drama, in which a poet was at the same time the actor, either of his own plays, or of those of another poet. There is a curious confirmation of one of the arguments just urged in one of the Scholia on that passage of the Clouds which has so misled the commentators (v. 531),—Anλovóti á Þiλwvions Kai ὁ Καλλίστρατος, οἱ ΥΣΤΕΡΟΝ γενόμενοι ὑποκριταί Toû 'Apioтopávovs, the author of which passage evidently inserted Tepov in order to gloss over the absurdity of giving did different meanings in the Didascaliae of the earlier and the later plays. One more question of interest still remains, respecting the knowledge which the Athenian public had of the real author of those plays which appeared under other names, especially in the case of Aristophanes; concerning which the reader is referred to Bergk (Lc. pp. 930, &c.), who sums up the whole discussion in words to the following effect :that Aristophanes, through youthful timidity, when he began to write plays, entrusted them to Callistratus; but afterwards also, even when he had made the experiment of exhibiting in his own name, he still retained his former custom, and generally devolved the task of bringing out the play on Callistratus or Philonides; that both these were poets, and not actors; nor did even Aristophanes himself act the part of Cleon in the Knights; that the fame of Aristophanes, though under the name of another, quickly spread abroad; and that it was he himself, and not Callistratus, whom Cleon thrice attacked in the courts of law (p. 939). Philonides, the comic poet, must not be confounded with a certain Philonides who is attacked as a profligate voluptuary by Aristophanes (Plut. 179, 303; comp. Schol.), and other comic poets, such as Nicochares, Theopompus, and Philyllius. (Bergk, Frag. Com. Att. Antiq. p. 400.) [P.S.] PHILO'NIDES (Pλwvídns). 1. A physician of Catana in Sicily, the tutor of Paccius Antiochus (Scribon. Larg. De Compos. Medicam. c. 23. § 97. p. 209; Marcell. Empir. De Medicam. c. 20, p. 324), who lived about the beginning of the Christian era. He is probably the physician who is quoted by Dioscorides, and said by him to have been a native of Enna in Sicily (De Mat. Med. iv. 148, vol. i. p. 629); by Erotianus (Lex. Hippocr. p. 144); and also by Galen, who refers to his eighteenth book, Пeрì 'Iатρiкns, De Medicina. (De Differ. Puls. iv. 10, vol. viii. p. 748.)

2. A physician of Dyrrachium in Illyricum, who was a pupil of Asclepiades of Bithynia in the first century B. C., practised in his own country with some reputation, and wrote as many as five and forty books. (Steph. Byz. s. v. Auppáxiov.)

One of these physicians (for, though they were probably contemporaries, there is no reason for supposing them to have been the same individual) wrote a work, Περὶ Μύρων καὶ Στεφάνων, De Unguentis et Coronis, which is quoted by Athenaeus (xv. 17, 18, 45, pp. 675, 676, 691), and one on Pharmacy quoted by Andromachus (ap. Gal. De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. viii. 7, vol. xiii. p. 978), and by Marcellus Empiricus (De Medicam. c. 29, p. 380). [W. A. G.]

PHILONIS. [CHIONE and CEYX.] PHILO NOE (λovón), the name of two mythical personages, one a daughter of Tyndareos, who was rendered immortal by Artemis (Apollod. iii. 10. § 6), and the other a daughter of Jobates, and wife of Bellerophontes (ii. 3. § 2). The latter is commonly called Anticleia. [L.S]

PHILO NOME (Þiλovóμn). 1. A daughter of Nyctimus and Arcadia, and a companion of Artemis, became by Ares the mother of Lycastus and Parrhasius; but from fear of her father she threw her twin babes into the river Erymanthus. They were carried by the river-god into a hollow oak tree, where they were suckled by a she-wolf, until the shepherd Tyliphus found them and took them home. (Plut. Paral. min. 36.) 2. [TENES.] [L. S.] PHILO NOMUS (Þiλóvoμos), a son of Electryon and Anaxo. (Apollod. ii. 4. § 5; Strab. viii. pp. 364, 384; comp. ELECTRYON.) [L. S.]

