Ephor Adeimantus and others of the Macedonian his works, he was inferior to none of the artists from party had been murdered, as having originated Daedalus and the Attic school (v. 25. § 7. s. 13: Tòv with Adeimantus himself. Philip, having heard δὲ Ονάταν τοῦτον ὅμως, καὶ τέχνης ἐς τὰ ἀγάλματα Omias and his colleagues, rejected the advice of ὄντα Αἰγιναίας, οὐδενὸς ὕστερον θήσομεν τῶν ἀπὸ some of his counsellors, to deal severely with | Δαιδάλου τε καὶ ἐργαστηρίου τοῦ ̓Αττικοῦ). PauSparta, and sent Petraeus, one of his friends, to sanias mentions the following works of Onatas:accompany the commissioners back, and to exhort 1. A bronze statue of Heracles, on a bronze base, the Lacedaemonians to abide steadfastly by their dedicated at Olympia by the Thasians. The statue alliance with him. (Polyb. iv. 22-25.) [E. E.] was ten cubits high: in the right hand was a club, O'MBRIMUS. [OBRIMUS.] in the left a bow: and it bore the following inscription (Paus. l. c.) ::

O'MBRIUS ("Ouptos), i. e. the rain-giver, a surname of Zeus, under which he had an altar on Mount Hymettus in Attica. (Paus. i. 32. § 3; comp. Hes. Op. et Di. 587, 620.) [L. S.] 0MPHALE ('Oupáλn), a daughter of the Lydian king Jardanus, and wife of Tmolus, after whose death she undertook the government herself. When Heracles, in consequence of the murder of Iphitus, was ill of a serious disease, and received the oracle that he could not be released unless he served some one for wages for the space of three years, Hermes, accordingly, sold Heracles to Omphale, by whom he became the father of several children. (Apollod. i. 9. § 19, ii. 6. § 3, 7. § 8; Soph. Trach. 253; Dionys. i. 28; Lucian, Dial. Deor. xiii. 2; comp. HERACLES.) [L. S] OMPHA LION (Oμpaλíwv), painter, was originally the slave, and afterwards the disciple, of Nicias, the son of Nicomedes. He painted the walls of the temple of Messene with figures of personages celebrated in the mythological legends of Messenia. (Paus. iv. 31. § 9. s. 11, 12.) [P. S.] ONAETHUS (Ovados), a statuary of unknown time and country, who, with his brother Thylacus and their sons, made the statue of Zeus, which the Megarians dedicated at Olympia. (Paus. v. 23. § 4. s. 5.) [P. S.]

Υἱὸς μέν με Μίκωνος Ονάτας ἐξετέλεσσεν,
Αὐτὸς ἐν Αἰγίνῃ δώματα ναιετάων.

2. An Apollo at Pergamus, equally admired for its size and its art (viii. 42. § 4. s. 7). This statue was in all probability different from that of Apollo Boupais, attended by Eileithyia, on which we have an epigram by Antipater. (Anth. Pal. ix. 238; Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 14.)

3. A Hermes, carrying a ram under his wing, wearing a helmet on his head, and clad in a chiton and chlamys. It was dedicated at Olympia by the people of Pheneus in Arcadia; and the inscription stated that it was made by Onatas the Aeginetan, in conjunction with Calliteles, whom Pausanias takes for a son or disciple of Onatas (v. 27. § 5. s. 8).

4. A bronze statue of the Black Demeter with the horse's head, whose legend is related by Pausanias (viii. 42). The seat of the legend was a cave in Mount Elaeus, near Phigaleia, which the Phigaleians had consecrated to the goddess, and had dedicated in it a wooden image, like a woman, except that it had the head and mane of a horse, and figures of dragons and other wild beasts were growing out about the head: it was clothed in a tunic down to the feet; and bore on the right hand a dolphin, and on the left a dove. This wooden image having been burnt at some unknown period, it was not only not replaced, but the worship of the goddess was neglected; until the Phigaleians, warned by the failure of their crops, and instructed by a Pythian oracle, employed Onatas to make a bronze statue of the goddess; in the execution of which he was assisted somewhat by a picture or a wooden copy of the old image, but still more by dreams. (Paus. 1. c.) This story is one of several indications of the thoroughly archaic style of the works of Onatas.

