Stat. Sile. i. 2. 252; Hertzberg, de Imitatione Poetarum Alexandrinorum, in his Propertius, vol. i pp. 186-210). The elegies of Philetas were chiefly amatory, and a large portion of them was devoted to the praises of his mistress Bittis, or, as the Latin poets give the name, Battis (Hermesianax, l. c.; Ovid, Trist. i. 6. 1, ex Ponto, iii. 1. 57; Hertzberg, Quaest. Propert. p. 207; the form BITT also occurs, Corp. Inscrip. Nos. 2236, 2661, b, or in Latin Batto, according to Lachmann's ingenious emendation of Propertius, ii. 34, 31, Tu Baltus memorem, &c.). It seems very probable that he wrote a collection of poems specially in praise of Bittis, and that this was the collection which was known and is quoted by Stobaeus under the name of Пalyvia (Jacobs, Animadv. ad Anth. Graec. vol. i. pars i. pp. 388. fol.; Bach, Frag. Philet. 39; Hertzberg, Quaest. Propert. p. 208). It is natural to suppose that the epigrams of Philetas, which are mentioned by Suidas, and once or twice quoted by Stobaeus, were the same collection as the lalyvia; but there is nothing to determine the question positively. There are also two other poems of Philetas quoted by Stobaeus, the subjects of which were evidently mythological, as we see from their titles, Anunτnp and 'Epuns. As to the former, it is clear from the three fragments quoted by Stobaeus (Flor. civ. 11, cxxiv. 26), that it was in elegiac metre, and that its subject was the lamentation of Demeter for the loss of her daughter. In the case of the 'Epuns there is a difficulty respecting the exact form of the title, and also respecting the metre in which it was written. Stobaeus three times quotes from the poem, in one place three lines (Flor. civ. 12), in another three (Eclog. Phys. v. 4), and in another two (Flor, cxviii. 3), all in hexameters ; while, on the other hand, Strabo (iii. p. 168) quotes an elegiac distich from Philetas, év 'Epuevelq, which most critics have very naturally supposed to be a corruption of év Epu, or, as some conjecture, év Epu éxeyeig. Meineke, however, has suggested quite a new solution of the difficulty, namely, that the 'Epuns was entirely in hexameters, and that the lines quoted by Strabo are from an entirely different poem, the true title of which cannot be determined with any approach to certainty by any conjecture derived from the corrupt reading év Epueveig (Analecta Alexandrina, Epim. ii. pp. 348-351). What was the subject of the Hermes we learn from Parthenius, who gives a brief epitome of it (Erot. 2). It related to a love adventure of Ulysses with Polymele in the island of Aeolus. Another poem, entitled Nagtaká, has been ascribed to Philetas, on the authority of Eustathius (Ad Hom. P. 1885. 51); but Meineke has shown that the name of the author quoted by Eustathius was Philteas, not Philetas. (Anal. Alex. Epim. ii. pp. 351-353.) There are also a few fragments from the poems of Philetas, which cannot be assigned to their proper places: among them are a few Iambic lines, which are wrongly ascribed to him in consequence of the confusion between names beginning with the syllable Phil, which has been already referred to under PHILEMON: Philetas has also been erroneously supposed to have written bucolic poems, on the authority of the passage of Theocritus, above referred to, which only speaks of the beauty of his poetry in general; and also on the authority of some verses in Moschus (Idyll. iii. 94, foll.), which are known to have been interpolated by Musaeus. Besides his poems, Philetas wrote in prose on grammar and criticism. He was one of the commentators on Homer, whom he seems to have dealt with very freely, both critically and exegetically; and in this course he was followed by his pupil Zenodotus. Aristarchus wrote a work in opposition to Philetas (Schol. Venet. ad I. ii. 111). But his most important grammatical work was that which Athenaeus repeatedly quotes under the title of "АTakтα, and which is also cited by the titles aтаKтo yλwoσai (Schol. ad Apol. Rhod. iv. 989), and simply yλŵσσai (Etym. Mag. p. 330. 