in general of all the gods that were believed to live in Olympus, in contradistinction from the gods of the lower world. (l. i. 399; comp. Paus. i. 18. § 7, v. 14. § 6, vi. 20. § 2.) [L. S.] OLYMPIUS ('Oxúμmios), a lawyer, born probably at Tralles in Lydia, in the sixth century after Christ. His father's name was Stephanus, who was a physician (Alex. Trall. De Medic. iv. 1, p. 198); one of his brothers was the physician Alexander Trallianus ; another the architect and mathematician Anthemius; and Agathias mentions (Hist. v. p. 149, ed. 1660) that his other two brothers, Metrodorus and Dioscorus, were both eminent in their several professions. [W. A. G.] OLYMPIUS NEMESIA'NUS. [NEMESI ANUS.] OLYMPUS (OxuμTos). 1. A teacher of Zeus, after whom the god is said to have been called the Olympian. (Diod. iii. 73.) 2. The father of Marsyas. (Apollod. i. 4. § 2.) 3. A disciple of Marsyas, and a celebrated fluteplayer of Phrygia. For a further account of this personage, who is closely connected with the historical Olympus, see the following article. 4. The father of Cius, from whom Mount Olympus in Mysia was believed to have received its name. (Schol. ad Theocr. xiii. 30.) 5. A son of Heracles by Euboea. (Apollod. ii. 7. § 8.) 6. Olympus, the abode of the gods also requires a few words of comment in this place. Mount Olympus is situated in the north-east of Thessaly, and is about 6,000 feet high; on its summit which rises above the clouds of heaven, and is itself cloudless, Hephaestus had built a town with gates, which was inhabited by Zeus and the other gods. (Od. vi. 42, Il. xi. 76.) The palace of Zeus contained an assembly-hall, in which met not only the gods of Olympus, but those also who dwelt on the earth or in the sea. (Il. xx. 5.) This celestial mountain must indeed be distinguished from heaven; but as the gods lived in the city which rose above the clouds and into heaven, they lived at the same time in heaven, and the gates of the celestial city were at the same time regarded as the gates of heaven. (Il. v. 749, &c.) [L. S.] 8. Surnamed Diaconus or Monachus, an ecclesiastic who lived in the sixth century. He sustained the office of diaconus in Alexandria. He is mentioned with commendation by Anastasius Sinaita, who flourished not later than A. D. 680-700. He Wrote commentaries on the books of Job, Ezra, Jeremiah, and Ecclesiastes. The notes on Job, entitled Hypotheses in Librum Jobi, were published in a Latin translation, by Paulus Comitolus, Venice, 1587; and, with those on Jeremiah, in the Catenae Patrum Graecorum. The commentary on Ecclelastes was published in Greek in the Auctarium Ducaearum Bibliothecae Patrum, Paris, 1624. Latin translations of it have been several times published. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 627 ; OLYMPUS ('OXvumos), musicians. Suidas Hoffmann, Ler. Bibl. vol. ii. p. 158.) [C. P. M.] distinguishes three Greek musicians of this name, OLYMPUS (OXUμños), the physician in ordinary to Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, who aided her in committing suicide, B. c. 30, and afterwards published an account of her death. (Plut. Anton. c. 82.) [W. A. G.] of whom the first is mythical, and the last historical: the second probably owes his existence only to some mistake of Suidas, or the writer whom he copied, since Plutarch who is a much better authority only recognizes two musicians of the name; both of whom are connected with the auletic music, which had its origin in Phrygia. (Plut. de Mus. p. 1133, d. e.) 1. The elder Olympus belongs to the mythical genealogy of Mysian and Phrygian flute-players -Hyagnis, Marsyas, Olympus-to each of whom the invention of the flute was ascribed, and under whose names we have the mythical representation of the contest between the Phrygian auletic and the Greek citharoedic music: some writers made him the father (instead of son, or disciple, and favourite of Marsyas), but the genealogy given above was that more generally received. Olympus was said to have been a native of Mysia, and to have lived before the Trojan war. The compositions ascribed to him were νόμοι εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς, that is, old melodies appropriated to the worship of particular gods, the origin of which was so ancient as to be unknown, like those which were attributed to Olen and Philammon. Olympus not unfrequently appears on works of art, as a boy, sometimes instructed by Marsyas, and sometimes as witnessing and lamenting his fate. (Suid. s. ".; Plut. de Mus. pp. 1132, e., 1133, e.; Apollod. i. 4. §2; Hygin. Fab. 165, 273; Ovid, Metam. vi. 393, Eleg. iii. 3; MARSYAS.) It may fairly be assumed that this elder and mythical Olympus was invented through some mistake respecting the younger and really historical Olympus. (Respecting this confusion, see Müller, History of Greek Literature, p. 156.) Of the particular tunes (vóuo) ascribed to him, the most important was the 'Apμários vóμos, a mournful and passionate strain, of the rhythm of which we are enabled to form an idea from a passage in the Orestes of Euripides, which was set to it, as the passage itself tells us. A dirge, also, in honour of the slain Python, was said to have been played by Olympus, at Delphi, on the flute, and in the Lydian style. Aristophanes mentions a mournful strain, set to more flutes than one (uvavλía), as well known at Athens under the name of Olympus. (Equit. 