his poetry except a single line, which seems to come from a satyric drama (Ath. ii. p. 66). This line has led Meineke to doubt whether there was not a comic poet of the same name, identical, perhaps, with Philocles, the father of Philippides. The scholiast on Aristophanes (Av. 281) and Suidas, followed by Eudocia, expressly mention a comic poet Philocles; but the passages themselves contain abundant proof that they refer to one and the same person as the subject of this article. The error of writing kokos and kwudia for payikós and Tpay día, and conversely, is excessively common in the works of the grammarians; and especially when, as often happens, the tragic poet has been an object of ridicule to the comic poets, which we have seen to be the case with Philocles. 2. The great-grandson of the former, son of Astydamas the elder, and brother of Astydamas the younger, was also a tragic poet, according to the scholiast on Aristophanes (Av. 281), but a general, according to Suidas. Kayser enters on an elaborate and ingenious argument to show that there is no ground for supposing that the second Philocles was a tragic poet; but we ought probably to accept the express statement of the scholiast, and to change σTpaTηyós in Suidas into payikós. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 314; Welcker, die Griech. Trag. p. 967; Kayser, Hist Crit. Trag. Graec. p. 46; Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. p. 521; Bode, Gesch. d. Hellen. Dichtkunst, vol. iii. pt. i. pp. 538, 539; Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. p. xxxv.) [P.S.] PHILOCLES, artists. 1. An Egyptian artist, of the mythical, or, at all events, of an unknown period, to whom some ascribed the invention of the first step in painting, which others attributed to Cleanthes, a Corinthian, namely, tracing the outline of the shadow of a figure cast on a wall, σxía, σкιayрáμμa, a silhouette. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 3. s. 5; comp. ARDICES.) might be required, Philocrates answered that no pledge could be satisfactory to him except a proof of their not being able to do injury. In this passage, however, the name of Iphicrates occurs as a various reading. The person of whom we have been speaking was perhaps the same Philocrates, who, after the execution of Ergocles for treason and peculation, was accused, in the speech of Lysias, yet extant, of being in possession of the confiscated property of the traitor, whose intimate friend he had been, and who during his command had made him his trierarch and receiver of his money. (Lys. c. Erg., c. Phil. pp. 179–182; Schn. ad Xen. Hell. l. c.) [THRASYBULUS.] The name Philocrates in Xen. Hell. iv. 4. § 9, seems clearly to be an error for Iphicrates. (Schn. ad loc.; comp. Diod. xiv. 86; Polyaen. i. 9.) 3. An Athenian orator, of the demus of Agnus, who took a most prominent part in bringing about the peace with Philip in B. c. 346. Together with Demosthenes, he strongly supported the petition made by the friends of some of the Athenian prisoners taken in Olynthus, in B. C. 347, that an ambassador should be sent to negotiate about their ransom. He also came forward with a motion, which was carried unanimously, to permit Philip to send a herald and ambassadors to Athens to treat for peace. For this he was impeached by Lycinus, as having originated an illegal decree; but he was defended by Demosthenes (illness preventing his personal appearance at the trial), and was acquitted. Matters being at length ripe for the final step, Philocrates moved that ten ambassadors should be appointed to negotiate with the Macedonian king. A decree to this effect was passed, and he was himself included in the embassy. In the same year, when the Macedonian ambassadors arrived at Athens, Philocrates proposed to concede everything to Philip, and to exclude expressly the Phocians and Halus and Cersobleptes from the treaty. This proposal of his, however, was opposed both by Aeschines and Demosthenes, and he was obliged to abandon it. He was again a member of the second embassy, which was sent to receive from Philip the ratification of the peace and alliance; and, on the return