39). The importance attached to this work, even at the time of its production, is shown by the fact that the comic poet Straton makes one of his persons refer to it (Ath. ix. p. 383; Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. iv. p. 545), and by the allusions which are made to it by Hermesianax (1. c.), and by Crates of Mallus, in his epigram on Euphorion (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 3, Anth. Pal. ix. 318). Nothing is left of it, except a few scattered explanations of words, from which, however, it may be inferred that Philetas made great use of the light thrown on the meanings of words by their dialectic varieties. It is very possible that all the grammatical writings of Philetas, including his notes on Homer, were comprised in this one collection. The fragments of Philetas have been collected by C. P. Kayser, Philetae Coi Fragmenta, quae reperiuntur, Gotting. 1793, 8vo.; by Bach, Philetae Coi, Hermesianactis Colophonii, atque Phanoclis Reliquiae, Halis Sax. 1829, 8vo. ; and in the editions of the Greek Anthology (Brunck, Anal. vol. i. p. 189, ii. p. 523, iii. p. 234; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. i. pp. 121-123). The most important fragments are also contained in Schneidewin's Delectus Poesis Graecorum, vol. i. pp. 142–147. (Reiske, Notitia Epigrammatorum, p. 266; Schneider, Anal. Crit. p. 5; Heinrich, Observ. in Auct. Vet. pp. 50— 58; Jacobs, Animadv. in Anth. Graec. vol. i. pt. i. pp. 387-395, vol. iii. pt. iii. p. 934; Preller, in Ersch and Gruber's Encyklopädie.) 2. Of Samos, the author of two epigrams in the Greek Anthology, which are distinguished in the Vatican MS. by the heading Aira Zauíov. In the absence of any further information, we must regard him as a different person from Philetas of Cos, who, though sometimes called a Rhodian (probably on account of the close connection which subsisted between Cos and Rhodes), is never spoken of as a Samian. 3. Of Ephesus, a prose writer, from whom the scholiasts on Aristophanes quote a statement respecting the Sibyls, but who is otherwise unknown. (Schol. ad Aristoph. Pac. 1071, Av. 963; Suid. S.". Bákis; Vossius, de Hist. Graec. p. 485, ed. Westermann.) [P.S.] PHILE/TES (λńτns), a Greek physician, who lived probably in the fifth century B. C., as he is mentioned by Galen as a contemporary of some of the most ancient medical men. He was one of the persons to whom some ancient critics attributed the treatise Пepì Alairns, De Victus Ratione, which forms part of the Hippocratic Collection. (Galen, De Aliment. Facult. i. 1, vol. vi. p. 473.) [W. A. G. | PHILEU'MENOS (Xevuevos), a sculptor, whose name was for the first time discovered in 1808, in an inscription on the support of the left foot of a statue in the Villa Albani, where there is also another statue evidently by the same hand. Zoëga, to whom we owe the publication of the artist's name, supposes that these statues, which are of Pentelic marble, belong to the Attic school of sculpture, in the age of Hadrian. (Zoëga's Leben, vol. ii. p. 366; Welcker, Kunstblatt, 1827, pp. 330, 331; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 380, 381.) [P.S.] PHILEUS, an eminent Ionian architect, whose name is variously written in different passages of Vitruvius, which, however, almost undoubtedly refer to the same person. In one passage (vii. Praef. § 12) we are told that Phileos published a volume on the Ionic temple of Minerva at Priene; then, just below, that Phiteus wrote concerning the Mausoleum, which was built by him and Satyrus; in another passage (i. 1. § 12), he quotes from the commentaries of Pythius, whom he calls the architect of the temple of Minerva at Priene; and, in a fourth passage (iv. 3. § 1), he mentions Pytheus as a writer on architecture. A comparison of these passages, especially taking into consideration the various readings, can leave no doubt that this Phileos, Phiteus, Pythius, or Pytheus, was one and the same person, although it is hardly possible to determine the right form of the name: most of the modern writers prefer the form Pytheus. From the passages taken together we learn that he was the architect of two of the most magnificent buildings erected in Asia Minor, at one of the best periods of the architecture of that country, the Mausoleum, which he built in conjunction with SATYRUS, and the temple of Athena Polias, at Priene; and also that he was one of the chief writers on his art. The date of the erection of the Mausoleum was soon after Ol. 106. 