sessed all the pride and haughtiness of her husband, and while he used every effort to thwart Germanicus, she exerted herself equally to annoy and insult Agrippina. She was encouraged in this conduct by Livia, the mother of the emperor, who hated Agrippina most cordially. On the return of her husband to Rome in A. D. 20, after the death of Germanicus, whom it was believed that she and Piso had poisoned, she was involved in the same accusation as her husband, but was pardoned by the senate in consequence of the entreaties of the empress-mother. As long as the latter was alive, Plancina was safe, and she was suffered to remain unmolested for a few years even after the death of Livia, which took place in A. D. 29. But being accused in A. D. 33, she no longer possessed any hope of escape, and accordingly put an end to her own life. (Tac. Ann. ii. 43, 55, 75, iii. 9, 15, 17, vi. 26; Dion Cass. lvii. 18, lviii. 22.)

taxes in Asia, and by the support which he gave |
in B. c. 59 to Julius Caesar, who granted the
demands of the equites. The younger Plancius,
the subject of this notice, first served in Africa
under the propraetor A. Torquatus, subsequently
in B. c. 68 under the proconsul Q. Metellus in
Crete, and next in B. c. 62 as military tribune in
the army of C. Antonius in Macedonia. In B. C.
58 he was quaestor in the last-mentioned province
under the propraetor L. Appuleius, and here he
showed great kindness and attention to Cicero,
when the latter came to Macedonia during his
banishment in the course of this year. Plancius
was tribune of the plebs in B. c. 56. In B. c. 55,
in the second consulship of Pompey and Crassus,
he became a candidate for the curule aedileship
with A. Plotius, Q. Pedius, and M. Juventius Late-
rensis. The elections were put off this year; but
in the following year, B. c. 54, Plancius and Plotius
were elected, and had consequently to serve as
aediles for the remainder of the year. But before
they entered upon their office Juventius Laterensis,
in conjunction with L. Cassius Longinus, accused
Plancius of the crime of sodalitium, or the bribery
of the tribes by means of illegal associations, in
accordance with the Lex Licinia, which had been
proposed by the consul Licinius Crassus in the
preceding year. By this law the accuser had not
only the power of choosing the president (quaesitor)
of the court that was to try the case, but also of
selecting four tribes, from which the judices were
to be taken, and one of which alone the accused
had the privilege of rejecting. The praetor
C. Alfius Flavus was the quaesitor selected by
Laterensis. Cicero defended Plancius, and ob-
tained his acquittal. He subsequently espoused
the Pompeian party in the civil wars, and after
Caesar had gained the supremacy lived in exile at
Corcyra. While he was living there Cicero wrote
to him two letters of condolence which have come
down to us. (Cic. pro Planc. passim, ad Q. Fr. ii. 1.
$ 3, ad Att. iii. 14, 22, ad Fam. xiv. 1, ad Q.
Fr. iii. 1. § 4, ad Fam. iv. 14, 15, vi. 20, xvi. 9.)
2. Mentioned as curule aedile on the following
coin, must of course be different from the pre-
ceding Cn. Plancius, since we have seen that he
failed in obtaining the curule aedileship. The
obverse represents a female head, probably that of
Diana, with the legend CN. PLANCIVS AED. CVR.
S. C., and the reverse a she-goat, a bow and a
quiver. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 275.)

PLANCUS, the name of the most distinguished family of the plebeian Munatia gens, is said to have signified a person having flat splay feet without any bend in them. (Plin. H. N. xi. 45. s. 105; Festus, s. v. Plancae.) Instead of Plancus we frequently find Plancius both in manuscripts and editions of the ancient writers. For a detailed account of the persons mentioned below, see Drumann's Rom. vol. iv. p. 205, &c.

1. CN. MUNATIUS PLANCUS, was accused by M. Brutus, and defended by the orator L. Crassus, about B. C. 106 (Cic. de Or. ii. 54, pro Cluent. 51; Quintil. vi. 3. § 44.)