PHILOPATOR (λожάτwр). This name, which we find applied as an epithet or distinctive appellation to several of the kings of Syria and Egypt, appears to have been borne as a proper name by two kings of Cilicia; at least no other is mentioned either by historians or on their coins.

PHILOPATOR I. was a son of TARCONDIMOTUS I. In common with his father he had espoused the cause of Antony during the civil war between the latter and Octavian, but on learning the tidings of the battle of Actium, and the death of Tarcondimotus B. c. 31, he declared in favour of the conqueror. He was nevertheless deprived of his kingdom by Octavian, and we do not learn that he was subsequently reinstated, though in B. C. 20 we find his paternal dominions restored to his brother, Tarcondimotus. (Dion Cass. li. 2, 7, liv. 9.)

PHILOPATOR II. is known only from the mention by Tacitus of his death in A. D. 17. (Tac. Ann. ii. 42.) Eckhel supposes him to have been a son of Tarcondimotus II., but it does not seem quite clear that he is distinct from the preceding, who may have been allowed to resume the sovereignty after his brother's death. (See, concerning these obscure princes of Cilicia, Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 83; Walther, ad Tac. l. c.) [E. H. B.]

PHILOPHRON (Þiλóppwv), a Rhodian, who was sent ambassador together with Theaetetus to the ten Roman deputies appointed to settle the affairs of Asia after the defeat of Antiochus, B. C. 189. They succeeded in obtaining the assignment of Lycia to the Rhodians as a reward for their services in the late contest (Polyb. xxiii. 3). At the commencement of the war between Rome and Perseus, the Rhodians were divided into two parties, the one disposed to favour the Macedonian king, the other to adhere closely to the Roman alliance. Philophron was one of the principal leaders of the latter; and we find him (together with Theaetetus) taking a prominent part in opposing all concessions to Perseus. But though in B. c. 169 they were still able to carry a decree for sending ambassadors to the senate at Rome, as well as to the consuł Q. Marcius, to renew and strengthen the friendly relations between the two

powers, the ill success of the Roman arms in the ensuing campaign gave the preponderance to the Macedonian party, and the following year (B. C. 168) Philophron and Theaetetus were unable to prevent the favourable reception given to the ambassadors of Perseus and Gentius (Id. xxvii. 11, xxviii. 2, 14, xxix. 5). Embassies were then despatched by the Rhodians to the belligerent parties to endeavour to bring about a peace between them, a step which gave great offence to the Romans; and after the victory of Aemilius Paulus, Philophron was despatched in all haste to Rome, toge ther with Astymedes, to deprecate the wrath of the senate. The ambassadors themselves were received with favour, but the Rhodians were deprived of the possession of Caria and Lycia, and compelled to withdraw their garrisons from Caunus and Stratoniceia. (Id. xxx. 4, 5, 19.) [E.H.B.] PHILOPOEMEN (Þλomośμny). 1. Son of Craugis, of Megalopolis in Arcadia, was one of the few great men that Greece produced in the decline of her political independence. His contemporaries looked up to him as the greatest man of their day, and succeeding ages cherished his memory with deep veneration and love. Thus we find Pausanias saying (viii. 52. § 1), that Miltiades was the first, and Philopoemen the last benefactor to the whole of Greece, and an admiring Roman exclaiming, "that he was the last of the Greeks" (Plut. Philop. 1). The great object of Philopoemen's life was to infuse among the Achaeans a military spirit, and thereby to establish their independence on a firm and lasting basis. To this object he devoted all the energies of his mind; and he pursued it throughout his life with an enthusiasm and perseverance, which were crowned with far greater success than could have been anticipated, considering the times in which he lived. His predecessor Aratus, who was the founder of the Achaean League, was a man of little military ability, and had chiefly relied on negotiation and intrigue for the accomplishment of his objects and the extension of the power of the league. He had accordingly not cared to train a nation of soldiers, and had in consequence been more or less dependent upon Macedonian troops in his wars with Sparta and other enemies, thereby making himself and his nation to a great extent the subjects of a foreign power. Philopoemen, on the contrary, was both a brave soldier and a good general; and the possession of these qualities enabled him to make the Achaean league a really independent power in Greece.