4, B. c. 353, the year in which Mausolus died; that of the temple at Priene must have been about twenty years later, for we learn from an inscription that it was | dedicated by Alexander (Ion. Antiq. vol. i. p. 12). This temple was, as its ruins still show, one of the most beautiful examples of the Ionic order. It was peripteral, and hexastyle, with propylaea, which have on their inner side, instead of Ionic pillars, pilasters, the capitals of which are decorated with gryphons in relief. (Ion. Antiq. vol. i. c. 2; Choiseul-Gouffier, pl. 116; Mauch, die Griech. u. Röm. Bauordnungen, pl. 40, 41; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 381-383.) [P.S.] PHILIADAS (Piλiádas), of Megara, an epigrammatic poet, who is only known by his epitaph on the Thespians who fell at Thermopylae, which is preserved by Stephanus Byzantinus (s. v. OéoTea), by Eustathius (ad Il. ii. p. 201. 40), and in the Greek Anthology. (Brunck, Anal. vol. iii. p 329; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. i. p. 80, xiii. p. 934.) [P S.] PHILIADES (λádŋs), a Messenian father of Neon and Thrasylochus, the partizans of Philip of Macedon [NEON]. It is probable that Philiades himself was attached to the same party, as he is mentioned by Demosthenes in terms of contempt and aversion. (Dem. de Cor. p. 324, de Foed. c. Alex. p. 212; Polyb. xvii. 14.) [E. H. B.] PHILIDAS (das), an Aetolian, who was sent by Dorimachus, with a force of 600 men, to the assistance of the Eleans during the Social War, B. C. 218. He advanced into Triphylia, but was unable to make head against Philip, who drove him in succession out of the fortresses of Lepreum and Samicum, and ultimately compelled him to evacuate the whole of Triphylia. (Polyb. iv. 77— 80.) [E. H. B.] | PHILINNA or PHILINE (Φίλιννα, Φιλίνη), the name of many Greek females, as, for instance, of the female dancer of Larissa in Thessaly, who was the mother of Arrhidaeus by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. (Athen. xiii. p. 557, e; Phot. Bibl. p. 64. 23.) It was also the name of the mother of the poet Theocritus (Ep. 3). PHILI'NUS (Xivos). 1. A Greek of Agrigentum, accompanied Hannibal in his campaigns against Rome, and wrote a history of the Punic wars, in which he exhibited, says Polybius, as much partiality towards Carthage, as Fabius did towards Rome. His hatred against Rome may have been excited, as Niebuhr has remarked (Hist. of Rome, vol. iii. p. 573), by the unfortu nate fate of his native town, which was stormed by the Romans in the first Punic war. How far the history of Philinus came down is uncertain; he is usually called by most modern writers the historian of the first Punic war; but we have the express testimony of Cornelius Nepos (Annib. 13) that he also gave an account of the campaigns of Hannibal; and we may therefore conclude that his work contained the history of the second as well as of the first Punic war. (Corn. Nep. l. c. ; Polyb. i. 14, iii. 26; Diod. xxiii. 8, xxiv. 2, 3.) To this Philinus Müller (Fragm. Hist. Graec. p. xlviii.) assigns a work Пepl Powíêns, which Suidas (s. v. PiñíσKOS † Þíλotos) erroneously ascribes to Philistus. 2. An Attic orator, a contemporary of Demosthenes and Lycurgus. He is mentioned by Demosthenes in his oration against Meidias (p. 566), who calls him the son of Nicostratus, and says that he was trierarch with him. Harpocration mentions three orations of Philinus. 1. pos Αἰσχύλου καὶ Σοφοκλέους καὶ Εὐριπίδου εἰκόνας, which was against a proposition of Lycurgus that statues should be erected to those poets (s. v. Dewpikά). 2. Κατὰ Δωροθέου, which was ascribed likewise to Hyperides (s. v. ¿ñì kópþns). 3. Kpo κωνιδῶν διαδικασία πρὸς Κοιρωνίδας, which was ascribed by others to Lycurgus (s. v. Koipavida; comp. Athen. x. p. 425, b; Bekker, Anecd. Graec. vol. i. p. 273. 