Philotheus, and sometimes to Theophilus Protospatharius [THEOPHILUS PROTOSP.], though it should be mentioned that it differs almost entirely from a short Greek work on the same subject, attributed to the last-named author, and lately published by Dr. Ermerins. It is not of much value, and is taken chiefly from Galen's works on the same subject. The author is one of those ancient writers who say the word aprηpia is derived Tapà TÒ Tòν dépа τηpeîv (c. 4), a derivation, which, in spite of its obvious and barbarous absurdity, continues to be given in many (or perhaps most) medical works, even in the present day (see note to the Oxford edition of Theophilus, De Corp. Hum. Fabr. pp. 296, 297). Philaretus is several times quoted by Rhazes, who attributes to him a work which he calls Liber trium Tractatuum, by which (as Haller conjectures) he may possibly mean the little works, De Urinis, De Excrementis, and De Pulsibus. [THEOPHILUS PROTOSP.] The Greek text has never been published, but there are two Latin translations: the former of these appeared in the old collection of medical works called Articella; the latter by Albanus Torinus was published in 1535, 8vo. Argent., and in the second volume of H. Stephani Medicae Artis Principes, Paris, fol. 1567. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xii. p. 647, ed. vet.; Haller, Bibl. Medic. Pract. vol. i. p. 307; Choulant, Handb. der Bücherkunde für die Aeltere Medicin; Ermerins, Preface to his Anecd. Med. Graeca.) [W. A. G.] PHILARGY'RIUS JU'NIUS, or PHILAR GYRUS, or JUNILIUS FLAGRIUS, for the name appears in different MSS. under these varying forms, was an early commentator upon Virgil. His observations, which are confined to the Bucolics and Georgics, are less elaborate than those of Servius, and have descended to us in a very imperfect and mutilated condition, but possess considerable interest, in consequence of containing a number of quotations from ancient writers whose works have perished. The period when he flourished is altogether uncertain, for it cannot be proved that the Valentinianus whom he addresses is Valentinianus Augustus. These scholia were first published by Fulvius Ursinus, in his remarks on Cato, Varro, and Columella, 8vo, Rom. 1587, having been discovered by him in a very ancient MS. of a fragment of Servius, and also on the margin of a MS. of Virgil, where they had been noted down by Angelus Politianus. They have been frequently reprinted, and will be found subjoined to the text of Virgil, in the editions of Masvicius and Burmann. (Fabric. Bibl. Lat. i. 12. §5; Burmann, Praef. ad Virg.; Heyne, de Antiquis Virgili Interpretibus, subjoined to his notices De Virgilii Editionibus; Suringar, Historia Critica Scholiast. Latt.; Bahr, Geschichte der Röm. Litterat. § 76, 3rd edit.) [W. R.] PHILE or PHILES, MANUEL (Mavovýλ ó ÞAŷs), a Byzantine poet, and a native of Ephesus, was born about A. D. 1275, and died about 1340. We know little of his life. He is called a poet, because he either extracted the works of poets, or wrote compositions of his own, in "versus politici" (orixo laustrol), the worst sort of poetry, and the most unmelodious kind of verses that were ever tried by poets. The following is a list of his works:-1. De Animalium Proprietate (Στ χοι ἰαμβικοὶ περὶ ζώων ἰδιότητος), chiefly extracted from Aelian, and dedicated to the emperor | Michael Palaeologus. Editions: The Greek text by Arsenius, archbishop of Monembesia, Venice, 1530, 8vo, dedicated to Charles V., emperor of Germany; the same with a Latin version by Gregorius Bersemannus, dedicated to Augustus, elector of Saxony, in Joachimi Camerarii "Auctuarius," Leipzig, 1574, 4to: the editor made many strange alterations; by the elegant scholar, John Cornelius de Paw, Utrecht, 1739, 4to, ex Cod. Bodl., with the notes and the translation of Bersemannus revised by the editor, and cum fragmentis ineditis, among which Carmen Пepl Navтíλου. 