the form of a dialogue between the soul and the | humous) volume of the Bibliotheca Patrum of Galbody. It is addressed to another monk, Callinicus; and begins with these two lines :Πῶς κάθῃ; πῶς ἀμεριμνεῖς; πῶς ἀμελείς, ψυχή μου; Ο χρόνος σου πεπλήρωται· ἔξελθε τοῦ σαρκίου. The work, in its complete state, consisted of five books; but most of the MSS. are mutilated or otherwise defective, and want the first book. Some of them have been interpolated by a later hand. Michael Psellus, not the older writer of that name, who died about A. D. 1078, but one of later date, wrote a preface and notes to the Dioptra of Philip. A Latin prose translation of the Dioptra by the Jesuit Jacobus Pontanus, with notes, by another Jesuit, Jacobus Gretserus, was published, 4to. Ingoldstadt, 1604; but it was made from a mutilated copy, and consisted of only four books, and these, as the translator admits in his Praefatio ad Lectorem, interpolated and transposed ad libitum. Philip wrote also:-2. T κατὰ πνεῦμα υἱῷ καὶ ἱερεῖ Κωνσταντίνῳ περὶ πρεσβείας καὶ προστασίας ἀπόλογος, Epistola Apologetica ad Constantinum Filium Spiritualem et Sacerdotem, de Differentia inter Intercessionem et Aurilium Sanctorum. 3. Versus Politici, in the beginning of which he states with great exactness the time of his finishing the Dioptra, 12th May, A. M. 6603, era Constantinop. in the third indiction, in the tenth year of the lunar Cycle A. D. 1095, not 1105, as has been incorrectly stated. Cave has, without sufficient authority, ascribed to our Philip two other works, which are indeed given in a Vienna MS. (Codex 213, apud Lambec.) as Appendices to the Dioptra. One of these works (Appendix secunda), Οτι οὐκ ἔφαγε τὸ νομικὸν πάσχα ὁ Χριστὸς ἐν τῷ δείπνῳ, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἀληθινόν, Demonstratio quod Christus in Sacra Coena non legale sed verum comederit Pascha, may have been written by Philip. Its arguments are derived from Scripture and St. Epiphanius. The other work, consisting of five chapters, De Fide et Caeremoniis Armeniorum, Jacobitarum, Chatzitzariorum et Romanorum seu Francorum, was published, with a Latin version, but without an author's name, in the Auctarium Novum of Combéfis, fol. Paris, 1648, vol. ii. col. 261, &c., but was, on the authority of MSS., assigned by Combéfis, in a note, to Demetrius of Cyzicus [DEMETRIUS, No. 17], to whom it appears rightly to belong (comp. Cave, Hist. Litt. Dissertatio I. p. 6; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. 414). The Chatzitzarii (XaTCTCápio) were a sect who paid religious homage to the image of the Cross, but employed no other images in their worship. The work of Demetrius appears under the name of Philip in the fourteenth (post His recentiores duOLOTEλEÛTα, pariter cadentium exitum, quem rhythmum (rhyme) dicimus, addidere. Politicos vocatos arbitror quod vulgo Constantinopoli per compita canerentur." Quoted in Lambec. Commentur. de Biblioth. Caesar. vol. s. lib. iv. col. 397, note 2, ed. Kollar. The measure is retained in English as a ballad measure, and may be illustrated by the old ditty of "The Unfortunate Miss Bayley," the first two lines of which closely resemble in their cadence those cited in the text:"A captain bold of Halifax, who lived in country quarters, Seduced a maid who hung herself one morning in her garters," &c. land; but the editors, in their Prolegomena to the volume, c. 15, observe that they knew not on what authority Galland had assigned it to Philip. Among the pieces given as Appendices to the Dioptra, are some verses in praise of the work and its author, by one Constantine, perhaps the person addressed in No. 2, and by Bestus or Vestus, a grammarian, Στίχοι κυροῦ Κωνσταντίνου καὶ Βέστου τοῦ γραμμATIKOû, Versus Domini Constantini et Vesti Grammatici. (Lambecius, Commentar. de Biblioth. Caesaraca, lib. s. vol. v. col. 76-97, and 141, codd. 213, 214, 215, and 232, ed Kollar; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 1095, vol. ii. p. 163; Oudin, De Scriptorib. Eccles. vol. ii. col. 851.) 28. SOPHISTA. [No. 13.] 