5). An ancient grammarian, quoted by Clemens Alexandrinus (Strom. vi. p. 748), says that Philinus borrowed from Demosthenes. (Ruhnken, Historia Oratorum Graecorum, p. 75, &c.; Westermann, Geschichte der Griechis chen Beredtsamkeit, § 54, n. 29.) PHILI'NUS (Piλivos), a Greek physician, born in the island of Cos, the reputed founder of the sect of the Empirici (Cramer's Anecd. Graeca Paris. vol. p. 395), of whose characteristic doctrines a shot account is given in the Dict. of Antiq. s. r. Empirici. He was a pupil of Herophilus, a contemporary of Baccheius [BACCHEIUS], and a predecessor of Serapion, and therefore probably lived in the third century B. c. (Pseudo-Galen, Introd c. 4, vol. xiv. p. 683). He wrote a work on part of the Hippocratic collection directed against Baccheius (Erot. Lex. Hippocr. in v. 'Ausny), and also one on botany (Athen. xv. pp. 681, 682), neither of which is now extant. It is perhaps this latter work that is quoted by Athenaeus (xv. 28. pp. 681, 682), Pliny (H. N. xx. 91, and Index to books xx. and xxi.), and Andromachus (ap. Galen, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Loc. vii. 6, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. v. 13, vol. xiii. pp. 113, 842). A parallel has been drawn between Philinus and the late Dr. Hahnemann 12 a dissertation by F. F. Brisken, entitled Philinus et Hahnemannus, seu Veteris Sectae Empiricae cum Hodierna Secta Homoeopathica Comparatio, Berol. 1834, 8vo. [W. A. G.] PHILIPPICUS, or more correctly PHILE'PICU'S (Kós or PemiKós), emperor of Constantinople from December, a. D. 711, to the fourth of June, 713. The account of his accession to the throne is related in the life of the emperor Justinian II. Rhinotmetus. His original name was Bardanes; he was the son of Nicephorus Patricius; and he had distinguished himself as a general during the reigns of Justinian and his predecessors; he was sent into exile by Tiberius Absimarus, on the charge of aspiring to the crown. After having been proclaimed by the inhabitants of Cherson and by the army, with which he was commanded to exterminate those people by the emperor Justinian II., he assumed the name of Philippicus, or, as extant coins of him have it, Filepicus; Theophanes, however, calls him Philippicus previous to his accession. After the assassination of the tyrant Justinian, Philippicus ruled without opposition, though not without creating much dissatisfaction through his dissolute course of life, and his unwise policy in religious matters. Belonging to the sect of the Monothelists, he deposed the orthodox patriarch Cyrus, and put the heretic John in his stead. The whole East soon embraced, or at least tended towards, Monothelism; the emperor brought about the abolition of the canons of the sixth council; and the names of the patriarchs, Sergius and Honorius, who had been anathematized by that council, were, on his order, inserted in the sacred diptychs. Philippicus had scarcely arrived in his capital when Terbilis, king of Bulgaria, made his sudden appearance under its walls, burned the suburbs, and retired with many captives and an immense booty. During this time the Arabs took and burnt Amasia (712), and in the following year (713) | Antioch in Pisidia fell into their hands. The emperor did nothing to prevent these or further disasters; a plot, headed by the patricians Georgius, surnamed Boraphus, and Theodore Myacius, was entered into to deprive him of his throne; and the fatal day arrived without Philippicus being in the least prepared for it. On the 3rd of June, 713, he celebrated the anniversary of his death; splendid entertainments were given in the hippodrome, the emperor with a brilliant cavalcade paraded through the streets of Constantinople, and when the evening approached, the prince sat down with his courtiers to a sumptuous banquet. According to his habit, Philippicus took such copious libations that his attendants were obliged to put him to bed in a senseless state. On a given signal, one of the conspirators, Rufus, entered the bed-room, and, | with the assistance of his friends, carried the drunken prince off to a lonely place, where he was deprived of his eyesight. A general tumult ensued, and the people, disregarding the pretensions of the conspirators, proclaimed one of their own favourites, Anastasius II. Philippicus ended his life in obscurity, but we have no particulars referring to the time of his death. (Theophan. pp. 311, 316321; Niceph. Const. p. 141, &c. ed. Paris, 1616, 8vo.; Zonar. vol. ii. p. 96, &c. ed. Paris ; Cedrenus, p. 446, &c.; Paul. Diacon. de Gest. Longob. vi. 31 -33 ; Suid. s. v. Φιλιππικός ; Eckhel, Doctr. Num. vol. viii. pp. 229, 230.) [W. P.] PHILIPPIDES (Þλidns), of Athens, the son of Philocles, is mentioned as one of the six principal comic poets of the New Comedy by the grammarians (Proleg. ad Aristoph. p. 30; Tzetz. Proleg. ad Lycophr. p. 257, with the emendation of Þλinwídns for ÞiλioTiwv, see PHILISTION). According to Suidas, he flourished in the 111th Olympiad, or B. c. 335, a date which would throw him back rather into the period of the Middle Comedy. There are, however, several indications in the fragments of his plays that he flourished under the successors of Alexander; such as, first, his attacks on Stratocles, the flatterer of Demetrius and Antigonus, which would place him between Ol. 118 and 122 (Plut. Demetr. 12, 26, pp. 894, c. 900, f., Amator. p. 730, f.), and more particularly his ridicule of the honours which were paid to Demetrius through the influence of Stratocles, in B. c. 301 (Clinton, F. H. sub ann.); again, his friendship with king Lysimachus, who was induced by him to confer various favours on the Athenians, and who assumed the royal title in Ol. 118. 2, B. C. 306 (Plut. Demetr. 12); and the statements of Plutarch (1. c.) and Diodorus (xx. 110), that he ridiculed the Eleusinian mysteries, into which he had been initiated in the archonship of Nicocles, B. C. 302. It is true, as Clinton remarks (F. H. vol. ii. introd. p. xlv), that these indications may be reconciled with the possibility of his having flourished at the date given by Suidas; but a sounder criticism requires us to alter that date to suit these indications, which may easily be done, as Meineke proposes, by changing pia', 111, into piď, 114, the latter Olympiad corresponding to B. c. 323 (Meineke, Menund. et Philem. Reliq. p. 44, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. p. 471; in the latter passage Meineke explains that the emendation of Suidas proposed by him in the former, pкd', was a misprint for pio). It is a confirmation of this date, that in the list above referred to of the six chief poets of the New Comedy, Philippides comes, not first, but after Philemon, Menander, and Diphilus: for if the list had been in order of merit, and not of time, Menander would have stood first. The mistake of Suidas may be explained by his confounding Philippides, the comic poet, with the demagogue Philippides, against whom Hyperides composed an oration, and who is ridiculed for his leanness by Alexis, Aristophon, and other poets of the Middle Comedy; an error into which other writers also have fallen, and which Clinton (l. c.) has satisfactorily refuted. Philippides seems to have deserved the rank assigned to him, as one of the best poets of the New Comedy. He attacked the luxury and corruptions of his age, defended the privileges of his art, and made use of personal satire with a spirit approaching to that of the Old Comedy (see Meineke, Hist. Crit. pp. 437, 471). Plutarch eulogizes him highly (Demetr. l. c.). His death is said to have been caused by excessive joy at an unexpected victory (Gell. iii. 15): similar tales are told of the deaths of other poets, as for example, Sophocles, Alexis, and Philemon. It appears, from the passage of Gellius just quoted, that Philippides lived to an advanced age. The number of his dramas is stated by Suidas at forty-five. There are fifteen titles extant, namely: -Αδωνιάζουσαι, Αμφιάραος, Ανανέωσις, Αργυρίου ἀφανισμός, Αὐλοί, Βασανιζομένη, Λακιάδαι, Μασο Tроπós, 'Oλuveía, Zvμτλéovσαι, or perhaps Zuveкπλέουσαι, Φιλάδελφοι, Φιλαθήναιος, Φιλάργυρος, Φίλαρχος, Φιλευριπίδης. In the Αμφιάραος we have one of those titles which show that the poets ander, at least so that it can be distinctly identified; but so many officers in the army bore the name of Philip that it is frequently impossible to say who is the particular person spoken of. Droysen conjectures (Hellenism. vol. i. p. 418. not.) that it is this Philip who was the father of Magas (Paus. i. 7. § 1), but there is certainly no proof of this, and the expression of Pausanias, that the latter was a man of ordinary condition and ignoble birth, is unfavourable to this supposition. of the New Comedy did not abstain from mytho- | not subsequently appear in the campaigns of Alexlogical subjects. To the above list should perhaps be added the Τρίοδοι ἢ Ρωποπώλης. The Κόθορνοι of Philonides, and the Návvior of Eubulus or Philippus, are erroneously ascribed to Philippides. The latter is only one of several instances in which the names of Philippides and Philippus are confounded (see Meineke, Hist. Crit. pp. 341, 342, 343). Some of the ancient critics charge Philippides with infringing upon the purity of the Attic dialect (Phryn. Ed. p. 365; Pollux, ix. 30), and Meineke produces several words from his fragments as examples. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. pp. 479, 480; Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. i. pp. 470-475, vol. iv. pp. 467-478, 833, 834; Bernhardy, Gesch. d. Griech. Lit. vol. ii. p. 1017.) [P.S.] PHILIPPUS (Xios), minor historical personages. 1. A citizen of Crotona, son of Butacides. Having married the daughter of Telys, king of the rival state of Sybaris, and being obliged in consequence to leave his country, he sailed away to Cyrene; and, when Dorieus, the Spartan prince, son of Anaxandrides, set forth from the Libyan coast, on his Sicilian expedition, Philippus accompanied him with a galley, equipped and manned at his own expence, and was slain in Sicily in a battle with the Carthaginians and Egestaeans. He was the finest man of his time, and a conqueror at Olympia; by virtue of which qualifications the Egestaeans worshipped him after his death as a hero. (Herod. v. 47; comp. above, Vol. I. p. 1066, b.) 6. Son of Machatas, an officer in the service of Alexander the Great, who was appointed by him in B. c. 327 satrap of India, including the provinces westward of the Hydaspes. (Arr. Anab. v. 8. 5.) After the conquest of the Malli and Oxydracae, these tribes also were added to his government. (Id. vi. 14. § 7.) But after the departure of Alexander from India, Philip was assassinated by a conspiracy formed among the mercenary troops under his command, B. c. 326. (Id. vi. 27. § 3; Curt. x. i. § 20.) Droysen considers this Philip to have been the father of Antigonus, the king of Asia. (Hellenism. vol. i. p. 43. not.) It is certain at least that they were both of the race of the princes of Elymiotis. 7. Son of Menelaus, a Macedonian officer who held the command of the Thessalian cavalry, and that of the other Greek auxiliaries in the service of Alexander. We find him mentioned as holding this post, and rendering important services both at 2. Son of Alexander I. of Macedonia, and the battles of the Granicus and Arbela; and although brother of Perdiccas II., against whom he rebelled the greater part of the Thessalian horse were sufin conjunction with Derdas. The rebels were aided fered to return to Greece, he continued to accomby the Athenians, in consequence of which Per-pany Alexander with the remainder, and is again diccas instigated Potidaea, as well as the Chalcidians and Bottiaeans, to revolt from Athens. When the Athenian generals arrived, Philip acted with them in the campaign of B. c. 432. He seems to have died before B. C. 429, in which year we find his son Amyntas contesting the throne with Perdiccas, and aided in his attempt by Sitalces, king of the Odrysian Thracians. (Thuc. i. 57, &c. ii. 95, 100.) [See above, Vol. I. p. 154, b.; and comp. Clint. F. H. vol. ii. p. 225, where a different account is given of Amyntas.] 3. A Lacedaemonian, was sent by the Peloponnesians to Aspendus, in B. c. 411, with two gallies, to take charge of the Phoenician fleet, which Tissaphernes had promised them. But Philippus sent notice from Aspendus to Mindarus, the Spartan admiral, that no contidence was to be placed in Tissaphernes; and the Peloponnesian fleet accordingly quitted Miletus and sailed to the Hellespont, whither Pharnabazus had invited them. (Thuc. viii. 87, 99.) 4. A Theban, was one of the members of the oligarchical government established at Thebes after the seizure of the Cadmeia by Phoebidas in B. C. 382. In B. c. 379, on the night when Pelopidas and his fellow-exiles carried their enterprise for the overthrow of the tyrants into effect, Philippus and Archias were slain by the conspirators at a banquet at the house of Phyllidas. (Xen. Hell. v. 4. §§ 2, &c.; comp. Plut. Pel. 9, &c. de Gen. Soc. 24, 26, 29, 32.) [E. E.] 5. Son of Amyntas, a Macedonian officer in the service of Alexander the Great, who commanded one of the divisions of the phalanx at the battle of the Granicus. (Arr. Anab. i. 14. § 3.) His name does mentioned during the advance into Bactria. (Arr. Anab. i. 15. § 4, iii. 11. § 15, 25. § 6; Curt. iv. 13. § 29, vi. 6. § 35.) 