in Ol. 86. 2, B. c. 435. The time when he most flourished was, according to Diodorus (xiv. 46), in Ol. 95. 2, B. c. 398. | poem, although Athenaeus and some modern critics suppose the allusion to be to a poem by Philoxenus, the Leucadian, on the art of cookery. It is true that the latter was known for his fondness of lux remarkable, and the confusion between the two Philoxeni utterly hopeless, if we were to suppose, with Schmidt and others, that they both wrote poems of so similar a character about the same time. (Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. ii. pp. 672-674; Bergk, Comment. pp. 211, 212; Schmidt, Dithyramb. p. 11, &c.) These testimonies all point to the very end of the fifth and the beginning of the fourth centuries B. C., as the time when Philoxenus flourished. There is, indeed, a passage in the Clouds (332), which the scholiast explains as referring to him, but which must allude to Philoxenus the Leucadian, if to either, as Philoxenus of Cythera was only in his 11th year at the time of the first exhibition of the Clouds, and in his 15th at the time of the second. Possibly, however, the comment results from a mere confusion in the mind of the scholiast, who, seeing in the text of Aristophanes · a joke on the voracity of the dithyrambic poets of his day, and having read of the gluttony of Philoxenus of Leucadia, identified the latter with Philoxenus the dithyrambic poet, and therefore supposed him to be referred to by Aristophanes. The brief account of his life in Suidas involves some difficulties; he states that, when the Cythe-urious living; but the coincidence would be too reans were reduced to slavery by the Lacedaemonians, Philoxenus was bought by a certain Agesylas, by whom he was brought up, and was called Múpun: and that, after the death of Agesylas, he was bought by the lyric poet Melanippides, by whom he was also educated. Now there is no record of the Lacedaemonians having reduced the Cythe reans to slavery; but we know that the island was seized by an Athenian expedition under Nicias, in B. C. 424 (Thuc. iv. 53, 54; Diod. Sic. xii. 65; Plut. Nic. 6); and therefore some critics propose to read Αθηναίων for Λακεδαιμονίων (Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. iv. p. 635). This solution is not quite satisfactory, and another, of much ingenuity, is proposed by Schmidt (Dithyramb. pp. 5. 6); but it is not worth while here to discuss the question further, since the only important part of the statement, namely, that Philoxenus was really a slave in his youth, is quite sustained by other testimonies, especially by the allusions to him in the comic poets (see Hesych. s. v. Aotλwva; Meineke, l. c.). Schmidt (pp. 7, 8) very ingeniously conjectures that there is an allusion to Philoxenus in the Frogs of Aristophanes (v. 1506), in the name Múрunki, which we have seen that Suidas says to have been given to him by his first master, and which belongs to a class of words which seem to have been often used for the names of slaves. Others, however, suppose the name to have been a nickname given to him by the comic poets, to express the intricacy of his musical strains, the ἐκτραπέλους μυρμηκιάς, as Pherecrates calls them (see below). He was educated, says Suidas, by Melanippides, of course in that poet's own profession, that of dithyrambic poetry, in which, if the above interpretation of the allusion in the Frogs be correct, he had already attained to considerable eminence before B. c. 408; which agrees very well with the statement of Diodorus (l. c.), according to which he was at the height of his fame seven years later. Pherecrates also attacked him in his Cheiron, as one of the corruptors of music; at least Plutarch applies to him a part of the passage; and if this application be correct, we have another allusion to his name Múpunt, in the mention of ÉKтρaπÉλovs μvрμпkiás (Plut. de Mus. 30, p. 1146, as explained and corrected by Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. ii. pp. 326--335). In the Gerytades of Aristophanes, which was also on the prevalent corruptions of poetry and music, and which seems to have been acted some little time after the Frogs, though Philoxenus is not mentioned by name, there are passages which are, to all appearance, parodies upon his poem entitled Δεῖπνον (Fr. xii. xiii. ed. Bergk, ap. Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. ii. pp. 1009, 1010). In the Ecclesiazusae also, B. c. 392, there is a passage which is almost certainly a similar parody (vv. 1167–1178; Bergk, Comment. de Reliq. Comoed. Att. Antiq. p. 212). There is also a long passage in the Phaon of the comic poet Plato, which seems to have been acted in the year after the Ecclesiazusae, B. c. 391, professing to be read from a book, which the person who has it calls Φιλοξένου καινή τις ὀψαρτυσία, which is almost certainly a parody on the same At what time Philoxenus left Athens and went to Sicily, cannot be determined. Schmidt (p. 15) supposes that he went as a colonist, after the first victories of Dionysius over the Carthaginians, B. C. 396; that he speedily obtained the favour of Dionysius, and took up his abode at his court at Syracuse, the luxury of which furnished him with the theme of his poem entitled Δεῖπνον. However this may be, we know that he soon offended Dionysius, and was cast into prison; an act of oppression which most writers ascribe to the wounded vanity of the tyrant, whose poems Philoxenus not only refused to praise, but, on being asked to revise one of them, said that the best way of correcting it would be to draw a black line through the whole paper. Another account ascribes his disgrace to too close an intimacy with the tyrant's mistress Galateia; but this looks like a fiction, arising out of a misunderstanding of the object of his poem entitled Cyclops or Galateia. It appears that, after some time, he was released from prison, and restored outwardly to the favour of Dionysius; but either in consequence of some new quarrel, or because he had a distrust of the tyrant's feelings towards him, he finally left his court: other accounts say nothing of his reconciliation, but simply that he escaped from prison, and went to the country of the Cythereans, where he composed his poem Galateia (Schol. ad Aristoph. Plut. 290). According to Suidas he went to Tarentum (s. v. Pokévov γραμμάτιον). There is a curious story related by Plutarch, that he gave up his estate in Sicily, and left the island, in order that he might not be seduced, by the wealth he derived from it, into the luxury which prevailed around him (Plut. de Vit. Aer. alien. p. 831). Schmidt endeavours to reconcile this statement with the former, by supposing that, after he left the court of Dionysius, he resided for some time on his Sicilian estate, and afterwards gave it up, in the way mentioned by Plutarch, and then departed finally from the island. It is doubtful where the last years of his life were spent, whether in his native island, whither the scholiast just quoted says that he fled, or at Ephesus, where Suidas states that he died, and whither Schmidt thinks it likely that he may have gone, as the worship of Dionysus prevailed there. In this point, however, as in so many others, we encounter the difficulty arising from the confusion of the two Philoxeni, for the Leucadian is also said to have spent the latter part of his life in Ephesus. It is time to dismiss these doubtful questions; but still there is one tradition respecting Philoxenus, which passed into a proverb, and which must not be omitted. It is said that, after his quarrel with Dionysius at Syracuse, and during his subsequent residence at Tarentum or Cythera, he received an invitation from the tyrant to return to his court, in reply to which he wrote the single letter O, that is, either as the ancient mode of writing ou, or, as some think, what Philoxenus wrote was 8, as the contracted sign for où. Hence a flat refusal was proverbially called Þiλokévov ypaμμáriov (Suid. 8. v.; Schmidt, p. 