2. Carmina (varia) containing his other poetical productions, except the aforesaid Carmen de Animalium Proprietate, edited by G. Wernsdorf, and dedicated to Dr. Askew of London, and preceded by Carmen ignoti Poetae in S. Theodorum. Leipzig, 1768, 8vo. Contains: 1. Els TòY KAKOTabĥ μovaxov Xw6òv, In Monachum Leprosum; 2. Eis тоν aνтокрáторa Baoiλéa, In Augustum, id est, Andronicum Seniorem; 3. De Plantis, viz. Els Tòv oraxùy (in Spicam), els tòv Bótpuv (in Uvam), and eis rò pódov (in Rosam), as well as eis T poíav (in Malum Punicum); 4. In Cantacuzenum (Joannem), in the form of a dialogue, a sort of moral drama; 5. Epigrammata; 6. In Augus tum, id est, Andronicum Seniorem; 7. Els Tov èλépavтa, In Elephantem; 8. Пepl onpookoλnpós, De Bombyce sive Verme Serico; 9. Epigrammata; 10. Eulogium (of the historian) Pachymerae; 11. Epitaphium in Phaerasem; 12. Some verses In Templum Evergetae. This is a very curious book upon which the editor has bestowed remarkable care; each Carmen is preceded by a short explanatory introduction. (Wernsdorf's Preface to his edition; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 617, &c. There are other Byzantine writers of the name of Phile, though of little note. Eumolpus Phile wrote a Commentary on four orations of Gregorius Nazianzenus. Joannes Phile is said to have written tetrastichs on some psalms of David, and on other kindred subjects. Michael Phile, a priest who lived about 1124, is the author of an iambic epitaph on the empress Irene, and a short poem on Alexis and Joannes, the sons of Isaac Porphyrogenitus. These poems are printed in the old edition of Fabricius' Bibl. Graec.; but Harless did not think it worth while to reprint them in the new edition. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 618, Notes s, t, u, v.) [W. P.] PHI'LEAS (Pλéas). 1. A Greek geographer of Athens, whose time cannot be determined with certainty, but who probably belonged to the older period of Athenian literature. He is not only quoted by Dicaearchus (33); but that a still higher antiquity must be assigned to him, would appear from the position in which his name occurs in Avienus (Or. Mar. 42), who places him between Hellanicus and Scylax, and also from the words of Macrobius (Sat. v. 20), who calls him a vetus scriptor with reference to Ephorus. Phileas was the author of a Periplus, which is quoted several times by Stephanus Byzantinus and other later writers, and which appears to have comprehended most of the coasts known at the time at which he lived. It was divided into two parts, one on Asia, and the other on Europe. From the fragments of it which have been preserved, we learn that it treated of the following countries among others of the Thracian Bosporus (Suidas, s. v. Bóσnoрos; Schol. ad Soph. Aj. 870); of the M. s. v. 'Apyarewv); of Assos, Gargara, and Antandros (Macrob. I. c.); of Antheia, a Milesian colony on the Propontis (Steph. Byz. s. v.); of Andria, a Macedonian town (Steph. Byz. s. v.); of Thermopylae (Harpocrat. Phot. s. v.); of the Thesprotian Ambracia (Steph. Byz. s. v). Even the coast of Italy was included in the work (Steph. Byz. s. v. "Abudo). For a further account of this writer, see Osann, Ueber den Geographen Phileas und sein Zeitalter, in the Zeitschrift für die Alterthumswissenschaft, 1841, p. 635, &c. Arganthonian promontory in the Propontis (Etymol. | words, and which an inferior actor would have murdered. (Arist. Rhet. iii. 12. § 3.) [E. E.] PHILE'MON (Þλμwv), literary. 