8. Son of Balacrus, an officer in the service of Alexander who commanded one taxis or division of the phalanx at the battle of Arbela. (Diod. xvii. 57.) This is the only time his patronymic is mentioned; but there can be little doubt that he is the same person who held a similar command at the passage of the Granicus, three years before. (Arr. Anab. i. 14. § 5.) It is also not improbable that he is the same with the following. 9. Satrap of Sogdiana, to which government he was first appointed by Alexander himself in B. C. 327. He retained his post, as did most of the satraps of the more remote provinces, in the arrangements which followed the death of the king (B. C. 323); but in the subsequent partition at Triparadeisus, B. c. 321, he was assigned the government of Parthia instead. (Dexipp. ap. Phot. p. 64, b.; Arrian. ib. p. 71. b.; Diod. xviii. 3, 39.) Here he remained until 318, when Python, who was then seeking to establish his power over all the provinces of the East, made himself master of Parthia, and put Philip to death. (Diod. xix. 14.) 10. A Macedonian officer, who was left by Alexander the Great in command of the garrison at Peucelaotis, near the Indus. (Arr. Anab. iv. 28. § 10.) 11. One of the friends of Alexander the Great, who was sent by him to consult the oracle of Ammon concerning the payment of divine honours to Hephaestion. (Diod. xvii. 115.) 12. A brother of Lysimachus (afterwards king of Thrace) in the service of Alexander, who died of fatigue while accompanying the king in pursuit of the enemy, during the campaigns in India. (Justin. xv. 3.) 13. A Macedonian officer, who had served under Alexander throughout his campaigns (probably therefore identical with some one of the preceding), and who in consequence as a man of age and experience was one of the counsellors selected by Antigonus to control and assist his son Demetrius during his first campaign, B.C. 314. (Diod. xix. 69.) He is perhaps the same person who is again mentioned in B. c. 302, as holding the citadel of Sardis for Antigonus, when the rest of the city was betrayed by Phoenix into the hands of Prepelaus, the general of Cassander. (Id. xx. 107.) 14. A Macedonian who commanded the right wing of the army of Eumenes in the battle at Gadamarta, B. c. 316. (Diod. xix. 40.) He is probably identical with some one of those above enumerated, but with which it is impossible to say. 15. Son of Antipater, the regent of Macedonia, and brother of Cassander, by whom he was sent in B.C. 313, with an army to invade Aetolia. But on his arrival in Acarnania the news that Aeacides, king of Epeirus, had recovered possession of his throne, induced him to turn bis arms against that monarch, whom he defeated in a pitched battle. Aeacides with the remnant of his forces having afterwards joined the Aetolians, a second action ensued, in which Philip was again victorious, and Acacides himself fell in the battle. The Aetolians hereupon abandoned the open country, and took refuge in their mountain fastnesses. (Diod. xix. 74.) | According to Justin (xii. 14) Philip had participated with his two brothers, Cassander and Iollas, in the conspiracy for the murder of Alexander. 16. Father of Antigonus, king of Asia. (Arr. Anab. i. 29. §5; Justin. xiii. 4. See No. 2.) 17. Son of Antigonus, king of Asia, was sent by his father in B. C. 310, at the head of an army, to oppose the revolt of his general Phoenix, and to recover possession of the towns on the Hellespont held by the latter. (Diod. xx. 19.) He died in BC. 306, just as Antigonus was setting out for his expedition against Egypt. (Id. xx. 73, where he is called Phoenix, though it appears certain that Antigonus had only two sons, Demetrius and Philip. See Droysen, Hellenism. vol. i. p. 465, note.) 18. A son of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, who was put to death together with his elder brother Lysimachus, by the usurper Ptolemy Ceraunus, B. C. 281. (Justin. xxiv. 3.) [LYSIMACHUS, Vol. II. p. 867, a.] 19. An officer who held the citadel of Sicyon for Ptolemy, king of Egypt, but surrendered it by capitulation to Demetrius Poliorcetes, B. c. 303. (Diod. xx. 102.) 