of the envoys to Athens, when Demosthenes endeavoured to excite suspicion in the people of Philip's intentions with respect to Phocis, Philocrates joined Aeschines in persuading them to pay no regard to his warnings, and bore him down with ribaldry and clamour, tauntingly remarking that it was no wonder that his own way of thinking should differ from that of one who was fool enough to be a water-drinker. He then carried a decree, which, while it gave high praise to Philip for his fair 2. An Athenian, son of Ephialtes, was sent in professions, and extended the treaty to his sucB. C. 390 with ten triremes to Cyprus, to the aid cessors, declared that if the Phocians would not of Evagoras, though the latter had revolted from surrender the temple to the Amphictyons, the the king of Persia (Artaxerxes II.), who was an Athenian people would assist in compelling them. ally of the Athenians at the time. On his voyage, Thus he played all along into the hands of Philip, Philocrates fell in with Teleutias, the Lacedaemo- and it seems altogether beyond a doubt that he nian, who was sailing to Rhodes with 27 ships, and had suffered himself to be corrupted, and received who, notwithstanding the enmity between Sparta Olynthian prisoners and lands in Phocis as the price and Persia, attacked and captured the whole of his treason. Indeed, he himself made no secret Athenian squadron (Xen. Hell. iv. 8. § 24; comp. of his newly-gotten wealth, which he ostentatiously Lys. pro Bon. Arist. pp. 153-155; Diod. xiv. 97, displayed, and expended in luxury and profligacy. 98.) In a passage of Demosthenes (c. Aristocr. In B. c. 344 Demosthenes, in his second Philippic. p. 659) we are told that on one occasion, when the called the attention of the Athenians to the manLacedaemonians, with solemn assurances of good ner in which they had been misled by Aeschines faith, had offered to give any pledge for it which | and Philocrates, without however mentioning the 2. An Athenian architect, of Acharnae, who is not mentioned by any ancient author, but who must have been one of the chief architects of the best period of Greek art, for he was the architect of the beautiful Ionic temple of Athena Polias, in Ol. 111, B. C. 336-332, as we learn from the celebrated inscription relating to the building of the temple, which was found in the Acropolis, and is now in the British Museum. (Böckh, Corp. Inser. vol. i. No. 160, where Böckh enters into an elaborate and valuable discussion of all that is known of the temple.) [P.S.] PHILO CRATES (Þλокрάтns). 1. An Athenian, son of Demeas, was commander of the reinforcement which was sent to the siege of Melos in B. C. 416, and enabled the Athenians to bring it to a successful issue. (Thuc. v. 116.) name of either of them; and, if the latter felt himself endangered in consequence, it may account for his putting himself forward (towards the end probably of 344 or the beginning of the next year) as the mover of a decree, remonstrating with Philip on the seizure of some Athenian ships by one of his admirals. Shortly after this, however, Philocrates was capitally impeached by Hyperides through an eloayyexía, for his treason, and deemed it expedient to go into voluntary exile before the trial came on. Of his subsequent fortunes we have no certain information. Demosthenes, in his speech on the Crown, speaks of Philocrates as one of those who assailed him with false accusations after the battle of Chaeroneia in B. C. 338; and from this it might be inferred that the traitor had then returned from banishment, but Aeschines mentions him as still an exile in B. c. 330 (c. Cles. p. 65), and we may therefore believe, with Mr. Newman, that Philocrates was still dangerous to Demosthenes in 338 by his voice or pen," with which he could pretend to reveal scandalous secrets, owing to his former intimacy with him." (Heges. de Hal. pp. 82, 83; Dem. de Cor. pp. 230, 232, 250, 310, de Fals. Leg. pp. 343, 345, 348, 355, 356, 371, 375, 377, 386, 394, 395, 405, 434, 440, c. Aristog. pp. 783, 784; Argum. ad Dem. de Pac. p. 56; Aesch. de Fals. Leg. pp. 29, 30, 35, 36; Plut. de Garr. 15; comp. Newman in the Classical Museum, vol. i. pp. 151, 152.) 