ONASIAS. [ONATAS.] ONASIME'DES ('Ovaσiμnons), a statuary, who made a statue of Dionysus, of solid bronze, which Pausanias saw at Thebes. (Paus. ix. 12. § 3. B. 4). [P. S.] ONA'SIMUS ('Ováσuos), son of Apsines, was an historian, or rather a sophist, of Cyprus or Sparta, in the time of the emperor Constantine the Great. He wrote many works, some of which, bearing on the art of rhetoric, are enumerated by Suidas. (Suid. s. vv. 'Atívns, 'Ováσiuos.) [E. E.] ONASUS (Ovados), the author of a work on the Amazons, entitled 'Aμačovís or ’Aμačoviká, | which was supposed by Heyne (ad Apollod. ii. 5. §9) and others to have been an epic poem ; but it has been observed by Welcker (Epische Cyclus, p. 320) and Grote (Hist. of Greece, vol. i. p. 288), that 5. The bronze statues of the Grecian heroes we may infer from the rationalising tendency of the casting lots to determine which of them should citation from it (Schol. ad Theocr. xiii. 46; Schol. ad accept the challenge of Hector. (Hom. Il. vii. 175 Apollon. Rhod. i. 1207, 1236), that it was in prose.-184.) The group was dedicated at Olympia ONATAS ('Ováras) of Aegina, the son of by the Achaeans in common. It consisted oriMicon, was a distinguished statuary and painter, ginally of ten figures; but when Pausanias saw it, contemporary with Polygnotus, Ageladas, and there were only nine, the statue of Ulysses having Hegias. From the various notices of him it may been carried to Rome by Nero. The chieftains, be collected that he flourished down to about Ol. armed with spears and shields, stood together near 80, B. c. 460, that is, in the age immediately pre- the great temple, and opposite to them, on a sepaceding that of Phidias. It is uncertain whether rate base, stood Nestor, holding the helmet into

his father Micon was the great painter of that

name.

The works of Onatas are frequently described by Pausanias, who is, however, the only ancient writer who mentions him, with the exception of a single epigram in the Greek anthology. Pausanias also says that, though he called himself an Aeginetan on

Passing from the statues of gods to those of men and heroes, we have

which the lots had been thrown. The name of

Agamemnon was inscribed on his statue, in letters from right to left. The other statues bore no names; but one, distinguished by a cock upon the shield, was taken by Pausanias for Idomeneus ; and on the inside of the shield of this statue was the following inscription:

6. The bronze chariot, with a figure of a man in it, which was dedicated at Olympia by Deinomenes, the son of Hieron, in memory of his father's victories. On each side of the chariot were riding-dreams come through an ivory gate, while the true horses, with figures of boys upon them; these were made by Calamis. (Paus. vi. 12. § 1, viii. 42. § 4. s. 8.) This work is one authority for the date of Onatas, since Hieron died B. c. 467.

though, on the other hand, a passage of Lucian (Quomodo hist. conser. c. 40), might lead us to infer that this was at least commenced during the lifetime of Alexander himself.

to the Persians. Thereupon Onesilus laid siege to Amathus; and as Dareius sent a large force to its relief under the command of Artybius, Onesilus begged aid of the Ionians. They readily complied We learn from Diogenes Laërtius (vi. 84) that with his request; and in the following year, B. C. the history of Onesicritus comprised the whole life 498, two battles were fought between the contendof Alexander, including his youth and education ing parties, one by sea, in which the Ionians de(xŵs 'Aλéžavdpos ñxen); but it is most frequently feated the Phoenician fleet, and the other by land, cited in regard to the campaigns of that prince in in which the Cyprians were beaten by the Persians. Asia, or to the geographical description of the Onesilus fell in the battle; his head was cut off countries that he visited. Though an eye-witness by the inhabitants of Amathus, and hung over their of much that he described, it appears that he inter-city-gates. At a later period, however, an oracle mixed many fables and falsehoods with his nar- commanded them to take down his head and bury rative, so that he early fell into discredit as an it, and also to offer sacrifices to him as a hero. authority. Strabo is especially severe upon him, (Herod. v. 104, 108-110.) [GORGUS, No. 2.] and calls him · Οὐκ ̓Αλεξάνδρου μᾶλλον ἢ τῶν zapadółwv áрxikuseрvýτns." (xv. p. 698, comp. ii. p. 70.) Plutarch cites him as one of those who related the fable of the visit of the Amazons to Alexander, for which he was justly ridiculed by Lysimachus (Alex. 46), and Arrian accuses him of falsely representing himself as the commander of the fleet, when he was in truth only the pilot. (Anab. vi. 2. § 6; comp. Suid. s. v. Néapxos). Aulus Gellius (ix. 4) even associates him with Aristeas of Proconnesus, and other purely fabulous writers. But it is clear that these censures are overcharged; and though some of the statements cited from him are certainly gross exaggerations (see for instance Strab. xv. p. 698; Aelian. H. N. xvi. 39, xvii. 6), his work appears to have contained much valuable information concerning the remote countries for the first time laid open by the expedition of Alexander. In particular he was the first author that mentioned the island of Taprobane. (Strab. xv. p. 691; Plin. H. N. vi. 24.) He is said to have imitated Xenophon in his style, though he fell short of him as a copy does of the original. (Diog. Laërt. vi. 84; Suid. s. v. 'OvησíкpiTOS.) Some authors have held that besides this general history, Onesicritus had composed a separate Paraplus, or narrative of the voyage, in which he bore so prominent a part: but Geier has shown that there is no foundation for such a supposition: and it seems certain that Pliny, whose words might lead to such an inference (H. N. vi. 23 (26)), had in fact used only an extract from the work of Onesicritus, abridged or translated by Juba. Still less reason is there to infer (with Meier in Ersch and Gruber, Encycl. sect. iii. pt. iii. p. 457) that he wrote a history of the early kings of Persia, because we find him cited by Lucian (Macrob. 14) concerning the age of Cyrus.