29. STUDITA. In the notice of the Adversaria Gerardi Langbaini contained in the Catalogus MStorum Angliae et Hiberniae, vol. i. p. 269, the eighth volume of Langbaine's collection is said to contain a notice, De Philippi Studitae Historia Graeca. Of the historian or his work there is, we believe, no notice in any extant writer ; and as the preceding article in Langbaine's book is described as Scholae Alexandrinae Paedagogorum Successio, and is probably the fragment of the work of Philip of Side, already noticed [No. 26], we suspect that "Studitae" is an error for "Sidetae," and that the Historia Graeca is no other than his Historia Christiana, which is termed Graeca, not because it treats of Grecian affairs, but is written in the Greek language. (Catal. MStorum Angliae, &c. 1. c.; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. p. 709.) 30. Of THEANGELA (ó eayyeλeús), a writer cited by Athenaeus (vi. p. 271, b) and by Strabo (xiv. p. 662). He wrote a history of Caria, the title or description of which is thus given by Athenaeus (l.c.), Περὶ Καρῶν καὶ Λελέγων σύγγραμμα; and by Strabo more briefly, Kapiká. The work is lost. Theangela, from which Philip received his designation, apparently as being a native of it, was a city on the most eastern promontory of Caria, not far from Halicarnassus. Of the age of Philip nothing is known, except that he was earlier than Strabo; but if there is any reason for identifying him with Philip Isangelus (ó Elσayyeλeús), mentioned by Plutarch (No. 14), he must be placed after the time of Alexander the Great. (Vossius, De Hist. Graec. lib. iii.) 31. THEOPOMPI EPITOMATOR. (Comp. Photius, Biblioth. cod. 176.) 32. Of THESSALONICA. [See below.] [J.C. M.] PHILIPPUS, of Thessalonica, an epigrammatic poet, who, besides composing a large number of epigrams himself, compiled one of the ancient Greek Anthologies. The whole number of epigrams ascribed to him in the Greek Anthology is nearly ninety; but of these, six (Nos. 36-41) ought to be ascribed to Lucillius, and a few others are manifestly borrowed from earlier poets, while others are mere imitations. [Comp. above, PHILIPPUS, literary, Nos. 10 and 15.] They include nearly all the different classes of subjects treated of in the Greek epigrammatic poetry. The Anthology ('Aveoλoyla) of Philip, in imitation of that of Meleager, and as a sort of supplement to it, contains chiefly the epigrams of poets who lived in, or shortly before, the time of Philip. These poets were the following: Antipater of Thessalonica, Crinagoras, Antiphilus, Tullius, Philodemus, Parmenion, Antiphanes, Automedon, 936.) Zonas, Bianor, Antigonus, Diodorus, Evenus, and | He is also mentioned by Galen, De Febr. Differ. some others whose names he does not mention. ii. 6, vol. vii. p. 347, De Plenit. c. 4, vol. vii. p. The earliest of these poets seems to be Philodemus, 530. It is uncertain whether the Philippus of the contemporary of Cicero, and the latest Auto- Macedonia, one of whose antidotes is quoted by medon, who probably flourished under Nerva. Galen (De Antid. ii. 8, vol. xiv. p. 149), is the Hence it is inferred that Philip flourished in the same person. time of Trajan. Various allusions in his own A sophist of this name is said by Aëtius (i. 4. epigrams prove that he lived after the time of Au- 96, p. 186) to have promised immortality to those gustus. (Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. xiii. pp. 934-persons who would engage to follow his directions, but it is not specified that he was a physician; neither is it known whether the father of the celebrated physician, Archigenes, whose name was Philippus (Suid. s. v. 'Apxiyévns), was himself a member of the medical profession. [W. A. G.] PHILISCUS (Þíσkos), a citizen of Abydus, who in B. c. 368 was sent into Greece by Ariobarzanes, the Persian satrap of the Hellespont, to effect a reconciliation between the Thebans and Lacedaemonians. He came well supplied with money, and in the name of Artaxerxes II. ; but in a congress which he caused to be held at Delphi, he failed to accomplish his object, as the Thebans refused to abandon their claim to the sovereignty of Boeotia, and Lacedaemon would not acknowledge the independence of Messenia. Upon this Philiscus, leaving behind him a body of 2000 mercenaries for the service of Sparta, and having been honoured, as well as Ariobarzanes, with the Athenian franchise, returned to