4. A Rhodian, was one of the ambassadors sent from Rhodes in B. c. 167, after the war with Perseus, to avert the anger of the Romans,-an object which they had much difficulty in effecting. (Polyb. xxx. 4, 5; Liv. xlv. 20—25.) [E. E.] PHILOCTETES (ÞiλOKTÝTNs), a son of Poeas (whence he is called Poeantiades, Ov. Met. xiii. 313) and Demonassa, the most celebrated archer in the Trojan war (Hom. Od. iii. 190, viii. 219; Hygin. Fab. 102). He led the warriors from Methone, Thaumacia, Meliboea, and Olizon, against Troy, in seven ships. But on his voyage thither he was left behind by his men in the island of Lemnos, because he was ill of a wound which he had received from the bite of a snake, and Medon, the son of Oïleus and Rhene, undertook the command of his men (Hom. I. ii. 716, &c.). This is all that the Homeric poems relate of him, with the addition that he returned home in safety (Od. iii. 190); but the cyclic and tragic poets have spun out in various ways this slender ground work of the story of Philoctetes. He is said to have been the disciple, friend, and armour-bearer of Heracles (Philostr. Imag. 17), who instructed him in the art of using the bow, and who bequeathed to him his bow, with the never-erring poisoned arrows (Philostr. Her. 5). These presents were a reward for his having erected and set fire to the pile on mount Oeta, where Heracles burnt himself (Diod. iv. 38; Hygin. Fab. 36; Ov. Met. ix. 230, &c.). According to others, however, it was Poeas, Morsimus, Hyllus, or Zeus himself who performed that service to Heracles (Apollod. ii. 7. § 7; Tzetz. ad Lyc. 50; Soph. Trach. in fin.). Philoctetes also was one of the suitors of Helen, and, according to some traditions, it was this circumstance that obliged him to take part in the Trojan war (Apollod. iii. 10. § 8). On his journey thither, while staying in the island of Chryse, he was bitten by a snake. This misfortune happened to him as he was showing to the Greeks the altar of Athena Chryse, and approached too near to the serpent which was guarding the temple of the goddess (Soph. Phil. 1327; Philostr. Imag. 17; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 330; Tzetz. ao Lyc. 911), or while he was looking at the tomb of Troilus in the temple of Apollo Thymbraeus, or as he was showing to his companions the altar of Heracles (Philostr. l. c.; Schol. ud Soph. Phil. 266), or lastly during a sacrifice which Palamedes offered to Apollo Sminthius (Dict. Cret. ii. 14). Hera, it is said, was the cause of this misfortune, being enraged at Philoctetes having performed the above-mentioned service to Heracles (Hygin. Fab. 102), though some related that the snake's bite was the consequence of his not having returned the love of the nymph Chryse (Tzetz. ad Lyc. 911). According to some accounts, moreover, the wound in his foot was not inflicted by a serpent, but by his own poisoned arrows (Serv. ad Aen. iii. 402). The wound is said to have become nlcerated, and to have produced such an intolerable smell, and such intolerable pains, that the moanings of the hero alarmed his companions. The consequence was, that on the advice of Odysseus, and by the command of the Atreidae, he was exposed and left alone on the solitary coast of Lemnos (Ov. Met. xiii. 315; Hygin. Fab. 102). According to some he was there left behind, because the priests of Hephaestus in Lemnos knew how to heal the wound (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 330), and Pylius, a son of Hephaestus, is said to have actually cured him (Ptolem. Heph. 6), while, according to others, he was believed to have died of the wound (comp. Paus. i. 22. § 6). According to the common tradition, the sufferer remained in Lemnos during the whole period of the Trojan war, until in the tenth year Odysseus and Diomedes came to him as ambassadors, to inform him that an oracle had declared that without the arrows of Heracles Troy could not be taken. The tradition which represents him as having been cured, adds that while the war against Troy was going on, he, in conjunction with Euneus, conquered the small islands about the Trojan coast, and expelled their Carian