ONE'SIMUS, the son of Python, a Macedonian noble, who passed over to the Romans, when Perseus resolved to declare war against the latter, B. c. 169, and received in consequence magnificent rewards from the senate. (Liv. xliv. 16.)

(All the facts known concerning Onesicritus are fully discussed, and the passages quoted from his writings by various authors collected together by Geier, Alexandri Historiar. Scriptores, lib. iii. p. 74-108. See also Vossius, de Historicis Graecis, p. 94, ed Westermann; Ste Croix, Examen Critique, p. 38, &c.; and Meier, l. c.) [E. H. B.] ONE'SILUS (Oros), of Salamis in Cyprus, the son of Chersis, grandson of Siromus, and greatgrandson of Evelthon. He had frequently urged his brother Gorgus, who was king of Salamis in Cyprus, to desert from the Persians; but as he was unable to persuade him to do so, he finally drove him from the city, and set up the standard of revolt with the Ionians, in B. c. 499. Gorgus fled to the Persians; Onesilus became king of Salamis, and persuaded all the other cities in Cyprus, with the exception of Amathus, to renounce their allegiance

ONESTES, or ONESTUS ('Ονέστης, Ονεστος) The Greek Anthology contains ten epigrams, inscribed 'OvéσTov in the Vatican MS.; but, as the heading of the sixth and seventh is 'OvéσTou Kopivlov, and that of the ninth 'Ovéσrov Bufarτlov, it would seem that there were two poets of the name; but concerning neither of them have we any further information. Brunck even suspected the correctness of the name altogether; and thought it might be a mistake for 'Overías, but this supposition is founded on no evidence. Wine, love, and music are the subjects of the epigrams, which are distinguished by no particular beauty. (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 289; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. iii. p. 3, vol. xiii. p. 926; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 485.) [P.S.]

ONE'TOR ('Ovýrop), the name of two mythical personages, one a priest of Zeus on Mount Ida (Hom. Il. xvi. 605), and the other the father of Phrontis, the steersman of Menelaus. (Paus. x. 25. § 2.) [L. S.]

ONOMACLES ('Ovoμaкλns), an Athenian, was joined with Phrynichus and Scironides, B. C. 412, in the command of an Athenian and Argive force, which, after a battle with the Milesians, who were supported by Chalcideus and Tissaphernes, prepared to besiege Miletus, but on the arrival of a Peloponnesian and Sicilian fleet, sailed away to Samos, by the advice of Phrynichus. Shortly after, in the same year, when the Athenians at Samos had been reinforced, Onomacles was sent with part of the armament, and with Strombichides and Euctemon for his colleagues, to act against Chios (Thuc. viii. 25-27, 30, 33, 34, 38, 40, 55, 61). It was probably the same Onomacles who was afterwards one of the thirty tyrants, in B. C. 404 (Xen. Hell. ii. 3. § 2). We find mention made also of another Onomacles, who, together with Archeptolemus, was involved in the condemnation of ANTIPHON ( Anon. Vit. Thuc.). A Spartan of the same name is recorded by Xenophon (Hell. ii. 3. § 10) as ephor érvvuos, in the eighth year of the Peloponnesian war. [E. E.]