1. The first in order of time, and the second in celebrity, of the Athenian comic poets of the New Comedy, was the son of Damon, and a native of Soli in Cilicia, according to Strabo (xiv. p. 671): others make him a Syracusan; but it is certain that he went at an early age to Athens, and there received the citizenship (Suid. Eudoc. Hesych., Anon. de Com. p. xxx.). Meineke suggested that he came to be considered as a native of Soli because he went there on the occasion of his banishment, of which we shall have to speak presently; but it is a mere conjecture that he went to Soli at all upon that occasion; and Meineke himself withdraws the suggestion in his more recent work (Frag. Com. Graec. vol. ii. p. 52). 2. Bishop of Thmuitae in Egypt, in the third century of the Christian aera, and a martyr, wrote a work in praise of martyrdom. (Hieronym. Script. Ill. 78; Euseb. H. E. viii. 10; Niceph. vii. 9; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 306.) PHI'LEAS (éas), an Argive sculptor, of unknown date, whose name is found, with that of his son Zeuxippus, in an inscription on a statuebase found at Hermione, in Argolis, ΦΙΛΕΑΣΚΑΙΖΕΥΞΙΠΠΟΣΦΙΛΕΛΕΠΟΙΗΣΑΝ, 1. e. Φιλέας καὶ Ζεύξιππος Φιλέα ἐποίησαν. (Böckh, PHILE MON (Þýμwv). 1. A person whom 2. An actor mentioned by Aristotle as having supported the principal part in the Tepovтouavía and the Evore6eis of Anaxandrides. The great critic praises him for the excellence of his delivery and for the way in which he carried off by it passages which contained repetitions of the same There can be no doubt that Philemon is rightly assigned to the New Comedy, although one authority makes him belong to the Middle (Apul. Flor. § 16), which, if not a mere error, may be explained by the well-known fact, that the beginning of the New Comedy was contemporary with the closing period of the Middle. There is, however, nothing in the titles or fragments of Philemon which can be at all referred to the Middle Comedy. He was placed by the Alexandrian grammarians among the six poets who formed their canon of the New Comedy, and who were as follows:-Philemon, Menander, Diphilus, Philippides, Poseidippus, Apollodorus. (Anon. de Com. p. xxx. Tns de véas kwμῳδίας γεγόνασι μὲν ποιηταὶ ξδ', ἀξιολογώτατοι δὲ τούτων Φιλήμων, Μένανδρος, Δίφιλος, Φιλιππίδης, Пoreidiπños, 'Añoλλódwpos; comp. Ruhnken, Hist. Crit. Orat. Graec. p. xcv.) He flourished in the reign of Alexander, a little earlier than Menander (Suid.), whom, however, he long survived. He began to exhibit before the 113th Olympiad (Anon. . c.), that is, about B. c. 330. He was, therefore, the first poet of the New Comedy*, and shares with Menander, who appeared eight years after him, the honour of its invention, or rather of reducing it to a regular form; for the elements of the New Comedy had appeared already in the Middle, and even in the Old, as for example in the Cocalus of Aristophanes, or his son Araros. It is possible even to assign, with great likelihood, the very play of Philemon's which furnished the first example of the New Comedy, namely the Hypobolimacus, which was an imitation of the Cocalus. (Clem. Alex. Strom. vi. p. 267; Anon. de Vit. Arist. pp. 13, 14. s. 37, 38.) Philemon lived to a very great age, and died, according to Aelian, during the war between Athens and Antigonus (ap. Suid. s. v.), or, according to the more exact date of Diodorus (xxiii. 7), in Ol. 129. 3, B. C. 262 (see Wesseling, ad loc.), so that he may have exhibited comedy nearly 70 years. The statements respecting the age at which he died vary between 96, 97, 99, and 101 years (Lucian, Macrob. 