17). Respecting the works of Philoxenus, Suidas relates that he wrote twenty-four dithyrambs, and a genealogy of the Aeacidae. The latter poem is not mentioned by any other writer; but another poem, which Suidas does not mention, and which it is hardly likely that he reckoned among the twenty-four dithyrambs, is the Aeînvov already mentioned, which appears to have been the most popular of his works, and of which we have more fragments than of any other. These fragments, which are almost all in Athenaeus, are so corrupted, owing to the very extraordinary style and phraseology, which the poet purposely adopted, that Casaubon gave up the emendation of them as hopeless (Animadv. in Ath. iv. p. 470). Contributions to their restoration have, however, been made by Jacobs, Schweighauser, and Fiorillo, in their respective annotations upon Athenaeus, and by Bergk, in the Act. Soc. Gr. Lips. for 1836; and recently most of the fragments have been edited by Meineke (Frag. Com. Grace. vol. iii. Epimetrum de Philoxeni Cytheri Convivio, pp. 635-646, comp. pp. 146, 637, 638, 639, and vol. ii. p. 306), and the whole by Bergk (Poet. Lyr. Graec. pp. 851-860), and by Schmidt (Dithyramb. pp. 29— 51), who has also added a discussion on the metre, dialect, and style of the poem (pp. 52-54). The poem is a most minute and satirical description of a banquet, written in a style of language of which no idea can be formed without reading it, but of which the following specimen may convey some slight notion (v. 9): παντεπαλές, λιπαρού τ' ἐξ ἐγχελεῶνος ἀρίστων, with which a line from the parody of it by Aristophanes, in the Ecclesiazusae may be compared (v. 1169): λεπαδοτεμαχοσ ελαχογαλεο and so on through six lines, forming but one word. Of the dithyrambs of Philoxenus, by far the most important is his Kúkλw Taxarela, the occasion of his composing which is variously related, but the most probable account has been already given. Aelian (V. H. xii. 44) calls it the most beautiful of his poems, and Hermesianax refers to it in terms of the highest praise (Ath. xiii. p. 598, e.; Fr. 1, ed. Bach). Its loss is greatly to be lamented. The few fragments which remain are collected by Bergk (Poët. Lyr. Graec. 1. e.) and by Schmidt, who has added an interesting discussion respecting its plan (Dithyramb. pp. 54-68). The scholiast on the Plutus (1. c.) calls this poem a drama; and several other writers call Philoxenus a tragic poet; but this is probably only one of several instances in which the dithyrambic poets have been erroneously represented as tragedians (see Kayser, Hist. Crit. Trag. Graec. p. 262). We have a few other fragments of the poems of Philoxenus (pp. 68, 69), and the following titles of four others of his dithyrambs, though even these are not free from doubt-Murol, Zúpos, Kwμaoτns, Paélwv. Of the character of the music to which his dithy rambs were set, we have little other information than the statement that they were publicly chanted in the theatres by the Arcadian youth on certain days of the year (Aristot. Polit. viii. 7; Polyb. iv. 20). He was, however, as we have already seen, included in the attacks which the comic poets made on all the musicians of the day, for their corruptions of the simplicity of the ancient music; and there are several passages in Plutarch's treatise on music, describing the nature of those innovations, in which he followed and even went beyond his master Melanippides, and in which Timotheus again vied with him (Plut. de Mus. 12, 29, 30, 31; Schmidt, pp. 72, 73). A curious story is told of his musical composition by Aristotle, who, in confirmation of the statement that the dithyramb belongs essentially to the Phrygian mode, relates that Philoxenus attempted to compose one of his dithyrambs in the Dorian, but that it fell back by the force of its very nature into the proper Phrygian harmony (Aristot. Polit. viii. 7. § 12). In an obscure passage of Pollux (Onom, iv. 9. s. 65, ed. Bekker) the Locrian harmony is stated to be his invention; and the