inhabitants. As a reward for these exploits he received a part of Lemnos, which he called Acesa (from dкéoμα, I heal), and at the request of Diomedes and Neoptolemus, he then proceeded to Troy to decide the victory by his arrows (Philostr. Her. 5; comp. Hygin. Fab. 102; Q. Smyrn. ix. 325, 460; Tzetz. ad Lyc. 911; Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. i. 100). According to the common story, however, Philoctetes was still suffering when the ambassadors arrived, but he nevertheless followed their call. After his arrival before Troy, Apollo sent him into a profound sleep, during which Machaon (or Podalirius, or both, or Asclepius himself) cut out the wound, washed it with wine, and applied healing herbs to it (Tzetz. ad Lyc. l. c.; Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. i. 109; Propert. ii. 1. 61 ; Q. Smyrn. x. 180; Soph. Phil. 133, 1437). Philoctetes was thus cured, and soon after slew Paris, whereupon Troy fell into the hands of the Greeks (Soph. Phil. 1426; Apollod. iii. 12. § 6; Tzetz. ad Lyc. 64; Hygin. Fab. 112; Conon, Narr. 23). On his return from Troy he is said to have been cast upon the coast of Italy, where he settled, and built Petelia and Crimissa. In the latter place he founded a sanctuary of Apollo Alaeus, to whom he dedicated his bow (Strab. vi. p. 254; Tzetz. ad Lyc. 911; Serv. ad Aen. iii. 402). Afterwards a band of Rhodians also came to Italy, and as they became involved in war with the colonists from Pallene, Philoctetes assisted the Rhodians, and was slain. His tomb and sanctuary, in which heifers were sacrificed to him, were shown at Macalla. (Tzetz. ad Lyc. 911, 927.) [L. S.] PHILODAMEΙΑ (Φιλοδάμεια), one of the daughters of Danaus, became by Hermes the mother of Pharis. (Paus. iv. 30. § 2, vii. 22. § 3; comp. PHARIS.) [L. S.] PHILODA'MUS, of Bassus, a chaser in gold, mentioned in a Latin inscription. (Gruter, p. dexxxviii. 10). [P. S.] PHILODE MUS (Þiλódnuos), an Argive, was sent by Hieronymus, king of Syracuse, to Hannibal in B. C. 215, to propose an alliance. In B. C. 212, when Marcellus was besieging Syracuse, we find Philodemus governor of the fort of Euryalus, on the top of Epipolae, and this he surrendered to the Romans on condition that he and his garrison should be allowed to depart uninjured to join Epicydes in Achradina. (Polyb. vii. 7; Liv. xxiv. 6, xxv. 25.) [E. E.] PHILODE'MUS (Þiλódnuos) of Gadara, in Palestine, an Epicurean philosopher and epigrammatic poet, contemporary with Cicero, who makes a violent attack upon him, though without mentioning his name, as the abettor of Piso in all his profligacy (Cic. in Pis. 28, 29), though in another place he speaks of him in the following high terms:-"Sironem et Philodemum cum optimos viros, tum doctissimos homines" (De Fin. ii. 35); and indeed, in the former passage, while attacking his character, he praises his poetical skill and elegance, his knowledge of philosophy, and his general information, in the highest terms. From the language of Cicero, it may be inferred that Philodemus was one of the most distinguished Epicurean philosophers of his time, and that he lived on terms of intimacy with men of the highest rank in Rome. He is also mentioned by Diogenes Laërtius (x. 3), by Strabo (xvi. p. 759), and by Horace (Sat. i. 2. 121). His epigrams were included in the Anthology of Philip of Thessalonica, and he seems to have been the earliest poet who had a place in that collection. The Greek Anthology contains thirty-four of them, which are chiefly of a light and amatory character, and which quite bear out Cicero's statements concerning the licentiousness of his matter and the elegance of his manner. Of his prose writings Diogenes (.c.) quotes from the tenth book Ts Tŵv piλoσówv σvvτátews, and a MS. has been discovered at Herculaneum containing a work by him on music, repl povσiks. (Menag. ad Diog. Läert. 