Asia. Here, under cover of the satrap's protection, he made himself master of a number of Greek states, over which he exercised a tyrannical and insolent sway, till he was at last assassinated at Lampsacus by Thersagoras and Execestus (Xen. Hell. vii. 1. § 27; Diod. xv. 70; Dem. c. Aristocr. pp. 666, 667). Diodorus places the mission of Philiscus to Greece in B. c. 369, a year too soon. [E. E.] 1. A native of Acarnania, the friend and physician of Alexander the Great, of whom a wellknown story is told by several ancient authors. He was the means of saving the king's life, when he had been seized with a severe attack of fever, brought on by bathing in the cold waters of the river Cydnus in Cilicia, after being violently heated, BC. 333. Parmenion sent to warn Alexander that Philippus had been bribed by Dareius to poison him; the king, however, would not believe the information, nor doubt the fidelity of his physician, but, while he drank off the draught prepared for him, he put into his hands the letter he had just received, fixing his eyes at the same time steadily on his countenance. A well-known modern picture represents this incident; and the king's speedy recovery fully justified his confidence in the skill and honesty of his physician. (Q. Curt. iii. 6; Valer. Max. iii. 8, in fine; Plut. Vit. Alex. c. 19; Arrian, ii. 4; Justin, xi. 8; Diod. Sic. xvii. 31.) 2. A native of Epeirus at the court of Antigonus, king of Asia, B. c. 323-301. Celsus tells an anecdote (De Med. iii. 21, p. 56) that, when another physician said that one of the king's friends, who was suffering from dropsy caused by his intemperate habits, was incurable, Philippus undertook to restore him to health; upon which the other replied that he had not been thinking so much of the nature of the disease, as of the character of the patient, when he denied the possibility of his recovery. The result justified his prognosis. 3. A contemporary of Juvenal at Rome, about the beginning of the second century after Christ. (Sat. xiii. 125.) PHILISCUS (Xiokos), literary. 1. An Athenian comic poet of the Middle Comedy, of whom little is known. Suidas simply mentions him as a comic poet, and gives the following titles of his plays: ̓́Αδωνις, Διὸς γοναί, Θημιστοκλῆς, Ολυμπος, Πανὸς γοναί, Ἑρμοῦ καὶ ̓Αφροδίτης γοναί, Αρτέ μdos kal 'ATÓλλwvos. These mythological titles sufficiently prove that Philiscus belonged to the Middle Comedy. The nativities of the gods, to 4. A contemporary of Galen, about the middle which most of them relate, formed a very favourite of the second century after Christ, who belonged class of subjects with the poets of the Middle Coto the sect of the Empirici, and held a disputation medy. (Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. pp. 278, for two days with Pelops (probably at Smyrna), in &c.) Eudocia omits the title 'Epμoù кal 'Appodíens defence of their doctrines (Galen. De Libris Propr. yovaí, and Lobeck has pointed out the difficulty of c. 2, vol. xix. p. 16). It does not seem possible to seeing how the nativities of Hermes and Aphrodecide with certainty whether this is the same dite could be connected in one drama (Aglaoph. person who is frequently mentioned in different p. 437); a difficulty which Meineke meets by parts of Galen's writings; who wrote on maras- supposing that we ought to read 'Epuoû yoval, mus (De Differ. Febr. i. 10, vol. vii. p. 315, De 'Appodíτns yovaí, as two distinct titles (Hist. Crit. Mare. cc. 5, 6, 7, 9, vol. vii. pp. 685, 689, 694, pp. 281, 282). The Themistocles is, almost with701, De Caus. Pul. iv. 10, vol. ix. p. 176, De Meth.out doubt, wrongly ascribed by Suidas to the comic Med. vii. 6, x. 10, vol. x. pp. 495, 706), on ma- poet Philiscus, instead of the tragic poet of the teria medica (De Compos. Medicam. sec. Loc. vii. same name. Another play is cited by Stobaeus 1, vol. xiii. 14, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. (Serm. lxxiii. 