Hypodorian has also been ascribed to him (Schmidt, pp. 73, 74). There is a passage respecting his rhythms in Dionysius of Halicarnassus (de Comp. Verb. p. 131, Reiske). We have abundant testimony to the high esteem in which the ancients held Philoxenus, both during his life and after his death. The most remarkable eulogy of him is the passage in which the comic poet Antiphanes contrasts him with the musicians who came after him (Ath. xiv. p. 643). This, and the testimonies of Machon, Aelian, and others, are given fully by Schmidt (pp. 71, 72). Alexander the Great sent for his poems during his campaigns in Asia (Plut. Alex. 8, de Fort. Alex. p. 355, a.): the Alexandrian grammarians received him into the canon ; and, moreover, the very attacks of the comic poets are evidence of his eminence and popularity, and the more so in proportion to their vehemence. The most important works upon Philoxenus are those of D. Wyttenbach, in his Miscellanea Doctrinae, ii. pp. 64-72; Burette, Sur Philoxène, in his Remarques sur la Dialogue de Plutarche touchant la Musique, in the Mém. de l'Acad. des Insc. vol. xiii. pp. 200, &c.; Luetke, Dissert. de Graec. Dithyramb. pp. 77, &c. Berol. 1829; L. A. Berglein, De Philoxeno Cytherio Dithyramborum Poeta, Götting. 1843, 8vo.; G. Bippart, Philoxeni, Timothei, Telestis Dithyrambographorum Keliquiae, Lips. 1843, 8vo.; G. M. Schmidt, Diatribe in Dithyrambum Poetarumque Dithyrambicorum Reliquias, c. i. Berol. 1845; the passages already referred to, and others, in the works of Meineke and Bergk, on Greek Comedy; the Histories of Greek Poetry, by Ulrici and Bode; and Bernhardy, Gesch. d. Griech. Litt. vol. ii. pp. 548–551. 2. The other Philoxenus already referred to, the Leucadian, was the son of Eryxis, and seems himself also to have had a son of the name of Eryxis (Aristoph. Ran. 945). He was a most notorious parasite, glutton, and effeminate debauchee; but he seems also to have had great wit and goodhumour, which made him a great favourite at the tables which he frequented. The events of his life are of so little importance in themselves, and the statements concerning him are so mixed up with those which relate to Philoxenus of Cythera, that it is enough to refer for further information to the works upon that poet, quoted above, especially Schmidt (p. 9, &c.). He seems to be the same person as the Philoxenus surnamed Птерνоколís, and also the same as the Philoxenus of the Diomeian demus, both of whom are ridiculed by the comic poets for their effeminacy. 3. A poet of Siphnus, mentioned in a passage of Pollux (iv. 66), where however the name seems to be a false reading for Theoxenides (Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. p. 89; Schmidt, p. 22). 4. A celebrated Alexandrian grammarian, who taught at Rome, and wrote on Homer, on the Ionic and Laconian dialects, and several other grammatical works, among which was a Glossary, which was edited by H. Stephanus, Paris, 1573, fol.; also in Bonav. Vulcan. Thesaur. Lugd. Bat. 1600, fol., by Labbeus, with Cyril's Glossary, Paris, 1679, fol. ; and in the London edition of Stephanus's Thesaurus, vol. ix. 1826. (Suid. s. v. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vi. pp. 193, 376, 634; Osann, in his Philemon, pp. 321, &c.; Schmidt, p. 22.) 5. The author of an epigram in the Greek Anthology, on Tlepolemus, the son of Polycritus, who gained an Olympic victory in Ol. 131, B. c. 256 (Paus. v. 8). This must, therefore, be somewhere about the date of the poet, of whom nothing more is known. (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 58; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. ii. p. 58, vol. xiii. p. 937.) 6. A geographical writer, who seems to have been the author of a work on rivers. (Schol. ad Lycophr. Cassand. 