1. c.; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iii. p. 609, iv. p. 491; Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 83; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. ii. p. 70, xiii. p. 937; Orelli, Onom. Tullian. s. v.) [P.S.] PHILO'DICE (Þıλodíên), a daughter of nachus and the wife of Leucippus, by whom she became the mother of Hilaeira and Phoebe. (Apollod. iii. 10. § 3; comp. DIOSCURI.) [L. S.] PHILO'DOTUS (Þλódoтos), a physician of whom Alexander Trallianus (De Medic. i. 17, p. 165) tells an anecdote of the ingenious way in which he cured a melancholy and hypochondriacal patient, who fancied he had had his head cut off. Philodotus suddenly put on his head a leaden hat, *It is probable, however, that the true reading in this passage is Philotimus. [PHILOTIMUS.] the weight of which made the poor man think that he had recovered his head, so that he was free from his fancy ever after. Of the date of Philodotus it can only be said that he must have lived in or before the sixth century after Christ. [W. A. G.] PHILOE TIUS (PiλoíTios), the celebrated cowherd of Odysseus, who is frequently mentioned in the Odyssey (xx. 24, 185, 254, xxi. 240, 388, xxii. 359.) [L. S.] PHILO'GENES. 1. A slave or freedman of Atticus, frequently mentioned in Cicero's letters (ad Att. v. 13, 20, vi. 2, 3, &c.). 2. A geographer of Italy, spoken of by Tzetzes (ad Lycophr. 1085). PHILOLA'US (Þλóλaos), that is, friend of the people, was a surname of Asclepius, under which he had a temple in Laconia (Paus. iii. 22. § 7). It occurs also as the proper name of a son of Minos and the nymph Pareia, in Paros. (Apollod. ii. 9. § 5, iii. 1. § 2.) [L. S.] PHILOLA'US (Þ‹λóλaos), a Corinthian of the house of the Bacchiadae. Having become enamoured of a youth named Diocles, and the latter having quitted Corinth, Philolaus accompanied him. They settled in Thebes, where Philolaus proposed some laws, which were adopted by the Thebans (Aristot. Pol. ii. 9). [C. P. M.] PHILOLA'US (Þóλaos), a distinguished Pythagorean philosopher. According to Diogenes Laërtius (viii. 84) he was born at Crotona; according to other authorities (Iamblich. Vit. Pyth 36) at Tarentum. It is more probable that these are varying statements with regard to the same person, than that two different persons of the same name are referred to. The most secure datum for ascertaining the age of Philolaus is the statement of Plato (Phaed. p. 61, d.) that he was the instructor of Simmias and Cebes at Thebes. This would make him a contemporary of Socrates, and agrees with the statement that Philolaus and Democritus were contemporaries (Apollod. ap. Diog. Laërt. ix. 38). The statement that after the death of Socrates Plato heard Philolaus in Italy, which rests only on the authority of Diogenes Laërtius (iii. 6), may safely be rejected. Philolaus is not mentioned among the Pythagorean teachers of Plato by Cicero, Appuleius, or Hieronymus (Interpr. ad Diog. Laërt. iii. 6). Philolaus lived for some time at Heracleia, where he was the pupil of Aresas, or (as Plutarch calls him) Arcesus (Iamblich. Vit. Pyth. c. 36, comp. Plut. de Gen. Soer. 13, though the account given by Plutarch in the passage referred to involves great inaccuracies, see Böckh, Philolaos, p. 8). The absurd statement of Iamblichus (c. 23) that Philolaus was a pupil of Pythagoras, is contradicted by himself elsewhere (c. 31), where he says that several generations intervened between them. The date when Philolaus removed to Thebes is not known. Böckh (ibid. p. 10) conjectures that family connections induced Philolaus and Lysis to take up their abode in Thebes; and we do, in point of fact, hear of a Philolaus of the house of the Bacchiadae, who gave some laws to the Thebans. (See the preceding article.) That Philolaus was driven out of Italy at the time when the Pythagorean brotherhood was broken up (i. e. shortly after the overthrow of Sybaris), is inconsistent with the chronology, though it is possible enough that there may have been, at a later period, more than one expulsion of Pythagoreans who attempted to revive in different cities of Italy something like their old organization. The statements that Philolaus was the instructor of Gorgias, and a disciple of Lysis, for the purpose of paying sepulchral honours to whom he came to Thebes (Olympiodorus ad Plat. Phaed. ap. Wyttenbach ad Phaed. p. 130, who mentions him instead of Theanor), are of no authority. Ac-contained a general