9; comp. Schol. and Brunck's note). But it can hardly be supposed that his music was all mournful; the nome in honour of Athena, at least, must have been of a different character. Some ancient writers ascribe to him the Nomos Orthios, which Herodotus attributes to Arion. Olympus was a great inventor in rhythm as well as in music. To the two existing species of rhythm, the loov, in which the arsis and thesis are equal (as in the Dactyl and Anapaest), and the διπλάσιον, in which the arsis is twice the length of the thesis (as in the Iambus and Trochee), he added a third, the jóλov, in which the length of the arsis is equal to two short syllables, and that of the thesis to three, as in the Cretic foot (~ __), the Paeons (, &c.), and the Bacchic foot (-), though there is some doubt whether the last form was used by Olympus. There is no mention of any poems composed by Olympus. It is argued by some writers that the inseparable connection between the earliest compositions in music and poetry forbids the supposition that he composed music without words. Without entering into this difficult and extensive question, it is enough to observe that, whatever words may have been originally connected with his music, they were superseded by the compositions of later poets. Of the lyric poets who adapted their compositions to the nomes of Olym pus, the chief was STESICHORUS of Himera. (Plutarch de Mus. passim ; Müller, Ulrici, Bode, and a very elaborate article by Ritschl, in Ersch and [P.S.] Gruber's Encyklopädie.) OLYMPUS ('Oλνμтоs), a statuary, whose country is unknown, and respecting whose date it can only be said that he lived later than the 80th Olympiad, B. c. 460 [OEBOTAS]. He made the statue at Olympia of the pancratiast Xenophon, the son of Menephylus, of Aegium of Achaea. (Paus. [P.S.] vi. 3. § 5. s. 14.) OLY NTHIUS, an architect, who is said to have assisted Cleomenes in the building of Alex(Jul. Valer. de R. G. Alex. i. 21, 23; Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, § 149, n. 2.) 2. The true Olympus was a Phrygian, and perhaps belonged to a family of native musicians, since he was said to be descended from the first Olympus. Müller supposes that there was an hereditary race of flute-players at the festivals of the Phrygian Mother of the Gods, who claimed a descent from the mythical Olympus. He is placed by Plutarch at the head of auletic music, as Terpander stood at the head of the citharoedic: and on account of his inventions in the art, Plutarch even assigns to him, rather than to Terpander, the honour of being the father of Greek music, dpxnγὸς τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς καὶ καλῆς μουσικῆς (De Mus. pp. 1133, e., 1135, c.). With respect to his age, Suidas places him under a king Midas, son of Gordius; but this tells us nothing, for these were alternately the names of all the Phrygian kings to the time of Croesus. Müller places him, for satis-andria. factory reasons, after Terpander and before Thaletas, that is, between the 30th and 40th Olympiads, B. c. 660-620. Though a Phrygian by origin, Olympus must be reckoned among the Greek musicians; for all the accounts make Greece the scene and of his artistic activity, and his subjects Greek; he had Greek disciples, such as Crates and Hierax. (Plut. de Mus. pp. 1133, e., 1140, d.; Poll. iv. 79.) He may, in fact, be considered as having naturalized in Greece the music of the flute, which had previously been almost peculiar to Phrygia. This species of music admitted of much greater variations than that of the lyre; and, accordingly, several new inventions are ascribed to Olympus. The greatest of his inventions was that of the third system, or genus, of music, the Enharmonic, for an explanation of which see Dict of Ant. s. v. Music. [P.S.] OLYNTHUS (Oлuvos), a son of Heracles and Bolbe, from whom the Thracian town of Olynthus, and the river Olynthus near the Chalcidian town of Apollonia, were believed to have received their name. (Steph. Byz. s. v.; Athen. viii. p. 334; Conon, Narrat. 4, where another person of the [L. S.] same name is mentioned.) OMA'DIUS ('Quádios), that is, the flesh-eater, a surname of Dionysus, to whom human sacrifices were offered in Chios and Tenedos. (Orph. Hymn. [L. S.] 51. 7; Porphyr. de Abstin. ii. 55.) OMIAS ('Qulas), a Lacedaemonian, was the chief of the ten commissioners who were sent to Philip V., king of Macedon, then at Tegea (B. C. 220), to give assurances of fidelity, and to represent the recent tumult at Sparta, in which the |