25; Diod. l. c.; Suid. s. v.). He must, therefore, have been born about B. c. 360, and was about twenty years older than Menander. The manner of his death is differently related; some ascribing it to excessive laughter at a ludicrous incident (Suid. Hesych. Lucian, l. c.; Val. Max. ix. 12. ext. 6); others to joy at obtaining a victory in a * Respecting the error by which Philippides is placed before him, sec PHILIPPIDES. dramatic contest (Plut. An Seni sit Respubl. gerend. p. 785, b.); while another story represents him as quietly called away by the goddesses whom he served, in the midst of the composition or representation of his last and best work (Aelian, ap. Suid. s. v.; Apuleius, Flor. 16). There are portraits of him extant in a marble statue at Rome, formerly in the possession of Raffaelle, and on a gem: the latter is engraved in Gronovius's Thesaurus, vol. ii. pl. 99. (See Meineke, Men. et Phil. Reliq. p. 47.) Although there can be no doubt that Philemon was inferior to Menander as a poet, yet he was a greater favourite with the Athenians, and often conquered his rival in the dramatic contests. Gellius (xvii. 4) ascribes these victories to the use of unfair influence (ambitu gratiaque et factionibus), and tells us that Menander used to ask Philemon himself, whether he did not blush when he conquered him. We have other proofs of the rivalry between Menander and Philemon in the identity of some of their titles, and in an anecdote told by Athenaeus (xiii. p. 594, d.). Philemon was, how ever, sometimes defeated ; and it would seem that | on one such occasion he went into exile for a time (Stob. Serm. xxxviii. p. 232). At all events he undertook a journey to the East, whether from this | cause or by the desire of king Ptolemy, who appears to have invited him to Alexandria (Alciphr. Epist. ii. 3) ; and to this journey ought no doubt | to be referred his adventure with Magas, tyrant of Cyrene, the brother of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Philemon had ridiculed Magas for his want of learning, in a comedy, copies of which he took pains to circulate; and the arrival of the poet at Cyrene, whither he was driven by a storm, furnished the king with an opportunity of taking a contemptuous revenge, by ordering a soldier to touch the poet's throat with a naked sword, and then to retire politely without hurting him; after which he made him a present of a set of child's playthings, and then dismissed him. (Plut. de Cohib. Ira, p. 458, a., de Virt. Mor. p. 449, e.) in their pride of intellectual superiority, displayed their contempt for the semi-barbarian magnificence of the Greek kings of the East; another example is shown by the wit in which Philemon indulged upon the tigress which Seleucus sent to Athens. (Ath. xiii. p. 590, a.; Meineke, Men, et Phil. Reliq. p. 372, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. iv. p. 15.) The number of Philemon's plays was 97 (Diod. xxiii. 7; Anon. de Com. p. 30; Suid. s. v. as amended by Meineke, p. 46). The number of extant titles, after the doubtful and spurious ones are rejected, amounts to about 53; but it is very probable that some of these should be assigned to the younger Philemon. The following is a list of the titles of those plays which are quoted by the ancient writers, but a few of which are still considered doubtful by Meineke :-Aypoikos, ’Ayúpτns, ̓́Αδελφοι, Αἰτωλός, ̓Ανακαλύπτων, Ανανεουμένη, Ανδροφόνος, Αποκαρτερῶν, Απολις, Αρπαζόμενος, Αὐλητής, Βαβυλώνιος, Γάμος, Εγχειρίδιον, Εμπορος, Εξοικιζόμενος, Επιδικαζόμενος, Εύριπος, Εφεδρῖται, Έφηβος, Ἥρωες, Θηβαῖοι, Θησαυρός, Θυρωρός, Ιατρός, Καταψευδόμενος, Κοινωνοί, Κόλαξ, Κορινθία, Μετίων ἢ Ζώμιον, Μοιχός, Μυρμι δονές, Μυστίς, Νεαίρα, Νεμόμενοι, Νόθος, Νύξ, Παγκρατιαστής, Παιδάριον, Παῖδες, Παλαμήδης, Πανήγυρις, Παρεισιών, Πιττοκοπούμενος, Πτερύ γιον, Πτωχὴ ἢ Ροδία, Πυῤῥός, Πυρφόρος, Σάρδιος, Σικελικός, Στρατιώτης, Συναποθνήσκοντες, Συνέφη βος, Υποβολιμαῖος, Φάσμα, Φιλόσοφοι, Χήρα. Οf all these plays, those best known to us are the "EuTopos and Onσavpós, by their imitations in the Mercator and Trinummus of Plautus. The Muppudovés furnishes one of the instances in which poets of the New Comedy treated mythological subjects. Respecting the supposed subjects of the other plays see Meineke, and the article in Ersch and Gruber's Encyklopädie. The