account of the origin and arcording to Diogenes Laërtius (viii. 46), Phanton of Phlius, Xenophilus, Echecrates, Diocles, and Polymnestus of Phlius were disciples of Philolaus. Böckh (l. c. p. 15) places no reliance whatever on the story that Philolaus was put to death at Crotona on account of being suspected of aiming at the tyranny; a story which Diogenes Laërtius has even taken the trouble to put into verse (Diog. Laërt. viii. 84 ; Suid. s. v. ὑπονοία, Φιλόλαος). Pythagoras and his earliest successors do not appear to have committed any of their doctrines to writing. According to Porphyrius (Vit. Pyth. p. 40) Lysis and Archippus collected in a written form some of the principal Pythagorean doctrines, which were handed down as heir-looms in their families, under strict injunctions that they should not be made public. But amid the different and inconsistent accounts of the matter, the first publication of the Pythagorean doctrines is pretty uniformly attributed to Philolaus. He composed a work on the Pythagorean philosophy in three books, which Plato is said to have procured at the est of 100 minae through Dion of Syracuse, who purchased it from Philolaus, who was at the time in deep poverty. Other versions of the story represent Plato as purchasing it himself from Philolaus or his relatives when in Sicily. (Diog. Laërt. viii. 15, 55, 84, 85, iii. 9; A. Gellius, N.A. iii. 17; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 31. p. 172; Tzetzes, Chiliad. x. 792, &c. xi. 38, &c.) Out of the materials which he derived from these books Plato is said to have composed his Timaeus. But in the age of Plato the leading features of the Pythagorean doctrines had long ceased to be a secret; and if Philolaus tanght the Pythagorean doctrines at Thebes, he was hardly likely to feel much reluctance in publishing them; and amid the conflicting and improbable accounts preserved in the authorities above referred to, little more can be regarded as trustworthy, except that Philolaus was the first who published a book on the Pythagorean doctrines, and that Plato read and made use of it. (Böckh, c. p. 22.) Although in the Phaedon and the Gorgias Plato expresses himself as if he had derived his knowledge of the doctrines of Philolaus from hearsay, yet, besides that such a representation would be the more natural and appropriate as put in the mouth of Socrates, who was not a great reader, the minuteness and exactitude with which the doctrines of Philolaus are referred to, and the obvious allusions to the style in which they were expressed, show clearly enough that Plato derived his acquaintance with them from writings; and the accordance of the extant fragments of Philolaus with what is found in Plato points to the same result. the work is quoted by Nicomachus (Harmon, i. p. 17.) as To рŵтоν vσιкоν, and the passage quoted by him is said by Stobaeus (Ecl. i. 22. § 7. p. 454) to be èk Toû Þiλoλáov wepì kóσμov. It appears, in fact, from this, as well as from the extant fragments, that the first book of the work rangement of the universe. The second book appears to have borne the title Пepl púrews, and to have been an exposition of the nature of numbers, which in the Pythagorean theory are the essence and source of all things (Böckh, l. c. p. 27, &c.). It is no doubt from the third book that a passage is quoted by Stobaeus (Ecl. i. 21. § 2. p. 418) as being ev т #epi Yʊxis; and from other sources it appears that the third division of the treatise did, in reality, treat of the soul. There is no satisfactory evidence that any other writings of Philolaus were known except this work. More than one author mentions a work by Philolaus, entitled the Bánya. But from the nature of the references to it, it appears all but certain that this is only another name for the above-mentioned work in three books, and to have been a collective name of the whole. The name was very likely given, not by Philolaus himself, but by some admirer of him, who regarded his treatise as the fruit of a sort of mystic inspiration, and possibly in imitation of the way in which the books of Herodotus were named. (Böckh, l. c. p. 34, &c.) Several important