2. L. MUNATIUS L. F. L. N. PLANCUS, was a friend of Julius Caesar, and served under him both in the Gallic and the civil wars. He is mentioned as one of Caesar's legati in Gaul in the winter of B. C. 54 and 53; and he was in conjunction with C. Fabius, the commander of Caesar's troops near Ilerda in Spain at the beginning of B. c. 49. He accompanied Caesar in his African campaign in B. c. 46, and attempted, but without success, to induce C. Considius, the Pompeian commander, to surrender to him the town of Adrumetum. At the end of this year he was appointed one of the praefects of the city, to whom the charge of Rome was entrusted during Caesar's absence in Spain next year. He received a still further proof of Caesar's confidence in being nominated to the government of Transalpine Gaul for B. c. 44, with the exception of the Narbonese and Belgic portions of the province, and also to the consulship for B. c. 42, with D. Brutus as his colleague. the death of Caesar in B. c. 44 the political life of Plancus may be said to commence. After declaring himself in favour of an amnesty he hastened into Gaul to take possession of his province as speedily as possible. While here he carried on an active correspondence with Cicero, who pressed him with the greatest eagerness to join the senatorial party, and to cross the Alps to the relief of D. Brutus, who was now besieged by Antony in Mutina. After some hesitation and delay Plancus, at length in the month of April B.C. 43, commenced his march southwards, but he had not crossed the Alps when he received intelligence of the defeat of Antony and the relief of Mutina by PLANCI NA, MUNA/TIA, the wife of Cn. Octavian and the consuls Hirtius and Pansa. TherePiso, who was appointed governor of Syria in A. D. upon he halted in the territory of the Allobroges, 13 [Piso, No. 23], was probably the daughter of and being joined by D. Brutus and his army, preL. Munatius Plancus, consul B. c. 42. She pos-pared to carry on the war against Antony. But

COIN OF CN. PLANCIUS.

PLANCI'ADES, FULGENTIUS. [FUL

GENTIUS.]

PLANCIA NUS, LAETO'RIUS. [LAETORIUS, No. 4.]

On

PLAUTIUS, ut possent specie numeroque senatum
Fallere, personis imperat ora tegi.”

(Comp. Eckhel, vol. v. p. 276, &c.)

literature, poets of the highest fame cultivated this species of composition, which received its most perfect development from the hand of Simonides. Thenceforth, as a set form of poetry, it became a sentiments on any subject; until at last the form fit vehicle for the brief expression of thoughts and literati of Alexandria and Byzantium deemned the came to be cultivated for its own sake, and the ability to make epigrams an essential part of the character of a scholar. Hence the mere trifling, which form so large a part of the epigrammatic the stupid jokes, and the wretched personalities, poetry contained in the Greek Anthology. ference has already been made, are often quoted by The monumental inscriptions, to which rethe ancient writers as historical authorities, as, for example, by Herodotus and Thucydides; and by later writers, such as Diodorus and Plutarch, partly as authorities, partly to embellish their works. This use of inscriptions would naturally suggest the idea of collecting them. The earliest Polemon (B. c. 200), in a work Tep Tv KаTÒ known collection was made by the geographer Teis émιypaμμáτwv (Ath. x. p. 436, d., p. 442, e.). He also wrote other works, on votive offerings, which are likely to have contained the epigrammatic inscriptions on them. [POLEMON.] Similar collections were made by Alcetas, rep? TWV EV

6. L. MUNATIUS PLANCUS, son of No. 2, was consul A. D. 13 with C. Silius. In the following year he was sent by the senate after the death of Augustus to the mutinous legions of Germanicus in the territory of the Ubii, and there narrowly escaped death at the hands of the soldiers (Dion Cass. Ivi. 28; Suet. Aug. 101; Tac. Ann. i. 39.) PLANTA, POMPEIUS, praefect of Egypt in the reign of Trajan. (Plin. Ep. x. 7 or 5.) PLANU'DES (Пavoúdns), surnamed MAXIMUS, was one of the most learned of the Constantinopolitan monks of the last age of the Greek empire, and was greatly distinguished as a theologian, grammarian, and rhetorician; but his name is now chiefly interesting as that of the compiler of the latest of those collections of minor Greek poems, which were known by the names of Garlands or Anthologies (réparoi, Avtoλoyiai). Planudes flourished at Constantinople in the first half of the fourteenth century, under the emperors Andronicus II, and III. Palaeologi. In a. D. 1327 he was sent by Andronicus II. as ambassador to Venice. Nothing more is known of his life with any certainty, except that he was somewhat disposed to the tenets of the Roman Church, which, however, a short imprisonment seems to have induced him to renounce. (See Fabric. Bibl. Graec. Tol. xi. p. 682, and the authorities quoted in Harles's note.) His works, of which several only exist in MS., are not of sufficient importance to be enumerated individually. They consist of orations and homilies; translations from Latin into Greek of Cicero's Somnium Scipionis, Caesar de Bello Gallico, Ovid's Metamorphoses, Cato's Disticha Moralia, Boëthius de Consolatione, St. Augustin de Trinitate and de Civitate Dei, and Donatus's Grammatica Parva; two grammatical works; a collection of Aesop's Fables, with a worthless Life of Aesop; some arithmetical works, especially Scholia, of no great value, on the first two books of the Arithmetic of Diophantus; a few works on natural history; Commentaries on the Rhetoric of Hermogenes, and on other Greek writers; a poem in forty-seven hexameters, on Claudius Ptolemaeus, and a few other poems; and his Anthology. (See Fabric. 1. c. pp. 682-693, vol. i. p. 641, vol. vi. p. 348; Hoffmann, Lexicon Bibliographicum Script. Graec. s. v.) As the Anthology of Planudes was not only the latest compiled, but was also that recognised as The Greek Anthology, until the discovery of the Anthology of Constantinus Cephalas, this is chosen as the fittest place for an