fragments of Philemon have been printed with those of Menander in all the editions mentioned in the article MENANDER. For notices of the works upon Philemon, as well as Menander, see the preface to Meineke's Menandri et PhilePhilemon seems to have been inferior to Menan-monis Reliquiae, and the articles in Hoffmann's der in the liveliness of his dialogue, for his plays Lexicon Bibliographicum. were considered, on account of their more connected Many of the testimonies respecting Philemon arguments and longer periods, better fitted for read- are rendered uncertain by the frequently occurring ing than for acting (Demetr. Phal. de Eloc. § 193). confusion between the names Philemon, Philetaerus, Apuleius (1. c.) gives an elaborate description of his Philetas, Philippides, Philippus, Philiscus, Philistion, characteristics:“ Reperias tamen apud ipsum mul- Philon, Philoxenus, and others with the same comtos sales, argumenta lepide inflexa, agnatos lucide ex-mencement, that is, with the initial syllable Phil. plicatos, personas rebus competentes, sententias vitae which is often used in MSS. as an abbreviation of congruentes; joca non infra soccum, seria non usque these names. Even the name of Diphilus is somead cothurnum. Rarae apud illum corruptelae: et, uti times confounded with Philemon, as well as with errores, concessi amores. Nec eo minus et leno per- Philon (see Meineke, Men. et Phil. Reliq. pp. 7—— jurus, et amator fervidus, et servulus callidus, et 11). One of the most important instances in which amica illudens, et uxor inhibens, et mater indulgens, this confusion has been made in the title of a et patruus objurgator, et sodalis opitulator, et miles collection of fragments, arranged in the way of proeliator (gloriator?): sed et parasiti edaces, et comparison with one another, under the title parentes tenaces, et meretrices procaces. Σύγκρισις Μενάνδρου καὶ Φιλιστίωνος, which ought undoubtedly to be κal μovos. (See further under PHILISTION.) The extant fragments of Philemon display much liveliness, wit, elegance, and practical knowledge of life. His favourite subjects seem to have been love 2. The younger Philemon, also a poet of the intrigues, and his characters, as we see from the New Comedy, was a son of the former, in whose above extract, were the standing ones of the New fame nearly all that belongs to him has been abComedy, with which Plautus and Terence have sorbed; so that, although, according to Suidas, he made us familiar. The jest upon Magas, already was the author of 54 dramas, there are only two mentioned, is a proof that the personal satire, which short fragments, and not one title, quoted expressly formed the chief characteristic of the Old Comedy, under his name. There can be little doubt that was not entirely relinquished in the New; and it some of his father's plays should be assigned to also shows the eagerness with which the Athenians, | him. (See Meineke, Menandri et Philemonis Re liquiae, praef. p. 46, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. p. 446.) 3. A geographical writer, of whom we know nothing, except that he lived before Pliny, by whom he is several times quoted (H. N. iv. 13. s. 27, xxxvii. 2. s. 11 ; Vossius, de Hist. Graec. p. 485, ed. Westermann). 4. A grammarian, surnamed d KpiTikós, the author of a recension of Homer, which is quoted in the scholia of the Codex Venetus (ad Il. ii. 258, xvi. 467), and of a commentary, entitled Zuuuukтa eis "Ounpov, which is quoted by Porphyry (Quaest. Hom. 8). 5. Of Athens, a grammarian, author of a work or works on the Attic dialect, cited under the various titles of 'Attikal λégeis, 'ATTIKai pwval, Αττικὰ ὀνόματα ἡ γλῶσσαι, περὶ ̓Αττικῶν ὀνομάTwv (Ath. iii. p. 76, f. xi. p. 468, e. 469, a. 473, b. 483, a. 646, c. 652, f.). Athenaeus also cites the first book of his Tаνтоdаπŵv Xpηστnpíwv (iii. p. | 114, d. i. p. 11, d.), which is not improbably a part of the same work. There are other quotations from him in Athenaeus, displaying his accurate knowledge, not only of the Attic dialect, but also of the Latin language (xiv. p. 652, f. iii. p. 114, d.; see also Etym. Mag. p. 563. 32; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vi. p. 169). 6. The instructor of the younger Maximin. (Capitolin. Maxim. Jun. 1.) 7. The author of a Aeğikov TEXVOλOYikóv, the extant portion of which was first edited, from a MS. preserved in the Royal Library at Paris, by C. Burney (Lond. 1812), and afterwards by F. Osann (Berlin, 1821). The author informs us in his preface, that his work was intended to take the place of a similar Lexicon by the Grammarian Hyperechius, for such is the true reading, and not Hypereschius, as it stands in the text of Philemon (Suid. s. vv. Trepéxios, Aéwv ; Tzetz. Chil. x. 305). The work of Hyperechius was entitled Toû ̓Αλεξανδρέως Υπερεχίου ὀνομάτων τεχνολογία και VOVIKOS OUνTebeĴOα, and was arranged in eight books, according to the eight different parts of speech [HYPERECHICS]. Philemon's lexicon was a meagre epitome of this work, the best parts of which he seems to have omitted: it is, however, not without its value in the department of literary history. It is often quoted in the Etymologicum Magnum. The part of it which is extant consists of the first book, and the beginning of the second, #epì dvouárov. Hyperechius lived about the middle of the fifth century of our era, and Philemon may probably be placed in the seventh. All the information we have respecting him is collected by Osann, who also supplies important notices of the other writers of this name. (See also Classical Journal, No. xii. pp. 37-42; Museum Criticum, vol. i. pp. 197-200; Schneider, Ueber Philemon, in the Philol. Biblioth. vol. ii. p. 520). [P.S.] PHILE'MON, an engraver on precious stones, two of whose gems are extant. (Bracci, vol. ii. n. 94, 95.) [P. S.] PHILE'MON, a physiognomist mentioned by Abu-l-Faraj (Hist. Dynast. p. 56), as having said that the portrait of Hippocrates (which was shown him in order to test his skill) was that of a lascivious old man; the probable origin of which story is explained under HIPPOCRATES, p. 484. He is also said by the same author to have written a work on Physiognomy which was extant in his time in a Syriac translation (see Wenrich, De | Auctor. Graecor. Version. Arab. Syriac. Pers. &c. p. PHILE'SIAS (λnoías), a statuary of Eretria, PHILE'SIUS (Þiλnoios), a surname of Apollo at Didyma, where Branchus was said to have founded a sanctuary of the god, and to have introduced his worship. (Plin. Η. Ν. xxxiv. 8 ; comp. BRANCHUS.) [L. S.] PHILE'SIUS (Photos), an Achaean, was an officer in the army of Cyrus the Younger, and, after the treacherous capture of Clearchus and the other generals by Tissaphernes, was chosen in the place of Menon. When the Cyrean Greeks, tired of waiting for the return of Cheirisophus, determined to remove from Trapezus, Philesius and Sophaenetus, the eldest of the generals, were the two appointed to proceed on ship-board with the older men, the women and children, and the sick. At Cotyora, Philesius was one of those who attacked Xenophon for having, as was presumed, endeavoured secretly to bring over the soldiers to his project of founding a Greek colony on the Euxine, without making any public announcement of it. At the same place, in a court held to take cognizance of the conduct of the generals, Philesius was fined 20 minae (somewhat more than 804.) for a deficiency in the cargoes of the ships in which the army had come from Trapezus, and of which he was one of the commissioners. At Byzantium, when Xenophon had calmed the tumult among the Cyreans consequent on their discovery of the treachery of Anaxibius, Philesius was one of the deputation which was sent to the latter with a conciliatory message. (Xen. Anab, iii. 1. § 47, v. 3. § 1, 6. § 27, 8. § 1, vii. 1. §§ 32, 34.) [E. E.] PHILETAERUS (Þiλéraipos). 