ONOMA CRITUS ('Ovoμáкρiтos), an Athenian, who occupies an interesting position in the history of the early Greek religious poetry. Herodotus calls him χρησμολόγον τε καὶ διαθέτην xpnoμv Tv Movoaíou, and informs us that he had enjoyed the patronage of Hipparchus, until he was detected by Lasus of Hermione (the dithyrambic poet) in making an interpolation in an

Θυγατέρες Ζηνός τε καὶ Εὐνομίης βαθυκόλπου, ̓Αγλαΐη τε, Θάλεια, καὶ Εὐφροσύνη πολύολβε. Some writers have hastily taken this as a proof that the true author of the still extant Orphic hymns was Onomacritus, or else, as others more cautiously put it, that Onomacritus was one of the authors of them, and that this hymn at least is to be ascribed to him. It proves, if anything, the direct contrary of this; for, had the hymn in question borne the name of Orpheus in the time of Pausanias, he would have so quoted it, to say nothing of the difference between the name Eurynome in Pausanias and Eunomia in the hymn. The truth is that the date of the extant Orphic hymns is centuries later than the time of Onomacritus [ORPHEUS]. That Onomacritus, however, did publish poems under the name of Orpheus, as well as of Musaeus, is probable from several testimonies, among which is that of Aristotle, who held that there never was such a poet as Orpheus, and that the poems known under his name were fabricated partly by Cercops, and partly by Onomacritus. (Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 38; Philopon, ad Aristot. de Anim. i. 5 ; Suid. s. v. 'Oppeús; Schol. ad Aristeid. Panath. p. 165; Sext. Empir. Pyrrh. Hypotyp. iii. 4; Euseb. Praep. Evan. x. 4; Tatian. adv. Graec. 62.)

oracle of Musaeus, for which Hipparchus banished | fifty-ninth Orphic Hymn the Graces addressed him. He seems to have gone into Persia, where thus:the Peisistratids, after their expulsion from Athens, took him again into favour, and employed him to persuade Xerxes to engage in his expedition against Greece, by reciting to him all the ancient oracles which seemed to favour the attempt, and suppressing those of a contrary tendency. (Herod. vii. 6.) It has been amply proved by Lobeck (Aglaoph. p. 332) and Nitzsch (Hist. Hom. p. 163), that the words of Herodotus, quoted above, mean that Onomacritus was an utterer of ancient oracles, how ever preserved, and that he had made a collection and arrangement of the oracles ascribed to Musaeus. And this is quite in keeping with the literary character of the age of the Peisistratidae, and with other traditions respecting Onomacritus himself, as, for example, that he made interpolations in Homer as well as in Musaeus (Schol. in Hom. Od. xi. 604*), and that he was the real author of some of the poems which went under the name of Orpheus. The account of Herodotus fixes the date of Onomacritus to about B. C. 520-485, and shows the error of those ancient writers who placed him as early as the fiftieth Olympiad, B. c. 580. (Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 143, Sylb.; Tatian. adv. Graec. 62, p. 38, Worth.) The account of Herodotus, respecting the forgeries of Onomacritus, is confirmed by Pausanias, who speaks of certain verses (en), which were ascribed to Musaeus, but which, in his opinion, were composed by Onomacritus, for that there was nothing which could be ascribed with certainty to Musaeus, except the hymn to Demeter which he composed for the Lycomidae. (Paus. i. 22. §7; comp. iv. 1. § 6.) In three other pas sages Pausanias cites the poems of Onomacritus (év Toîs ěmeσi), but without any intimation that they were or pretended to be any others than his own (viii. 31. § 3, 37. § 4. s. 5, ix. 35. § 1. s. 5). That Pausanias does not refer in these last passages to poems which went under the names of the old mythological bards, but were in reality composed by Onomacritus, is rendered probable by the manner in which he generally refers to such supposititious works, as in the passage first quoted (i. 22. §7; comp. i. 14. §3, ei dr Movσalov kal Taura, and i. 37. § 4, тà кaλoúμeva'Оpoikά): and, moreover, in two of the three passages he quotes Onomacritus in comparison with Homer and Hesiod. But if, for these reasons, the poems so quoted must be regarded as having been ascribed to Onomacritus in the time of Pausanias, it does not follow that they were, in any proper sense, the original compositions of Onomacritus; but it rather seems probable that they were remnants of ancient hymns, the authors of which were unknown, and that the labours of Onomacritus consisted simply in editing them, no doubt with interpolations of his

own.