which was

account of the

These

expois àvalnuáтwv (Ath. xiii. p. 591, c.), by Menestor, év T #Epì dvabnuárov (Ath. xiii. p. 594, d.), and perhaps by Apellas Ponticus. offerings (avatuara): epigrams of other kinds persons collected chiefly the inscriptions on were also collected, as the Theban Epigrams, by Attic by Philochorus (Suid. s. v., the reading is, Aristodemus (Schol. in Apoll. Rhod. ii. 906), the however, somewhat doubtful), and others by Neoptolemus of Paros (Ath. x. p 454, f.), and Euhemerus (Lactant. Instit. Div. i. 9; Cic. de Nut. Deor. i. 42).

pilers chiefly collected epigrams of particular 2. The Garland of Meleager. The above comclasses, and with reference to their use as historical authorities. The first person who made such a epigrams of all kinds, was MELEAGER, a cynic collection solely for its own sake, and to preserve philosopher of Gadara, in Palestine, about B. c. 60. His collection contained epigrams by no less than forty-six poets, of all ages of Greek poetry, up to the most ancient lyric period. He entitled it The Garland (Zrépavos), with reference, of course, to the common comparison of small beautiful poems to flowers; and in the introduction to his work, he attaches the names of various flowers, shrubs, and herbs, as emblems, to the names of the several poets. The same idea is kept up in the word Anthology (dvooxoyía), which was adopted by the land of Meleager was arranged in alphabetical next compiler as the title of his work. The Garorder, according to the initial letters of the first

LITERARY HISTORY OF THE GREEK ANTHOLOGY.
1. Materials. The various collections, to which
their compilers gave the name of Garlands and line of each epigram.

Anthologies,

metre.

3. The Anthology of Philip of Thessalonica. — In

the time of Trajan, as it seems, PHILIP of THES

SALONICA compiled his Anthology ('Aveoλoyía),

avowedly in imitation of the Garland of Meleager, and chiefly with the view of adding to that collection the epigrams of more recent writers. The arrangement of the work was the same as that of Meleager. It was also entitled σrépavos, as well

were made up of short poems, chiefly of an epigrammatic character, and in the elegiac The earliest examples of such poetry were, doubtless, furnished by the inscriptions on monuments, such as those erected to commemorate heroic deeds, the statues of distinguished men, especially victors in the public games, sepulchral monuments, and dedicatory offerings in temples (àrabnuara); to which may be added oracles and proverbial sayings. At an as ἀνθολογία. Another title by which it is quoted early period in the history of Greek | is συλλογὴ νέων ἐπιγραμμάτων.

VOL. III

cc

parchment. of a quarto form, though somewhat longer than it is broad, and contains 710 pages, without reckoning three leaves at the commencement, which are stuck together, and which are also full of epigrams. The writing is by different hands. The index prefixed to the MS. and the first 453 pages are in an ancient handwriting; then follows a later hand, up to p. 644; then again an older handwriting to p. 705. The rest is by a hand later than either of the others, and in the same writing are some additions in the other parts of the work, the leaves which are stuck together at the beginning, and some pages which had been left vacant by the former writers. The numbers of the pages are added by a still later hand, and the first three leaves are not included in the numbering. The most ancient hand writing is supposed to be of the eleventh century. The time of the others cannot be fixed with any certainty. But not only is it thus evident that the MS. was written by different persons and at dif