1085, 1185; Cyrilli Lexicon, ap. Cramer, Anecd. Paris. vol. iv. p. 184.) his recent German translation (Zusammengesetzte Heilmittel der Araber, &c. p. 215). [W. A. G. ] PHILO'XENUS, a painter of Eretria, the disciple of Nicomachus, whose speed in painting he imitated and even surpassed, having discovered some new and rapid methods of colouring (such, at least, appears to be the meaning of Pliny's words, breviores etiamnum quasdam picturas compendiarias invenit, H. N. xxxv. 10. s. 36. § 22). Nevertheless, Pliny states that there was a picture of his which was inferior to none, of a battle of Alexander with Dareius, which he painted for king Cassander. A similar subject is represented in a celebrated mosaic found at Pompeii, which, however, the best critics think to have been copied, more probably, from Helena's picture of the battle of Issus (see Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, § 163, n. 6). As the disciple of Nicomachus, who flourished about B. c. 360, and as the painter of the battle above-mentioned, Philoxenus must have flourished under Alexander, about B. c. 330 and onwards. The words of Pliny, Cassandro regi," if taken literally, would show that the date of his great picture must have been after B. c. 317 or 315, for from one of those two years the reign of Cassander must be dated. (Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. 236.) [P.S.] PHILO'XENUS, C. AVIA'NUS, recommended by Cicero to the proconsul Acilius, B. C. 46. (Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 35.) 66 PHILOZOE. [TLEPOLEMUS.] PHILTEAS (PIλTéas), of Calacte, an historical writer, the author of a work in the Ionic dialect, entitled Nagiakά, of which the third book is quoted by Tzetzes (Schol. ad Lycophr. 633). He is also mentioned in a passage of Eustathius (ad Hom. p. 1885. 51), where, however, the name is corrupted into Philetas, and Eudocia, copying the error, places the Nagiakά among the works of Philetas of Cos (Violar. p. 424). That Philteas is the true form of the name is clear from a passage in the Etymologicum Magnum (p. 795. 12), which, however, contains another error, in the words o kaλoúμevos iσTopikós, where the Cod. Leid. has ó kaλXabaîos, and the true reading is no doubt ó KanakTaîos, which should probably also be substituted for etre Kaivos in the passage of Eustathius (see Meineke, Anal. Alex. pp. 351–353). [P.S.] PHILTIAS, a vase painter, whose name occurs on two of the vases in the Canino collection, in the forms ITIAS and IVTIAS, which Raoul-Rochette and Gerhard at first read Phintias, but which most antiquaries, including R. Rochette, now read Philtias. (R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 55, 2d ed.) [P.S.] 7. A Persian by birth, who afterwards was made a bishop, A. D. 485, and became one of the first leaders of the iconoclasts (Schmidt, p. 23). [P.S.] PHILO'XENUS (Þiλóževos), an Aegyptian surgeon, who, according to Celsus (De Medic. vii. Praef. p. 137), wrote several valuable volumes on surgery. He is no doubt the same person whose medical formulae are frequently quoted by Galen, and who is called by him Claudius Philoxenus. (De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. ii. 17, iii. 9, vol. xii. pp. 539, 645.) As he is quoted by Asclepiades Pharmacion (ap. Gal. De Compos. Medicam. sec. Loc. iv. 7, vol. xii. p. 731; De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. iii. 9, iv. 13, vol. xiii. pp. 545, 738), he must have lived in or before the first century after Christ. He is quoted also by Soranus (De Arte Obstetr. p. 136), Paulus Aegineta (De Med. iii. 32, vii. 11, pp. 453, 658), Aëtius (ii. 3. 77, iv. 3. 7, iv. 4. 43, pp. 331, 744. 800), and Nicolaus Myrepsus (De Compos. Medicam. i. 239, 240, p. 411), and also by Avicenna (Canon, v. 2. 