extracts from the work of Philolaus have come down to us. These have been carefully and ably examined by Böckh (Philolaos des Pythagoreers Lehren, nebst den Bruchstücken seines Werkes, Berlin, 1819). As the doctrines of Philolaus, generally speaking, coincided with those that were regarded as genuine doctrines of the Pythagorean school, and our knowledge of many features in the latter consists only of what we know of the former, an account of the doctrines of Philolaus will more fitly come in a general examination of the Pytha gorean philosophy. The reader is accordingly referred on this subject to PYTHAGORAS. (Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. vol. i. p. 862, vol. iii. p.61). [Č.P.M.] PHILO MACHUS, artist. [PHYROMACHUS]. PHILOME LA (Þiλoμýra). 1. A daughter of king Pandion in Attica, who, being dishonoured by her brother-in-law Tereus, was metamorphosed into a nightingale or swallow. (Apollod. iii. 14. § 8; comp. TEREUS.) 2. The mother of Patroclus (Hygin. Fab. 97), though it should be observed that she is commonly called Polymele. (Schol. ad Hom. Od. iv. 343, xvii. 134.) 3. A daughter of Actor, and the wife of Peleus, by whom she is said to have been the mother of Achilles. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 558; comp. PELEUS.) 4. One of the daughters of Priam. (Hygin. Fab. 90.) [L. S.] PHILOMELEIDES (Þλoμnλeídŋs), a king in Lesbos who compelled his guests to engage with him in a contest of wrestling, and was conquered by Odysseus (Hom. Od. iv. 343, xvii. 134). Some commentators take this name to be a metronymic, derived from Philomela, No. 2. [L. S.] PHILOME'LUS (Þiλóμnλos), a son of Iasion and Demeter, and brother of Plutos, is said to have X PHILOMEʼLUS (Þiλóμnλos), one of the witnesses to the will of Theophrastus, who died BC. 287 (Diog. Laërt. v. 57). He is perhaps the same with Philomelus, mentioned by Numenius, the Pythagoreo-Platonic philosopher, in connection with Mnaseas and Timon, as belonging to the school of the sceptics. (Euseb. P. E. xiv. p. 731, ed. 1688). [W. M. G.] PHILOMENUS. [PHILUMENUS.] PHILOMNESTUS (Þóμvnoтos), the author of a work, Пepi tŵv év 'Pódy Zμvelov (Athen. p. 74, f.). As Athenaeus, in another passage (x. p. 445, a.), ascribes the same work to Philodemus, it would appear that there is a mistake in the name of one of these passages. PHILOMU/SUS. 1. A freedman of Livius, is described in an inscription as INAUR., that is, inaurator, a gilder, one of those artists, or perhaps rather artificers, whose employment consisted in covering wooden statues and other objects with thin beaten leaves of the precious metals, and who were called by the Greeks AETTOυpyol, and by the Romans Bractearii Aurifices. (R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 384, 2nd ed.) 2. The architect of a monument of a certain Cornelia, is designated in the inscription as at the same time a scene-painter and a contractor for public works (pictor scaenarius, idem redemptor). There are other instances of the union of these two professions. (Orelli, Inser. Latin. select. No. 2636; R. Rochette, l. c.) [P.S.] PHILON (Awv), historical. 1 A Phocian, who was charged with the administration of the sacred treasures under PHALAECUS He was accused of peculation and embezzlement, and put to death in consequence, after having been compelled by the torture to disclose the names of those who had participated in his guilt, B. c. 347. (Diod. xvii. 56.) 2. A native of Aeniania in Thessaly, was an officer of the Greek mercenaries in the service of Alexander, which had been settled by that monarch in the upper provinces of Asia. After the death of Alexander these troops, actuated by a common desire to return to their native country, abandoned the colonies in which they had been settled, and assembling to the number of 20,000 foot and 3000 horse, chose Philon to be their leader. They were, however, defeated by Python, who was sent against them by the regent Perdiccas; and the remainder submitted to him on favourable terms, but were afterwards barbarously massacred by the Macedonians in pursuance of the express orders of Perdiccas (Diod. xviii. 7). The fate of Philon himself is not mentioned. 