1. Founder of the kingdom of Pergamus, was a native of the small town of Tieium in Paphlagonia, and was an eunuch in consequence of an accident suffered when a child (Strab. xii. p. 543, xiii. p. 623). According to Carystius (ap, Athen. xiii. p. 577, b.) he was the son of a courtezan, though writers who flourished under the kings of Pergamus did not scruple to trace back their descent to Hercules. He is first mentioned in the service of Docimus, the general of Antigonus, from which he passed into that of Lysimachus, and soon rose to so high a degree of favour with that monarch as to be entrusted by him with the charge of the treasures which he had deposited for safety in the strong fortress of Pergamus. He continued faithful to his trust till towards the end of the reign of Lysimachus, when the intrigues of Arsinoë, and the death of the young prince Agathocles, to whom he had been closely attached, excited apprehensions in the mind of Philetaerus for his own safety, and led him to declare in favour of Seleucus. But though he hastened to proffer submission to that monarch he still retained in his own hands the fortress of Pergamus, with the treasures that it contained, and, after the death of Seleucus (B c. 280), took | titles, namely: 'Adwvásovoa, which is the title advantage of the disorders in Asia to establish of a play by Philippides; "AVTUMNOS and Oivohimself in virtual independence. By redeeming Tiwv, which are also ascribed to Nicostratus; and from Ptolemy Ceraunus the body of Seleucus, which Méλeaypos, which is perhaps the same as the he caused to be interred with due honours, he 'Araλávτn. The fragments of Philetaerus show earned the favour of his son, Antiochus I., and by that many of his plays referred to courtezans. a prudent, but temporizing course of policy, con- (Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. i. pp. 349, 350, trived to maintain his position unshaken for nearly vol. iii. pp. 292-300.) [P.S.] twenty years; and at his death to transmit the government of Pergamus, as an independent state, to his nephew Eumenes. He lived to the advanced age of eighty, and died apparently in B. c. 263 (Lucian, Macrob. 12; Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. p. 401). His two brothers, Eumenes and Attalus, had both died before him; but their respective sons successively followed him in the sovereign power (Strab. xiii. p. 623; Paus. i. 8. § 1, 10. § 4; Van Cappelle, de Regibus Pergamenis, pp. 1-7). Numerous coins are extant bearing the name of Philetaerus (of which one is given below), but it is generally considered by numismatic writers, that these, or at least many of them, were struck by the later kings of Pergamus, and that the name and portrait of Philetaerus were continued in honour of their founder. Other authors, however, regard the slight differences observable in the portraits which they bear, as indicating that they belong to the successive princes of the dynasty, whom they suppose to have all borne the surname or title of Philetaerus. But it may be doubted whether this view can be maintained. (Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 473; Visconti, Iconogr. Grecque, vol. ii. p. 200-210; Van Cappelle, pp. 141-146.) COIN OF PHILETAERUS. 2. A son of Attalus I., and brother of Eumenes II., king of Pergamus. In B. c. 171, he was left by Eumenes in charge of the affairs of Pergamus, while the king and Attalus repaired to Greece to assist the Romans in the war against Perseus. With this exception he plays no part in history. (Liv. xlii. 55; Strab. xiii. p. 625; Polyb. xl. 1.) 