2, vol. ii. p. 249, ed. Arab.), where the name is corrupted into Filodesifis, in the old Latin version (vol. ii. p. 319, ed. 1595), and into Phylocasanes by Sontheimer in | v. 1). PHILU MENUS (Þiλovμevos), a Greek physician, mentioned by an anonymous writer in Dr. Cramer's "Anecdota" (Anecd. Graeca Paris, vol. iv. p. 196) as one of the most eminent members of his profession. Nothing is known of the events of his life, and with respect to his date, as the earliest author who quotes him is Oribasius (Coll. Medic. viii. 45, p. 361; Synops. iii. pp. 45, 49, viii. 6, 8, 11, 17, pp. 121, 122, 123, 124), it can only be said that he must have lived in or before the fourth century after Christ. None of his writings are extant, but numerous fragments are preserved by Aëtius (see Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. viii. p. 328, ed. vet.). He is quoted also by Alexander Trallianus (viii. 5, 8, pp. 246, 251), and Rhazes (Cont. [W. A. G.] Furia gens. PHILUS, the name of a family of the patrician | for Greek literature and refinement. He cultivated the society of the most learned Greeks, and was himself a man of no small learning for those times. He was particularly celebrated for the purity with which he spoke his mother-tongue. He is introduced by Cicero as one of the speakers in his dialogue De Republica, and is described by the latter as a man "moderatissimus et continentissimus." (Dion Cass. Fragm. lxxxv. p. 36, ed. Reimar.; Val. Max. iii. 7. § 5; Cic. de Off. iii. 30, de Rep. iii. 18, Brut. 28, de Or. ii. 37, pro Arch. 7, de Leg. Agr. ii. 24, de Rep. i. 11, ad Att. iv. 16, Lael. 4, 6, 19, 27.) His praenomen was Lucius, and not Publius, as it is erroneously given in one passage of Cicero (ad Att. xii. 5. § 3), and by many modern writers. 1. P. FURIUS SP. F. M. N. PHILUS, was consul B. C. 223 with C. Flaminius, and accompanied his colleague in his campaign against the Gauls in the north of Italy. [FLAMINIUS, No. 1.] He was elected praetor in the third year of the second Punic war, B. c. 216, when he obtained the jurisdictio inter cives Romanos et peregrinos; and after the fatal battle of Cannae in this year, he and his colleague M. Pomponius Matho summoned the senate to take measures for the defence of the city. Shortly afterwards he received the fleet from M. Claudius Marcellus, with which he proceeded to Africa, but having been severely wounded in an engagement off the coast he returned to Lilybaeum. In B. C. 214 he was censor with M. Atilius Regulus, but he died at the beginning of the following year, before the solemn purification (lustrum) of the people had been performed; and Regulus accordingly, as was usual in such cases, resigned his affice. These censors visited with severity all persons who had failed in their duty to their country during the great calamities which Rome had lately experienced. They reduced to the condition of aerarians all the young nobles, who had formed the project of leaving Italy after the battle of Cannae, among whom was L. Caecilius Metellus, who was quaestor in the year of their consulship, B. C. 214. As, however, Metellus was elected tribune of the plebs for the following year notwithstanding this degradation, he attempted to bring the censors to trial before the people, immediately after entering upon his office, but was prevented by the other tribunes from prosecuting such an unprecedented course. [METELLUS, No. 3.] Philus was also one of the augurs at the time of his death. (Liv. xxii. 35, 55, 57, xxiii. 21, xxiv. 11, 18, 43, xxv. 2; Val. Max. ii. 9. § 8.) 2. P. FURIUS PHILUS, the son of the preceding, informed Scipio in B. C. 216, after the battle of Cannae, of the design of L. Caecilius Metellus and others to leave Italy, to which reference has been made above. (Liv. xxii. 53.) 3. P. FURIUS PHILUS, praetor B. C. 174, obtained Nearer Spain as his province. On his return to Rome he was accused by the provincials of repetundae. The elder Cato spoke against him: on the first hearing the case was adjourned (ampliatus), but fearing a condemnation, when it came on again, Philus went into exile to Praeneste, B. C. 171. (Liv. xli. 21, xliii. 2; Cic. in Caecil. Div. 20; Pseudo-Ascon. in loc. p. 124, ed. Orelli; Meyer, Orat. Rom. Fragm. p. 97, 2nd ed.) 4. L. FURIUS PHILUS, probably brother of the preceding, was praetor B. C. 171, and obtained Sardinia as his province. He was one of the pontifices, and died in B. c. 170. (Liv. xlii. 28, 31, xliii. 13.) 