Philopoemen was born about B. C. 252, since he was in his seventieth year at the time of his death in B. c. 183 (Plut. Philop. 18). His family was one of the noblest in all Arcadia, but he lost his father, who was one of the most distinguished men at Megalopolis, at an early age, and was brought up by Cleander, an illustrious citizen of Mantineia, who had been obliged to leave his native city, and had taken refuge at Megalopolis, where he contracted an intimate friendship with Craugis. As Philopoemen grew up, he received instruction from Ecdemus and Demophanes (called Eclemus and Megalophanes in Pausanias, viii. 49. § 2), both of whom had studied the Academic philosophy under Arcesilaus, and had taken an active part in expelling the tyrants from Megalopolis and Sicyon, as well as in other political events of their time. Under their teaching and guidance Philopoemen

became a brave, virtuous, and energetic youth. He early proposed to himself Epaminondas as his model; but though he succeeded in imitating the activity and contempt of riches of his great model, his vehemence of temper prevented him from obtaining the amiable manners and winning temper which characterised the Theban. From his earliest years Philopoemen showed a great fondness for the use of arms, and took great pleasure in all warlike exercises. As soon as he had reached the age of military service, he eagerly engaged in the incursions into Laconia, which were then frequently made, and in these he greatly distinguished himself, being the first to march out and the last to return. When he was not employed in war, he divided his time between the chase, the transaction of public business, the cultivation of his estate, and the study of philosophy and literature. After spending part of the day in the city, he usually walked to an estate which he had about two or three miles from Megalopolis, where he slept, and rose early to work at the farm, after which he returned again to the city. His studies were chiefly directed to the art of war, and his favourite books were the Tactics of Evangelus, and the History of Alexander's campaigns.

The name of Philopoemen first occurs in history in B. c. 222, when he was thirty years of age. In that year Cleomenes, king of Sparta, the great enemy of the Achaean league, seized Megalopolis, and laid it in ruins. The Spartans surprised Megalopolis in the night, and took possession of the market-place before the alarm had become general among the inhabitants. As soon as it became known that the Spartans were in the city, most of the citizens fled towards Messene; but Philopoemen and a few kindred spirits offered a gallant resistance to the enemy, and their determined and desperate valour gave such employment to the Spartans, as to enable the citizens to escape in safety. Early in the following spring, B. C. 221, Antigonus, the Macedonian king, came down into the Peloponnesus to the assistance of the Achaeans. Eager to revenge his country, Philopoemen joined him with a thousand foot and a body of horse, which Megalopolis placed under his command, and at the head of which he fought in the celebrated battle of Sellasia, in which Cleomenes was utterly defeated, and by which peace was for a time restored to Greece. The successful issue of this battle was mainly owing to the courage and abilities of Philopoemen, who had charged at the head of the Megalopolitan cavalry without orders, and had thus saved one wing of the army from defeat. The horse of Philopoemen was killed under him, but he continued to fight on foot, and did not leave the field even when both his sides had been struck through with a javelin. His conduct in this battle at once conferred upon Philopoemen the greatest reputation. Antigonus was anxious to take him into his service, and offered him a considerable command; but this he declined, as he still hoped to secure the independence of his country, and was unwilling to become the servant of a foreign power. But as there was no longer any war in Greece, and he was desirous of acquiring additional military experience, he set sai for Crete, where war was then waging between the cities of Cnossus and Lyttus. Cnossus was supported by the Aetolians, and Philopoemen accordingly espoused the side of Lyttus, and suc