53), namely the άpyupo, or, as ii. 5, iii. 9, vol. xiii. pp. 502, 642), and on cata- Meineke thinks it ought to be, áprupos. lepsy (Cael. Aurel. De Morb. Acut. ii. 10, p. 96; Philiscus must have flourished about B. c. 400, conf. Gal. Comment. in Hippocr. “Prorrhet. I." ii. or a little later, as his portrait was painted by 90, vol. xvi. p. 684). Several of his medical for- Parrhasius, in a picture which Pliny thus describes mulae are preserved, from one of which it appears (H. N. xxxv. 10. s. 36. § 5):-"et Philiscum, et that he practised at Caesareia (Galen, de Compos. Liberum patrem adstante Virtute," from which it Medicam. sec. Loc. iv. 8, vii. 4, 5, ix. 5, vol. xii. seems that the picture was a group, representing p. 735, vol. xiii. pp. 88, 105, 304; Paul. Aegin. the poet supported by the patron deity of his art, vii. 12, p. 663; Act. iii. 1. 48, p. 503; Nicol. and by a personified representation of Arete, to Myr. De Compos. Medicam. xli. 14, 21, p. 785). intimate the excellence he had attained in it. Naeke has clearly shown that this statement can only refer to Philiscus the comic poet, and not to any other of the known persons of the same name. (Sched. Crit. p. 26; Opusc. vol. i. p. 42). There are very few fragments of Philiscus preserved. Stobaeus (l. c.) quotes two verses from the λápyupo, and elsewhere (xxix. 40), two from an unknown play. Another verse from an unknown play is quoted by Dicaearchus (Vit. Graec. p. 30, Buttmann); and another is preserved in the Palatine Anthology (xi. 441, vol. i. p. 445, ed. Jacobs), which Jacobs wrongly ascribes to the rhetorician of Miletus. (Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. i. pp. 423, 424, vol. iii. pp. 579, 580; Naeke, l. c.) vol. iii. p. 505, n.) Aelian has preserved a short exhortation of Philiscus, addressed to Alexander (V. H. xiv. 11). 4. Of Corcyra, a distinguished tragic poet, and one of the seven who formed the Tragic Pleiad, was also a priest of Dionysus, and in that character he was present at the coronation procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus in B. C. 284. (Ath. v. p. 198, c.) Pliny (H. N. xxxv. 10. s. 36. § 20) states that his portrait was painted in the attitude of meditation by Protogenes, who is known to have been still alive in B. c. 304. It seems, therefore, that the time of Philiscus must be extended to an earlier period than that assigned to him by Suidas, who merely says that he lived under Ptolemy Philadelphus. He wrote 42 dramas, of which we know nothing, except that the Themistocles, which is enumerated among the plays of Philiscus the comic poet, ought probably to be ascribed to him: such subjects are known to have been chosen by the tragedians, as in the Marathonians of Lycophron. The choriambic hexameter verse was named after Philiscus, on account of his frequent use of it (Hephaest. p. 53). There is much dispute whether the name should be written Aiokos or Piλikos, but the former appears to be the true form, though he himself, for the sake of metre, used the latter. (Naeke, Sched. Crit. pp. 18, &c., in Opusc. vol. i. pp. 29, &c.; Welcker, Die Griech. Trag. p. 1265.) [P.S.] 2. Of Miletus, an orator or rhetorician, was the disciple of Isocrates, having been previously a noted flute player (Suid. s. v.; Dionys. Halic. Ep. ad Amm. p. 120). He wrote a life of the orator Lycurgus, and an epitaph on Lysias; the latter is preserved by the pseudo-Plutarch (Vit. X. Orat. p. 836), and in the Greek Anthology (Brunck, Anal. vol. i. p. 184; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. i. p. 101, vol. xiii. p. 936). Remembering the constant confusion of the names Philiscus and Philistus, we may safely ascribe to this orator the dnunyoplai, which Suidas mentions among the works of the historian Philistus of Syracuse. (Suid. s. v. ÞíλOTOS; it is also to be observed that Suidas, in addition to his article PATOS, gives a life of the Syracusan | historian under the head of Φίλισκος ἢ Φίλιστος, PHILISCUS, artists. 1. A painter, of whom comp. PHILISTUS). Suidas (s. v. Tiuaios) states we have no information, except the mention, by that the historian Timaeus was a disciple of Phi- Pliny, of his picture of a painter's studio, with a liscus of Miletus; another disciple was Neanthes boy blowing the fire. (H. N. xxxv. 11. s. 40. § of Cyzicus (Ruhnken, Hist. Crit. Orat. Graec. 38.) p. lxxxiii., Opusc. p. 367; Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. p. 25). 