6. M. FURIUS PHILUS, occurs only on coins, a specimen of which is annexed. The obverse represents the head of Janus with the legend M. FOVRI. L. F., the reverse Pallas or Rome crowning a trophy, and below PHILI. | 5. L. FURIUS PHILUS, was consul B. c. 136 with Sex. Atilius Serranus. He received Spain as his province, and was commissioned by the senate to deliver up to the Numantines C. Hostilius Mancinus, the consul of the preceding year. [MANCINUS, Νο. 3.] On that occasion Philus took with him as legati Q. Pompeius and Q. Metellus, two of his greatest enemies, that they might | be compelled to bear witness to his uprightness and integrity. LI COIN OF M. FURIUS PHILUS. L. PHILU'SCIUS, was proscribed by Sulla and escaped, but was again proscribed by the triumvirs in B. C. 43, and perished. (Dion Cass. xlvii. 11.) | PHILYRA (Þiλúpa). 1. A daughter of Oceanus, and the mother of Cheiron by Cronus. (Pind. Nem. iii. 82; Apollon. Rhod. ii. 1241; comp. CHEIRON.) 2. The wife of Nauplius, according to some traditions, for she is commonly called Clymene (Apollod. ii. 1. § 4). [L. S.] PHILY LLIUS (ÞiλÚλλios), an Athenian comic poet, contemporary with Diocles and Sannyrion (Suid. s. v. Διοκλῆς). He belongs to the latter part of the Oid Comedy, and the beginning of the Middle; for, on the one hand, he seems to have attained to some distinction before the time when the Ecclesiazusae of Aristophanes was acted, B. C. 392 (Schol. ad Aristoph. Plut. 1195), and, on the other, nearly all the titles of his plays belong evidently to the Middle Comedy. He is said to have introduced some scenic innovations, such as bringing lighted torches on the stage (Schol. Plut. l. c. ; Ath. xv. 700, e.). With regard to his language, Meineke mentions a few words and phrases, which are not pure Attic. His name is corrupted by the Greek lexicographers and others into Þórios, λaîos, Þiλóλãos, Þiλλúdeos, and other forms. The following titles of his plays are given by Suidas and Eudocia, and in the following order :Αἰγεύς, Αὔγη, ̓́Αντεια (ἑταίρας ὄνομα), Δωδεκάτη, Ἡρακλῆς, Πλύντρια ή Ναυσικάα, Πόλις (better Πόλεις), Φρεωρύχος, Αταλάντη, Ἑλένη, where the last two titles look suspicions, as being out of the alphabetical order. (Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. A contemporary of the younger Scipio and of vol. i. pp. 258-261, ii. pp. 857-866; Bergk, Laelius, Philus participated with them in a love | Comment. de Reliq. Com. Att. Ant. p. 428.) [P.S.] PHINEUS (veus). 1. A son of Belus and Anchinoe, and brother of Aegyptus, Danaus, and Cepheus. (Apollod. ii. 1. § 4; comp. PERSEUS.) 2. One of the sons of Lycaon. (Apollod. iii. 8. § 1.) 3. A son of Agenor, and king of Salmydessus in Thrace (Apollon. Rhod. ii. 178, 237; Schol. ad eund. ii. 177). Some traditions called him a son of Phoenix and Cassiepeia, and a grandson of Agenor (Schol. ad Apollon, Rhod. ii. 178), while others again call him a son of Poseidon (Apollod. | i. 9. § 21). Some accounts, moreover, make him a king in Paphlagonia or in Arcadia. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. I. c.; Serv. ad Aen. iii. 209.) He was first married to Cleopatra, the daughter of Boreas and Oreithyia, by whom he had two children, Oryithus (Oarthus) and Crambis (some call them Parthenius and Crambis, Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. ii. 140; Plexippus and Pandion, Apollod. iii. 15. § 3; Gerymbas and Aspondus, Schol. ad Soph. Antig. 977; or Polydectus and Polydorus, Ov. Ib. 273). Afterwards he was married to Idaea (some call her Dia, Eurytia, or Eidothea, Schol, ad Apollon. Rhod. l. c.; Schol. ad Hom. Od. xii. 70; Schol. ad Soph. Antig. 980), by whom he again had two sons, Thynus and Mariandynus. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. ii. 140, 178; Apollod. iii. 15. § 3.) But the Harpye, as well as her pursuer, was worn PHI'NTIAS (Plas). 