3. There is a Philon mentioned by Justin (xiii. 4) as obtaining the province of Illyria, in the division of Alexander's empire after his death: but this is certainly a mistake, and the name is probably corrupt. 4. A citizen of Chalcis in Euboea, who appears to have taken a leading part in favour of Antiochus the Great, as his surrender was made by the Romans one of the conditions of the peace concluded by them with that monarch, B.C. 190. (Polyb. xxi. 14, xxii. 26; Liv. xxxvii. 45, xxxviii. 38.) 5. A follower and flatterer of Agathocles, the favourite of Ptolemy Philopator. During the sedition of the Alexandrians against Agathocles, Philon had the imprudence to irritate the populace by an insulting speech, on which he was instantly attacked and put to death: and his fate was quickly followed by that of Agathocles himself. (Polyb. xv. 33; Athen. vi p. 251, e.) 6. A native of Cnossus, who commanded a force of Cretan mercenaries in the service of Ptolemy Philopator, king of Egypt. (Polyb. v. 65.) 7. A Thessalian, who accompanied the Achaean deputies on their return from the camp of Q. Caecilius Metellus (B. c. 146), and endeavoured, but in vain, to induce the Achaeans to accept the terms offered them by the Roman general. (Polyb. xl. 4.) [E. H. B.] PHILON (Þíλwv), literary and ecclesiastical. Many persons of this name occur, of most of whom notices will be found in Jonsius (De Script. Hist. Phil. iii. 44), and Fabricius (Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 750, &c.). To these articles a general reference is made. The philosophers are spoken of below separately; but the other persons of this name that deserve particular notice are: 1. Of ATHENS. While Demetrius prevailed at Athens, Sophocles of the Sunian district (ZovVIEús), got a law passed, ordaining that no philo sopher should teach in Athens, without the express consent of the boule and the people, on pain of death. This had the effect of driving Theophras tus, and all the other philosophers, from Athens. (Diog. Laërt. v. 38.) Hence Athenaeus erroneously represents this law as expressly banishing them (xiii. p. 610. f.; compare Pollux, ix. 42, where the law is said to have been aimed at the Sophists). This law was opposed by Philon, a friend of Aristotle, and defended by Demochares, the nephew of Demosthenes. (Athen. l. c.) The exertions of Philon were successful, and next year the philosophers returned, Demochares being sentenced to pay a fine of five talents. (Diog. Laërt. l. c., where for Φιλλίωνος read Φιλώνος.) The date of this transaction is doubtful. Alexis (apud Athen. 7. c.) merely mentions Demetrius, without enabling us to judge whether it is Phalereus, B. c. 316, or Poliorcetes, B. c. 307. Clinton leans to the former opinion. (F. H. vol. ii. p. 169.) But he gives references to the opinions of others, who think it referable to the time of Demetrius Poliorcetes- -to whom may be added Ritter. (Hist. of Ancient Philosophy, vol. iii. p. 379. Engl. Transl.) Jonsius (De Script. Hist. Phil.) places it as low as about B. c. 300. It is not improbable that this Philon is the slave of Aristotle, whom, in his will, he ordered to receive his freedom. (Diog. Laërt. v. 15.) 2. Of BYZANTIUM, a celebrated mechanician, and a contemporary of Ctesibius. As much confusion has arisen regarding the era of these two men, and of Heron the pupil of Ctesibius (see Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. pp. 222, 234; Antholog. Gracc. ed. Jacobs, vol. xiii. p. 899; Montucla, Histoire des Mathematiques, vol. i. p. 268), it will be necessary to attend to the correct date. Athenaeus, the mechanician, mentions that Ctesibius dedicated his work to Marcellus. This Marcellus has been supposed to be the illustrious captor of Syracuse, without any evidence. Again, the epigrammatist Hedylus speaks (Athen. xi. p. 497, c.) of Ctesibius in connection with a temple to Arsinoë, the wife and sister of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Hence it has been stated that Ctesibius flourished about the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Euergetes I. B. C. 285-222, and Athenaeus, in that of Archi |