3. A brother of Dorylans, the general of Mithridates, and ancestor of the geographer Strabo. (Strab. x. p. 478, xiii. p. 557.) [E. H. B.] PHILETAERUS (λéraipos), an Athenian comic poet of the Middle Comedy, is said by Athenaeus to have been contemporary with Hyperides and Diopeithes, the latter perhaps the same person as the father of the poet Menander (Ath. vii. p. 342, a., xiii. p. 587). According to Dicaearchus Philetaerus was the third son of Aristophanes, but others maintained that it was Nicostratus (see the Greek lives of Aristophanes, and Suid. s. vv. 'ApioTopávns, DiλéTaipos). He wrote twenty-one plays, according to Suidas, from whom and from Athenaeus the following titles are obtained:-'Aσkλniós, Αταλάντη, Αχιλλεύς, Κέφαλος, Κορινθιαστής, Κυνηγίς, Λαμπαδηφόροι, Τηρεύς, Φίλαυλος; to which must be added the Moves, quoted in a MS. grammatica! work. There are also a few doubtful | PHILETAS (PIλnras). 1. Of Cos, the son of Telephus, was a distinguished poet and grammarian (ToinTs aμa Kai KρITIKós, Strab. xiv. p. 657), who flourished during the earlier years of the Alexandrian school, at the period when the earnest study of the classical literature of Greece was combined, in many scholars, with considerable power of original composition. According to Suidas, he flourished under Philip and Alexander; but this statement is loose and inaccurate. His youth may have fallen in the times of those kings, but the chief period of his literary activity was during the reign of the first Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, who appointed him as the tutor of his son, Ptolemy II. Philadelphus. Clinton calculates that his death may be placed about B. c. 290 (Fast. Hell. vol. iii. app. 12, No. 16); but he may possibly have lived some years longer, as he is said to have been contemporary with Aratus, whom Eusebius places at B. C. 272. It is, however, certain that he was contemporary with Hermesianax, who was his intimate friend, and with Alexander Aetolus. He was the instructor, if not formally, at least by his example and influence, of Theocritus and Zenodotus of Ephesus. Theocritus expressly mentions him as the model which he strove to imitate. (Id. vii. 39; see the Scholia ad loc.) Philetas seems to have been naturally of a very weak constitution, which at last broke down under excessive study. He was so remarkably thin as to become an object for the ridicule of the comic poets, who represented him as wearing leaden soles to his shoes, to prevent his being blown away by a strong wind; a joke which Aelian takes literally, sagely questioning, however, if he was too weak to stand against the wind, how could he be strong enough to carry his leaden shoes? (Plut. An Seni sit ger. Respub. 15, p. 791, e.; Ath. xii. p. 552, b.; Aelian, V. H. ix. 14, x. 6). The cause of his death is referred to in the following epigram (ap. Ath. ix. p. 401, e.) : Ξεῖνε, Φιλητᾶς εἰμί· λόγων ὁ ψευδόμενός με ὤλεσε καὶ νυκτῶν Φροντίδες ἑσπέριοι. We learn from Hermesianax (ap. Ath. xiii. p. 598, f.) that a bronze statue was erected to the memory of Philetas by the inhabitants of his native island, his attachment to which during his life-time he had expressed in his poems. (Schol. ad Theoc. l. c.) The poetry of Philetas was chiefly elegiac (Suid. ἔγραψεν ἐπιγράμματα καὶ ἐλεγείας καὶ ἄλλα). Of all the writers in that department he was esteemed the best after Callimachus; to whom a taste less pedantic than that of the Alexandrian critics would probably have preferred him; for, to judge by his fragments, he escaped the snare of cumbrous learned affectation (Quintil. x. 1. § 58; Procl. Chrest. 6. p. 379, Gaisf.). These two poets formed the chief models for the Roman elegy: nay, Propertius expressly states, in one passage, that he imitated Philetas in preference to Callimachus (Propert. ii. 34. 31, iii. 1. 1, 3. 51, 9. 43, iv. 6. 2; Ovid, Art. Amat. iii. 329, Remed. Amor. 759; |