1. A Pythagorean, the friend of Damon, who was condemned to die by Dionysius the elder. The well-known anecdote of their friendship, and the effect produced by it on the tyrant, has been already related under DAMON, Valerius Maximus writes the name Pythias; but Cicero follows the Greek authors in adopting the form Phintias. Phineus was a blind soothsayer, who had received his prophetic powers from Apollo (Apollon. Rhod. ii. 180). The cause of his blindness is not the same in all accounts; according to some he was blinded by the gods for having imprudently communicated to mortals the divine counsels of Zeus about the future (Apollod. i. 9. § 21); according to others Aeetes, on hearing that the sons of Phrixus had been saved by Phineus, cursed him, 2. Tyrant of Agrigentum, who appears to have and Helios hearing the curse, carried it into effect established his power over that city during the by blinding him (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. ii. 207, period of confusion which followed the death of comp. 181); others again relate, that Boreas or Agathocles (B. c. 289), about the same time that the Argonauts blinded him for his conduct towards Hicetas obtained the chief command at Syracuse. his sons (Serv. ad Aen. iii. 209). He is most War soon broke out between these two despots, celebrated in ancient story on account of his being in which Phintias was defeated near Hybla. But exposed to the annoyances of the Harpyes, who this success having induced Hicetas to engage were sent to him by the gods for his cruelty towards with a more formidable enemy, the Carthaginians, his sons by the first marriage. His second wife he was defeated in his turn, and Phintias, who charged them with having behaved improperly to was probably in alliance with that power, was now her, and Phineus punished them by putting their able to extend his authority over a considerable eyes out (Soph. Antig. 973), or, according to others, part of Sicily. Among the cities subject to his by exposing them to be devoured by wild beasts rule we find mention of Agyrium, which is a suffi(Orph. Argon. 671), or by ordering them to be cient proof of the extent of his dominions. He at half buried in the earth, and then to be scourged the same time made a display of his wealth and (Diod. iv. 44; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. ii. 207). power by founding a new city, to which he gave Whenever Phineus wanted to take a meal the his own name, and whither he removed all the Harpyes came, took away a portion of his food, and inhabitants from Gela, which he razed to the soiled the rest, so as to render it unfit to be eaten. ground. His oppressive and. tyrannical government In this condition the unfortunate man was found subsequently alienated the minds of his subjects, by the Argonauts, whom he promised to instruct and caused the revolt of many of the dependent respecting their voyage, if they would deliver him cities; but he had the wisdom to change his line from the monsters. A table accordingly was laid of policy, and, by adopting a milder rule, retained out with food, and when the Harpyes appeared possession of the sovereignty until his death. The they were forthwith attacked by Zetes and Calais, period of this is not mentioned, but we may prothe brothers of Cleopatra, who were provided with bably infer from the fragments of Diodorus, that wings. There was a prophecy that the Harpyes it preceded the expulsion of Hicetas from Syracuse, should perish by the hands of the sons of Boreas, and may therefore be referred to B. C. 279. (Diod. but that the latter themselves must die if they xxii. Exc. Hoeschel. p. 495, Exc. Vales. p. 562.) should be unable to overtake the Harpyes. In their flight one of the monsters fell into the river Tigris, which was henceforth called Harpys; the other reached the Echinadian islands, which, from her returning from that spot, were called Strophades. | There are extant coins of Phintias, from which we learn that he assumed the title of king, in imitation of Agathocles. They all have the figure of a boar running on the reverse, and a head of Apollo or Diana on the obverse. Those which |