4. Diogenianus, Straton, and Diogenes Laërtius. | -Shortly after Philip, in the reign of Hadrian, the learned grammarian, DIOGENIANUS of Heracleia, compiled an Anthology, which is entirely lost. It might perhaps have been well if the same fate had befallen the very polluted, though often beautiful collection of his contemporary, STRATON of Sardis, the nature of which is sufficiently indicated by its title, Movoа яaidiкh. About the same time Diogenes Laërtius collected the epigrams which are interspersed in his lives of the philosophers, into a separate book, under the title of náμμeтpos. [DIOGENES LAERTIUS.] This collection, however, as containing only the poems of Diogenes himself, must rather be viewed as among the materials of the later Anthologies than as an Anthology in itself. 5. Agathias Scholasticus. During the long period from the decline of original literature to the era when the imitative compositions of the Constantinopolitan grammarians had reached their height, we find no more Anthologies. The next was the Kúkλos éπιyраμμáτwv of AGATHIAS SCHO-ferent times, but it is also quite clear that the LASTICUS, who lived in the time of Justinian. It was divided into seven books, according to subjects, the first book containing dedicatory poems; the second, descriptions of places, statues, pic tures, and other works of art; the third, epitaphs; the fourth, poems on the various events of human life; the fifth, satiric epigrams; the sixth, amatory; the seventh, exhortations to the enjoyment of life. This was the earliest Anthology which was arranged according to subjects. The poems included in it were those of recent writers, and chiefly those of Agathias himself and of his contemporaries, such as Paulus Silentiarius and Macedonius. [AGATHIAS.]

6. The Anthology of Constantinus Cephalas, or the Palatine Anthology. Constantinus Cephalas appears to have lived about four centuries after Agathias, and to have flourished in the tenth century, under the emperor Constantinus Porphyrogenitus. The labours of preceding compilers may be viewed as merely supplementary to the Garland of Meleager; but the Anthology of Constantinus Cephalas was an entirely new collection from the preceding Anthologies and from original sources. As has been said above [CEPHALAS] nothing is known of Constantine himself. Modern scholars had never even heard his name till it was brought to light by the fortunate discovery of Salmasius. That great scholar, when a very young man, visited Heidelberg about the end of the year 1606, and there, in the library of the Electors Palatine, he found the MS. collection of Greek epigrams, which was afterwards removed to the Vatican, with the rest of the Palatine library (1623), and has become celebrated under the names of the Palatine Anthology and the Vatican Codex of the Greek Anthology.* Salmasius at once saw that it was quite a different work from the Planudean Anthology. He collated it with Wechel's edition of the latter, and copied out those epigrams which were not contained in the latter. The work thus discovered soon became known among the scholars of the day as the Anthologia inedita codicis Palutini. The MS. is written on

The MS. was transferred to Paris, upon the peace of Tolentino, in 1797; and, after the peace of 1815, it was restored to its old home at Heidelberg, where it now lies in the University library.

original design of the work has been materially altered by the successive writers. There is an index at the beginning, which states the contents of each book of the collection, but, as the MS. now stands, its actual contents do not agree with this index. (The exact amount of the discrepancies is stated by Jacobs, who prints the index in his Prolegomena, p. lxv.) The inference drawn from these variations is that the present MS. is copied from an older one, the contents of which are represented by the index, but that the copyists have exercised their own judgment in the arrangement of the epigrams, and in the addition of some which were not in the older MS. It may further be pretty safely assumed that the older MS. was the Anthology as compiled by Constantinus Cephalas, the contents of which the index represents. But even in the index itself there are discrepancies; for it consists of two parts, the first of which professes to give the contents of the book, and the second their arrangement; but these parts disagree with one another, as well as with the contents of the MS. itself. The order given in the index is as follows (we give the titles in an abbreviated form):

α. τὰ τῶν Χριστιανῶν.

β. τὰ Χριστοδώρου τοῦ Θηβαίου.
γ. τὰ ἐρωτικὰ ἐπιγράμματα.
δ. τὰ ἀναθηματικά.

ε. τὰ ἐπιτύμβια,

5. τὰ ἐπιδεικτικά.
ζ. τὰ προτρεπτικά.
η. τὰ σκωπτικά.

θ. τὰ Στράτωνος τοῦ Σαρδιανοῦ,

4. διαφόρων μέτρων διάφορα ἐπιγράμματα.
ια. ἀριθμητικὰ καὶ γρήφα σύμμικτα.
ιβ. Ἰωάννου γραμματικοῦ Γάζης ἔκφρασις.
ιγ. Σύριγξ Θεοκρίτου καὶ πτέρυγες Σιμμίου.
Δωσιάδα βωμός. Βησαντίνου ὢν καὶ πέ-
λεκυς.

ιδ. ̓Ανακρέοντος Τηΐου.

ιε. Γρεγορίου ἐκλογαί, κ.τ.λ.

The actual contents, however, are as follows:Pauli Silentiarii Ecphrasis, to p. 40; S. Gregorii Eclogae, to p. 49; Epigrammata Christiana, to p. 63; Christodori Eephrasis, to p. 76 ; Epigrammata Cyzicena, to p. 81; Prooemia Meleagri, Philippi, Agathiae, to p. 87; Amatoria, to p. 140;