The last of the three passages quoted from Pausanias gives rise to a curious question. Pausanias quotes Hesiod as saying that the Graces were the daughters of Zeus and Eurynome, and that their names were Euphrosyne and Aglaïa and Thalia, and then adds that the same account is given in the poems of Onomacritus. Now we find in the

For an elaborate discussion of the relation of Onomacritus to the literary history of the Homeric poems, see Nitzsch, Erklärende Anmerkungen zu Homer's Odyssee, vol. iii. pp. 336, &c.

From these statements it appears that the literary character of Onomacritus must be regarded as quite subordinate to his religious position; that he was not a poet who cultivated the art for its own sake, but a priest, who availed himself of the ancient religious poems for the support of the worship to which he was attached. Of what character that worship was, may be seen from the statement of Pausanias, that " Onomacritus, taking from Homer the name of the Titans, composed (or, established, σuvéOnKev) orgies to Dionysus, and represented in his poems (eroinσev) the Titans as the authors of the sufferings of Dionysus." (Paus. viii. 37. § 4. 8. 5.) Here we have, in fact, the great Orphic myth of Dionysus Zagreus, whose worship it thus seems was either established or re-arranged by Onomacritus, who must therefore be regarded as one of the chief leaders of the Orphic theology, and the Orphic societies. [ORPHEUS.] Some modern writers, as Ulrici, think it probable that Onomacritus was the real author of the Orphic Theogony, to which others again assign a still earlier date. (Grote, History of Greece, vol. i. pp. 25, 29.)

There is an obscure reference in Aristotle (Polit. ii. 9) to "Onomacritus, a Locrian," the first distinguished legislator, who practised gymnastic exercises in Crete, and travelled abroad on account of the art of divination, and who was a contemporary of Thales. (See Hoeckh, Creta, vol. iii. pp. 318, &c.)

For further remarks on the literary and religious position of Onomacritus, see the Histories of Greek Literature by Müller, Bernhardy, Ulrici, and Bode; Müller, Proleg. zu einer Wissenschaftlichen Mythologie; Lobeck, Aglaophamus, and Ritschl, in Ersch and Gruber's Encyklopädie. [P.S.]

ONOMARCHUS ('Ovóuapxos), general of the Phocians in the Sacred War, was brother of Philomelus and son of Theotimus (Diod. xvi. 56, 61 Paus. x. 2. § 2; but see Arist. Pol. v. 4, and