3. Of Aegina. It is doubtful whether there was one or two cynic philosophers of this name from Aegina. Suidas has two, of one of whom he says that he was the disciple of Diogenes the Cynic, or, according to Hermippus, of Stilpon, that he was the teacher of Alexander in grammar, and that he wrote dialogues, one of which was entitled Kódpos; of the other, Suidas says that, having gone from Aegina to Athens, in order to see the city, he heard Diogenes, and addicted himself to philosophy: and that his brother, having been sent by his father to Athens to fetch him home, also staid there, and became a philosopher; and lastly, the father himself, having gone to Athens in search of his sons, became infected with the philosophical mania: the rest of the article refers to Diogenes himself. The latter article is taken from Diogenes Laërtius (vi. 75, 76), who mentions the name of the father, Onesicritus, and who evidently only speaks of one cynic philosopher of the name of Philiscus (comp. vi. 73, 80, 84). This is, therefore, very probably one of the many cases in which Suidas makes two articles out of the same name, by copying statements from two different authors. We do not see the force of Naeke's argument (Sched. Crit. p. 25), that the Philiscus of whom the tale in Diogenes and Suidas is told, could hardly, for chronological reasons, be the same person as the teacher of Alexander. Some ancient writers ascribed to Philiscus some, or even all, of the tragedies of Diogenes the Cynic, probably through confounding him with the celebrated tragic poet of the same name. (Diog. Laërt. vi. 73; Julian. Orat. vi. vii.; Naeke, l. c.; Clinton, F. H. 2. Of Rhodes, a sculptor, several of whose works were placed in the temple of Apollo, adjoining the portico of Octavia at Rome. One of these statues was that of the god himself: the others were Latona and Diana, the nine Muses, and another statue of Apollo, without drapery. Within the portico, in the temple of Juno, was a statue of Venus, by the same artist (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 5. s. 4. § 10). From this statement it is evident that Philiscus made some of the statues expressly for the temples, but whether at the time of their first erection by Metellus (B. c. 146), or of their restoration by Augustus more than a hundred years later, cannot be determined with certainty. Most of the writers on art place him at the earlier date; but at all events he belonged to that period of the revival of art which, according to Pliny, began with the 155th Olympiad (B. c. 160), and which extended down to the time of the Antonines; during which period the Rhodian school sent forth several of the best statuaries and sculptors, and Rome became a great seat of the arts. The group of Muses, found in the villa of Cassius at Tivoli, is supposed by Visconti to be a copy of that of Philiscus. Meyer takes the beautiful statue at Florence, known as the Apollino, for the naked Apollo of Philiscus ; it is engraved in Müller's Denkmäler d. alten Kunst, vol. ii. pl. xi. fig. 126. (Meyer, Kunstgeschichte, vol. iii. pp. 35, 120; Hirt, Gesch. d. bild. Künste, p. 298; Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, §§ 160. n. 2, 393, n. 2.) [P.S.] PHILISCUS, P. ATI'LIUS, killed his own daughter, because she had been guilty of fornication. (Val. Max. vi. 1. § 6.) PHILI'STION (ÞiλiσTíwv) of Nicaea or Magnesia, a mimographer, who flourished in the time of Augustus, about A. D. 7 (Hieron. in Euseb. Chron. Ol. 196. 3). He was an actor, as well as a writer of mimes, and is said, in an epigram preserved in the Greek Anthology, to have died of excessive laughter (Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. iv. p. 230; Anth. Pal. vol. ii. p. 349). He is frequently mentioned by the Greek writers of the second century and downwards. Suidas, who, by some extraordinary error, has placed his death in the time of Socrates, makes him a native of Prusa, and says that he wrote kwμdías Bioλoyikás (that is, mimes), that he wrote a play called Miromporal, and a work entitled λoyéλws. He is mentioned by Tzetzes (Proleg. ad Lycophr. p. 257), among the poets of the New Comedy, but the name is there, almost certainly, an error for PHI LIPPIDES. |(Athen. xii. 12, p. 516), and is several times quoted by Pliny (H. N. xx. 15, 34, 48) and Galen (De Nat. Facult. ii. 