serve in

In B. C. 208, Philopoemen was elected strategus, or general of the Achaean league. The reforms which he had introduced with so much success in the cavalry, encouraged him to make still greater changes in the main body of the Achaean army. He discontinued the use of the light arms which the Achaean soldiers had hitherto used, and substituted in their place heavy armour, long spears, and large shields; at the same time he trained them in the Macedonian tactics, and accustomed them to the close array of the phalanx. The influence which he had acquired over his countrymen was now so great that he infused into them all a martial spirit, and led them to display in their arms and military equipments that love of pomp and splendour, which had been formerly exhibited in their furniture and private dwellings. There never was seen a more striking instance of the power of a master mind; in the course of a few months he transformed a luxurious people into a nation of soldiers, confident in their general, and eager to meet the foe. The Achaeans were at that time at war with Machanidas, tyrant of Lacedaemon; and after eight months' careful training Philopoemen advanced against the enemy. Machanidas entered Arcadia, expecting to ravage it, as usual, without opposition; but upon reaching Tegea he was equally pleased and surprised to hear that the Achaean army was drawn up at Mantineia. He accordingly hastened forward, in full expectation of a complete victory. The battle was fought in the neighbourhood of Mantineia; the Spartans were utterly defeated, and Machanidas fell by the hand of Philopoemen himself [MACHANIDAS.] This last victory raised the fame of Philopoemen to its highest point; and in the Nemean festival, which next followed, being a second time general of the league, he was hailed by the assembled Greeks as the liberator of their country. He had now to a great extent rendered the Achaeans independent of Macedonia, and had therefore incurred the hatred of Philip, who attempted to remove him by assassination, as he had Aratus; but his treachery was discovered in time, and brought down upon him the hatred and contempt of the Greeks.

The battle of Mantineia secured peace to the Peloponnesus for a few years, and accordingly Philopoemen disappears from history for a short time. Meantime Nabis, who succeeded Machani

though he was at the time in alliance with the Messenians. Philopoemen, who at that time held no office, endeavoured to persuade Lysippus, who was then general of the league, to march to the assistance of Messene; but as he could not prevail upon Lysippus to make any movement, he gathered together some troops by his private influence, and led them against Nabis, who evacuated the town at his approach, and hastily retired into Laconia. This daring attempt of the robber chief of Sparta roused the Achaeans to the necessity of prompt measures for the purpose of repressing his incursions, and they accordingly elected Philopoemen general of the league in B. C. 201. The military skill of Philopoemen soon gave Nabis a severe chastisement. He drew the mercenaries of the tyrant into an ambush on the borders of Laconia, at a place called Scotitas, and defeated them with great slaughter. Philopoemen was succeeded in his office by Cycliades, who was regarded as a partizan of Philip; and it was probably this reason, as Thirlwall has suggested, which induced Philopoemen to take another voyage to Crete, and assume the command of the forces of Gortyna, which had been offered him by the inhabitants of that town. His absence encouraged Nabis to renew his attacks upon Megalopolis, and he reduced the citizens to such distress, that they were compelled to sow corn in the open spaces within the city to avoid starvation. Philopoemen did not return to the Peloponnesus till B. c. 194. The Megalopolitans were so incensed against him on account of his leaving them at a time when his services were so much needed, that they nearly passed a decree depriving him of the citizenship, and were only prevented from doing so by the interposition of Aristaenus, the general of the league. But the great mass of the Achaeans gladly welcomed him back again, and made him general of the league in B. C. 192. During his absence in Crete, the Romans had conquered both Philip and Nabis, and had proclaimed the independence of Greece. But as soon as Flamininus had left Greece, the Aetolians invited Nabis to commence hostilities again. The tyrant, nothing loth, forthwith proceeded to attack Gythium and the other maritime towns of Laconia, and made incursions into the territories of the Achaeans. At first the Achaeans would not take up arms, and sent an embassy to Rome to learn the senate's pleasure; but the danger of Gythium at length became so pressing, that they commanded Philopoemen to relieve the town at once. His attempt to effect this by sea failed, in consequence of the inefficiency of his fleet, and the town was taken by assault on the very day that Philopoemen began to march against Sparta in order to create a diversion by land. Nabis having information of the movements of Philopoemen, took possession of a pass, through which the latter had to march; but although Philopoemen was thus taken by surprise, he extricated himself from his dangerous position by a skilful manoeuvre, and defeated the forces of the tyrant with such slaughter, that scarcely a fourth part was believed to have reached home.