20. An Epeirot, who took a leading part in negotiating the treaty of peace concluded between Philip V., king of Macedonia, and the Roman general P. Sempronius Tuditanus at Phoenice, in Epeirus, B. c. 205. (Liv. xxix. 12.) 21. A Macedonian officer, who commanded the garrison of Cassandreia when that place was besieged by the Roman praetor C. Marcius Figulus, together with Eumenes, king of Pergamus, in the second Macedonian war, B. c. 169. The Romans succeeded by mining in opening an entrance through the walls; but before they could take advantage of it, Philip by a sudden sally threw their troops into confusion, and made a great slaughter of them. This disaster caused the praetor to turn the siege into a blockade; and the arrival of ten Macedonian ships, which made their way into the town with a strong reinforcement of troops, soon after compelled him to abandon the enterprize altogether. (Liv. xliv. 11, 12.) 22. A Macedonian, sent as ambassador by Perseus to the Rhodians, shortly before the commencement of the second Macedonian war, to try to induce them to remain neutral during the impending contest. (Polyb. xxvii. 4.) 23. An Achaean, who, as belonging to the party favourable to the Romans, was one of those selected for the embassy of congratulation after the defeat of Perseus, B. c. 168. (Polyb. xxx. 10.) 24. Son of Alexander of Megalopolis. His father's pretended descent from Alexander the Great appears to have filled him with the most puerile schemes of ambition. On the marriage of his sister Apama with Amynander, king of Athamania, Philip accompanied her, and contrived to obtain great influence over the mind of Amynander, who gave him the government of Zacynthus, and allowed him to direct in great measure the administration of affairs. When Antiochus came into Greece (B. c. 192) he gained over Philip to his interests by pretending to regard him as the rightful heir to the Macedonian throne, and even holding out to him hopes of establishing him upon it; by which means he obtained the adherence of Amynander also. Philip was afterwards chosen by Antiochus for the duty of burying the bones of the Macedonians and Greeks slain at Cynoscephalae, a measure by which he vainly hoped to conciliate popularity. He was next appointed to command the garrison at Pellinaeum, but was soon compelled to surrender to the Romans, by whom he was sent a prisoner to Rome. When first taken captive he accidentally met Philip, the king of Macedonia, who in derision greeted him with the royal title. (Liv. xxxv. 47, xxxvi. 8, 13, 14, 31; Appian. Syr. 13, 17.) 25. A brother of Perseus, king of Macedonia, apparently a son of Philip by a subsequent marriage, as he was so much younger than his brother, that the latter adopted him as his son, and appears to have continued to regard him as the heir to his throne even after the birth of his own son Alexander. Thus we find him holding the post of honour next to the king on occasions of state; and after the fatal battle of Pydna he was the constant companion of Perseus during his flight and the period of his refuge at Samothrace, and surrendered together with him to the Roman praetor Cn. Octavius. He was led in triumph before the car of Aemilius Paulus, B. c. 167, and afterwards consigned to captivity at Alba, where he survived his adopted father but a short time. (Liv. xlii. 52, xliv. 45, xlv. 6; Plut. Aemil. 33, 37; Zonar. ix. 24.) According to Polybius (Fr. Vat. xxxvii. p. 447) he was only eighteen years old at the time of his death. 26. A friend and officer of Antiochus the Great, who held the office of commander of the elephants (magister elephantorum, a title of high rank at the court of Syria) under that monarch; in which post we find him mentioned both at the battle of Raphia, between Antiochus and Ptolemy Philopator, B. c. 217 (Polyb. v. 82), and again at the battle of Magnesia against the Romans, B. c. 190. (Liv. xxxvii. 41; Appian. Syr. 33.) As he is said by Polybius to have been brought up with Antiochus, |