8, vol. ii. p. 110, De Usu Respir. c. 1, vol. iv. p. 471, De Meth. Med. i. 3, ii. 5, vol. x. pp. 28, 111). Oribasius attributes to him the invention of a machine for reducing luxations of the humerus (De Machinam. c. 4, p. 164). He is perhaps the person mentioned by M. Aurelius Antoninus (vi. 47). A brother of Philistion, who was also a physician, but whose name is not known, is quoted by Caelius Aurelianus. (De Morb. Chron. iii. 8, v. 1, pp. 488, 555.) [W. A. G.] PHILISTIS (Þíλioris), a queen of Syracuse, known only from her coins, which are numerous, and of fine workmanship, and from the occurrence of her name (bearing the title of queen, as it does We have no fragments of Philistion, but there also on her coins) in an inscription in large letters is a work extant under the title of Zúyκpiois on the great theatre of Syracuse. The circumΜενάνδρου καὶ Φιλιστίωνος, which is a collection | stance that it is here associated with that of Nereis, of lines, containing moral sentiments, from Menan- the wife of Gelon, as well as the style and fabric der and some other poet of the New Comedy, of the coins, which closely resemble those of Hiewho of course could not be Philistion the mimo- ron II. and his son, leads to the conclusion that grapher. All difficulty is however removed by these were struck during the long reign of Hiethe emendation of Meineke, who substitutes Pron II.; and the most probable conjecture is that povos for Dixiotíwvos. (Comp. PHILEMON). The Philistis was the wife of Hieron himself. (R. Rowork was first edited by N. Rigaltius, Par. 1613, chette, Mémoires de Numismatique et d'Antiquité, afterwards, in a much improved state, by J. Rut- pp. 63-78; Visconti, Iconogr. Grecque, vol. ii. gersius, in his Var. Lect. vol. iv. p. 355-367, pp. 21-25. The earlier disquisitions and hypowith the notes of Heinsius. Boissonade has pub- theses on the subject are cited by these two aulished the work, from a Paris MS., in his Anec- thors.) [E. H. B.] dota, vol. i. p. 146-150, whence Meineke has transferred it into his Fragmenta Comicorum Graecorum, vol. iv. pp. 335-339. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 480; Meineke, Menand. et Philem. Reliq. Praef. p. vii. &c.; Clinton, F.H. sub ann. A. D. 7; Bernhardy, Geschichte der Griech. Litt. vol. ii. p. 924.) [P.S.] PHILISTUS (ÞíλOTOS). 1. An Athenian, son of Pasicles, who accompanied Neleus, the son of Codrus, on his migration to Ionia, where he founded a temple on the promontory of Mycale, dedicated to the Eleusinian Demeter. (Herod. ix. 97.) 2. A Syracusan, son of Archonides or ArchoPHILI'STION, an engraver of medals, whose menides (Suid. v. Þíλotos ; Paus. v. 23. §6), one name occurs in two forms, IAITION (èmolet) of the most celebrated historians of antiquity, and IAIΣTIONOMΣ (ěpyov), in very small cha- though, unfortunately, none of his works have come racters, but perfectly distinct, on the crest of the down to us. The period of his birth is not menhelmet of the head of Minerva, which forms the tioned, but it can hardly be placed later than B. c. type of a great number of coins of Velia. (Raoul- 435, as Plutarch expressly speaks of him as having Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 94, 2d ed.) [P.S.] been an eye-witness of the operations of Gylippus, PHILI'STION (ÞλTíwv), a physician, born during the siege of Syracuse by the Athenians, in either at one of the Greek towns in Sicily (Diog. B. C. 415, and also tells us that he was an old man Laërt. Vit. Philos. viii. 8. §§ 86, 89), or among the at the time of his death in B. c. 356. (Plut. Nic. Locri Epizephyrii in Italy (Galen, De Meth. Med. 19, Dion, 35.) It seems also probable that he was i. 1, vol. x. p. 6; Ruf. Ephes. De Corp. Hum. considerably older than Dionysius. The first ocPart. Appell. p. 41; Plut. Sympos. vii. 1. § 3; casion on which we hear of his appearance in public Aul. Gell. Noct. Att. xvii. 11. § 3; Athen. iii. life was after the capture of Agrigentum by the 83, p. 115). He was tutor to the physician Carthaginians in B. c. 406, when Dionysius, then Chrysippus of Cnidos (Diog. Laërt. l. c. § 89) and a young man, came forward in the assembly of the the astronomer and physician Eudoxus (Callim. ap. people to inflame the popular