Thirlwall's Greece, vol. v. p. 275, not.). He com-
manded a division of the Phocian army under Phi-
lomelus, in the action at Tithorea, in which the
latter perished; and after the battle gathered to-
gether the remains of the Phocian army, with
which he effected his retreat to Delphi. An
assembly of the people was now held, in which Ono-
marchus strongly urged the prosecution of the war,
in opposition to the counsels of the more moderate
party, and succeeded in obtaining his own nomi-
nation to the chief command in the place of Philo-
melus, B. c. 353. He was, however, far from
imitating the moderation of his predecessor: he
confiscated the property of all those who were
opposed to him, and squandered without scruple the
sacred treasures of Delphi. The latter enabled
him not only to assemble and maintain a large
body of mercenary troops, but to spend large sums
in bribing many of the leading persons in the hos-
tile states; by which means he succeeded in pre-
vailing on the Thessalians to abandon their allies,
and take up a neutral position. Thus freed from
his most formidable antagonists, he was more than
a match for his remaining foes. He now invaded
Locris, took the town of Thronium, and compelled
that of Amphissa to submit; ravaged the Dorian
Tetrapolis, and then turned his arms against
Boeotia, where he took Orchomenus and laid siege
to Chaeroneia, but was compelled to retreat with-
out effecting anything more. His assistance was
now requested by Lycophron, tyrant of Pherae,
who was attacked by Philip, king of Macedonia;
and he at first sent his brother Phayllus into
Thessaly with an army of 7000 men. But Phayllus
baving been defeated by Philip, Onomarchus
marched with his whole forces to the support of
Lycophron, defeated Philip in two successive
battles, and drove him out of Thessaly. He next
turned his arms a second time against the Boeotians,
whom he defeated in a battle, and took the city of
Coronela, when he was recalled once more to the
assistance of Lycophron, against Philip, who had
again invaded Thessaly. Onomarchus hastened to
support his ally with an army of 20,000 foot and
500 horse, but was met by Philip at the head of
a force still more numerous, and a pitched battle
ensued, in which the superiority of the Thessalian
cavalry decided the victory in favour of the king.
Onomarchus himself, with many of the fugitives,
plunged into the sea in hopes to reach by swim-
ming the Athenian ships under Chares, which were
lying off the shore, but perished in the waves, or,
according to Pausanias, by the darts of his own Onosander's work appeared first in a Latin
soldiers. His body fell into the hands of Philip, translation by Nicolaus Saguntinus, Rome, 1494.
who caused it to be crucified, as a punishment for A French translation by Jehan Charrier appeared
his sacrilege. His death took place in B. c. 352 at Paris in 1546; an Italian translation by Fabio
(Diod. xvi. 31-33, 35, 56, 61; Paus. x. 2. § 5; Cotta, Venice, 1546; and another Latin translation
Justin. viii. 1, 2; Polyaen. ii. 38; Ephorus, fr. by Joachim Camerarius, in 1595. It was not till
153, ed. Didot; Oros. iii. 12; Wesseling, ad 1599 that the Greek text was published, together
Diod. xvi. 35; Dem. de Fals. Leg. p. 443). We with the indevua of Urbicius, published by Nic.
are told that Onomarchus was a man of luxu- Rigaltius, Paris, 1599. The best edition is that
rious habits, and that he made use of the sacred by Nic. Schwebel, Nürnberg, 1761, folio. This
treasures, not only for the purposes of the state, edition contains the French translation by M. le
but to minister to his own pleasures (Theopomp. ap. Baron de Zur-Lauben. In this edition the editor
Athen, xiii. p. 605); but it is difficult to know what availed himself of the manuscript notes by Jos.
value to attach to such statements; the religious Scaliger and Is. Vossius, which are preserved in
character assumed by the enemies of the Phocians the library at Leyden. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv.
having led them to load with obloquy the memory p. 336, &c.; Schöll, Geschichte der Griech. Lit. vol. ii.
of all the leaders of that people. [E. H. B.] p. 712, &c.; Hoffmann, Lex. Bibl.) [C. P. M.]
ONOMASTUS (OruaaTos), a confidential
officer of Philip V. of Macedon, for whom he held

the government of the sea-coast of Thrace, and
whose instrument he was, together with CASSAN-
DER [No. 4], in the massacre of the Maronites.
Appius Claudius, and the other Roman commis-
sioners, required that Philip should send Onomastus
and Cassander to Rome to be examined about the
massacre; whereupon the king despatched Cas-
sander, and had him poisoned on the way, but
persisted in declaring that Onomastus had not been
in or near Maroneia at the time; the fact being
(as Polybius and Livy tell us) that he was too
deep in the royal secrets to be trusted at Rome.
We hear again of Onomastus as one of the two
assessors of Philip at the private trial of DE-
METRIUS, for the alleged attempt on the life of his
brother Perseus, B. c. 182. (Polyb. xxiii. 13, 14;
Liv. xxxix. 34, xl. 8.)
[E. E.]

ONOSANDER ('Ovóσavdpos), the author of a celebrated work on military tactics, entitled EτраTnyikus λóyos, which is still extant. All subsequent Greek and Roman writers on the same subject made this work their text-book (the emperors Mauricius and Leon did little more than express in the corrupt style of their age what they found in Onosander, whom Leon calls Onesander), and it is even still held in considerable estimation. Count Moritz of Saxony professed to have derived great benefit from the perusal of a translation of it. Onosander appears to have lived about the middle of the first century after Christ. His work is dedicated to Q. Veranius, who is generally supposed to be identical with the Q. Veranius Nepos who was consul in A. D. 49. Onosander also remarks in his preface that his work was written in time of peace. It might very well have been written, therefore, between A. D. 49 and A. D. 59. If the consul of A. D. 49 was the person to whom the work was dedicated, it would agree very well with all the other data, that this Veranius accompanied Didius Gallus into Britain, and died before the expiration of a year.

Onosander was a disciple of the Platonic school of philosophy, and, according to Suidas, besides his work on tactics, wrote one Пeрl σтраτηynμάTwv (unless, as some suppose, the words TAKTIKA TEρl σrparnynuάTwv in Suidas are a description of one and the same work, the one still extant), and a commentary on the Republic of Plato. The two latter have perished. In his style he imitated Xenophon with some success. Nothing further is known of his personal history. It is conjectured that he must himself have been engaged in military service.

OPE/LIUS DIADUMENIA'NUS. [DIADUMENIANUS.]