indignation against Diog. Laert. § 86), and therefore must have lived their unsuccessful generals, and the magistrates in the fourth century B. C. He was one of those having imposed on him a fine for turbulent and who defended the opinion that what is drunk goes seditious language, Philistus not only discharged into the lungs (Plut. l. c.; Aul. Gell. I. c.). Some the fine, but expressed his willingness to do so as ancient critics attributed to Philistion the treatise often as the magistrates should think fit to inflict De Salubri Victus Ratione (Galen, Comment. in it. (Diod. xiii. 91.) Having by this means paved Hippocr." De Rat. Vict. in Morb. Acut." i. 17, vol. the way for the young demagogue to the attainxv. p. 455, Comment. in Hippocr.“ Aphor." vi. 1, ment of the supreme power, he naturally enjoyed vol. xviii. pt. i. p. 9), and also that De Victus a high place in his favour during the period of his Ratione (Galen, De Aliment. Facult. i. 1, vol. vi. p. rule; so great indeed was the confidence reposed 473), both of which form part of the Hippocratic in him by Dionysius, that the latter entrusted him Collection; and by some persons he was considered with the charge of the citadel of Syracuse, upon to be one of the founders of the sect of the Empirici the safe custody of which his power in great mea(De Subfig. Empir. c. 1, vol. ii. p. 340, ed. Chart.). sure depended. According to one account, also, it He wrote a work on materia medica (Galen, De was Philistus who, by his energetic and spirited Succed. init. vol. xix. p. 721) and on Cookery counsels, prevented Dionysius from abandoning Syracuse in despair, when besieged by the Carthaginians, B. c. 396 (Diod. xiv. 8; Plut. Dion, 35), and this account may be substantially correct, even though the saying attributed to him, that a despot should not abandon his power unless dragged from it by main force, seems to be more correctly ascribed to Megacles or Polyxenus. But at a later period he excited the jealousy of the tyrant by marrying, without his consent, one of the daughters of his brother Leptines, and was in consequence banished from Sicily. He at first retired to Thurii, but afterwards established himself at Adria, where he previously possessed friendly relations and it was here that he devoted the leisure afforded him by his exile to the composition of the historical work which has given celebrity to his name. (Diod. xv. 7; Plut. Dion, 11; the latter author, however, in another passage, de Exil. p. 605, d. speaks of him as spending the period of his exile in Epeirus.) But he always bore his exile with impatience, and is accused both of indulging in abject lamentations over his hard fate and fallen fortunes, and of base and unworthy flattery towards Dionysius, in hopes of conciliating the tyrant, and thus obtaining his recal. (Plut. Timol. 15; Paus. i. 13. § 9.) These arts, however, failed in producing any effect during the lifetime of the elder Dionysius, but after his death, and the accession of his son, those who were opposed to the influence which Dion and Plato were acquiring over the young despot, persuaded the latter to recal Philistus from his banishment, in hopes that from his age and experience, as well as his military talents, he might prove a counterpoise to the increasing power of the two philosophers. Nor were they disappointed Philistus seems quickly to have established his influence over the mind of the young Dionysius, and was consulted by him in the most confidential manner, while he exerted all his efforts to alienate him from his former friends, and not only caused Plato to be sent back to Athens, but ultimately succeeded in effecting the banishment of Dion also. (Plut. Dion, 11–14; Corn. Nep. Dion, 3; Pseud. Plat. Ep. 3. p. 671.) From this time the influence of Philistus became paramount at the court of Dionysius, but he was unfortunately absent from Sicily, in the command of a fleet in the Adriatic, when Dion first landed in the island, and made himself master of Syracuse, B. c. 356. He thereupon hastened to return to Sicily, but was unsuccessful in an attempt to recover Leontini, | which had revolted against Dionysius, and afterwards joined the latter in the citadel of Syracuse. Here he directed all his efforts to the formation of a powerful fleet, and having equipped a force of 60 triremes, proceeded to give battle to the Syracusan fleet, which had been lately reinforced by Heracleides with a squadron of 20 ships from the Peloponnese. The contest was long and obstinate, but at length the ship of Philistus was surrounded by the enemy, and finding himself cut off from all hopes of escape, he put an end to his own life to avoid falling into the hands of his enraged countrymen. His body was treated with the utmost indignity, and dragged through the streets by the populace in an ignominious manner (Diod. xvi. 11, 16; Plut. Dion, 35; Tzetz. Chil. x. 358; Suid. s. v. PILOTOS erroneously represents his death as having occurred in a sea-fight against the Carthaginians). It is perhaps too much to represent Philistus, as has been done by some writers of antiquity, as a man naturally disposed in favour of absolute power ("hominem amicum non magis tyranno quam tyrannidi," says Cornelius Nepos, Dion, 3); but it is clear that he was desirous to uphold by every means a despotism under the favour of which he enjoyed wealth and power, and had the opportunity of indulging his natural taste for luxury and magnifiThere seems no doubt that he possessed very considerable talents of a practical as well as literary kind, but he wholly wanted the lofty and generous spirit which should animate the citizen of a free republic: and this character was reflected in his writings, which presented a marked contrast to those of Thucydides in their spirit and sentiments, notwithstanding a close imitation in style. (Plut. Dion, 36; Dion. Hal. de Vett. Script. p. 427, Ep. ad Pomp. p. 780, ed. Reiske.) cence. In regard to the writings of Philistus much confusion has been caused by a passage of Suidas (v. iλOTOS), where that author has confounded him with the orator PHILISCUS, the pupil of Isocrates, and has in consequence attributed to him various rhetorical works, which may unquestionably be assigned to the latter. The statement that the historian Philistus was also a pupil of Isocrates, is derived solely from a passage in Cicero (de Orat. ii. 22), where it seems certain that we should read Philiscus for Cicero himself has in another passage distinctly mentioned Philistus in opposition to the pupils of Isocrates, Theopompus, and Ephorus. On chronological grounds also it seems impossible to admit the assertion. Suidas, on the contrary, calls him a pupil of Evenus, an elegiac poet, but this also seems to be a mistake (Goeller, de Situ Syrac. pp. 108-118). Suidas also enumerates several historical works, especially a history of Egypt, in 12 books, one of Phoenicia, and another of Libya and Syria; all which he expressly ascribes to the author of the Sicilian history. But as no trace of any of these works is to be found in any other authority, it has been reasonably doubted whether the whole statement is not erroneous. (Wesseling, ad Diod. xiii. p. 615; Goeller, l. c. pp. 106, 124.) Some authors, however, have supposed that these writings are to be attributed to a second Philistus, who was really a native of Naucratis in Egypt, which would account also for the error of Suidas, who calls our historian Navкparíτns Zupaкovσios. (Bayle, Dict. Crit. s. v. Philist. not. C.) It is certain, however, that no mention is elsewhere found of any other writer of the name of Philistus; nor does any ancient author except Suidas allude to any work of his composition besides his celebrated Sicilian history. This consisted of two portions, which might be regarded either as two separate works, or as parts of one great whole, a circumstance which explains the discrepancies in the statements of the number of books of which it was composed. The first seven books comprised the general history of Sicily, commencing from the earliest times, and ending with the capture of Agrigentum by the Carthaginians, B. c. 406. Diodorus tells us that this portion included a period of more than 800 years: he began with the mythical times, and the alleged colonies in Sicily, founded by Daedalus and others before the Trojan war; besides which he appears to have entered at some length into the origin and migrations of the original inhabitants |