According to another modification of the legend, Orestes consulted Apollo, how he could be delivered from his madness and incessant wandering. The god advised him to go to Tauris in Scythia, and thence to fetch the image of Artemis, which was (Eurip. Iph. Taur. 79, &c., 968, &c.) believed to have there fallen from heaven, and to carry it to Athens. (Comp. Paus. iii. 16. §6.) Orestes and Pylades accordingly went to Tauris, where Thoas was king, and on their arrival they were seized by the natives, in order to be sacrificed to Artemis, according to the custom of the country. But Iphigeneia, the priestess of Artemis, was the sister of Orestes, and, after having recognised each other, all three escaped with the statue of the goddess. (Eurip. Iph. Taur. 800, 1327, &c.) opportunity of seeing him. (Od. xi. 542.) In the | eighth year after his father's murder Orestes came from Athens to Mycenae and slew the murderer of his father, and at the same time solemnised the burial of Aegisthus and of his mother, and for the revenge he had taken he gained great fame among mortals. (Od. i. 30, 298, iii. 306, &c., iv. 546.) This slender outline of the story of Orestes has been spun out and embellished in various ways by the tragic poets. Thus it is said that at the murder of Agamemnon it was intended also to despatch Orestes, but that Electra secretly entrusted him to the slave who had the management of him. This slave carried the boy to Strophius, king in Phocis, who was married to Anaxibia, the sister of Agamemnon. According to some, Orestes was saved by his nurse Geilissa (Aeschyl. Choeph. 732) or by Arsinoe or Laodameia (Pind. Pyth. xi. 25, with the Schol.), who allowed Aegisthus to kill her own child, thinking that it was Orestes. In the house of Strophius, Orestes grew up together with the king's son Pylades, with whom he formed that close and intimate friendship which has almost become proverbial. (Eurip. Orest. 804, &c.) Being frequently reminded by messengers of Electra of the necessity of avenging his father's death, he consulted the oracle of Delphi, which strengthened him in his plan. He therefore repaired in secret, and without being known to any one, to Argos. (Soph. Elect. 11, &c., 35, 296, 531, 1346; Eurip. Elect. 1245, Orest. 162.) He pretended to be a messenger of Strophius, who had come to announce the death of Orestes, and brought the ashes of the deceased. (Soph. Elect. 1110.) After having visited his father's tomb, and sacrificed upon it a lock of his hair, he made himself known to his sister Electra, who was ill used by Aegisthus and Clytaemnestra, and discussed his plan of revenge with her, which was speedily executed, for both Aegisthus and Clytaemnestra were slain by his hand in the palace. (Soph. Elect. 1405; Aeschyl. Choeph. 931; comp. Eurip. Elect. 625, 671, 774, &c., 969, &c., 1165, &c., who differs in several points from Sophocles.) Immediately after the murder of his mother he was seized by madness; he perceived the Erinnyes of his mother and took to flight. Sophocles does not mention this as the immediate consequence of the deed, and the tragedy ends where Aegisthus is led to death; but, according to Euripides, Orestes not only becomes mad; but as the Argives, in their indignation, wanted to stone him and Electra to death, and as Menelaus refused to save them, Pylades and Orestes murdered Helena, and her body was removed by the gods. Orestes also threatened Menelaus to kill his daughter Hermione; but by the intervention of Apollo, the dis- There are three other mythical personages of the pute was allayed, and Orestes betrothed himself to name of Orestes, concerning whom nothing of inHermione, and Pylades to Electra. But, accord-terest is related. (Hom. Il. v. 705, xii. 139, 193; ing to the common account, Orestes fled from land | to land, pursued by the Erinnyes of his mother. ORESTES ('Opéσrns), regent of Italy during On the advice of Apollo, he took refuge with the short reign of his infant son Romulus AugusAthena at Athens. The goddess afforded him tulus, from the 29th of August, A. D. 475, to the protection, and appointed the court of the Areio- 28th of August, 476. As his history is given in pagus to decide his fate. The Erinnyes brought the lives of Romulus Augustulus, Nepos, and forward their accusation, and Orestes made Odoacer, we need only add here a few remarks. the command of the Delphic oracle his excuse. He was a Roman by origin, but born in Pannonia, When the court voted, and was equally divided, and when Attila conquered that province, he and Orestes was acquitted by the command of Athena. his father Tatulus both entered the service of the (Aeschyl. Eumenides.) He therefore dedicated conqueror till the death of the latter and the downan altar to Athena Areia. (Paus. i. 28. § 5.) | fal of the Hunnic empire. Orestes held the office After his return Orestes took possession of his father's kingdom at Mycenae, which had been usurped by Aletes or Menelaus; and when Cylarabes of Argos died without leaving any heir, Orestes also became king of Argos. The Lacedaemonians made him their king of their own accord, because they preferred him, the grandson of Tyndareus, to Nicostratus and Megapenthes, the sons of Menelaus by a slave. The Arcadians and Phocians increased his power by allying themselves with him. (Paus. ii. 18. § 5, iii. 1. § 4; Philostr. Her. 6; Pind. Pyth. xi. 24.) He married Hermione, the daughter of Menelaus, and became by her the father of Tisamenus. (Paus. ii. 18. § 5.) He is said to have led colonists from Sparta to Aeolis, and the town of Argos Oresticum in Epeirus is said to have been founded by him at the time when he wandered about in his madness. (Strab. vii. p. 326, xiii. p. 582; Pind. Nem. xi. 42, with the Schol.) In his reign the Dorians under Hyllus are said to have invaded Peloponnesus. (Paus. viii. 5. § 1.) He died of the bite of a snake in Arcadia (Schol. ad Eur. Or. 1640), and his body, in accordance with an oracle, was afterwards conveyed from Tegea to Sparta, and there buried. (Paus. iii. 11. § 8.) In a war between the Lacedaemonians and Tegeatans, a truce was concluded, and during this truce the Lacedaemonian Lichas found the remains of Orestes at Tegea or Thyrea in the house of a blacksmith, and thence took them to Sparta, which according to an oracle could not gain the victory unless it possessed the remains of Orestes. (Herod. i. 67, &c.; Paus. iii. 3. § 6, viii. 54. § 3.) According to an Italian legend, Orestes brought the image of the Taurian Artemis to Aricia, whence it was carried in later times to Sparta; and Orestes himself was buried at Aricia, whence his remains were afterwards carried to Rome. (Serv. ad Aen. ii. 116.) Apollod. i. 7. § 3.) [L. S.] of secretary to Attila, and was also his ambassador | at Constantinople. After the death of Attila, Orestes returned to Italy, where on account of his great wealth, he soon rose to eminence, and obtained the title and rank of patricius. He then married a daughter of Romulus Comes. In 475, while at Rome, he received orders from the emperor Julius Nepos to assemble an army and send it to Gaul, as fears were entertained that the West Gothic king Euric intended another invasion of that country. Being once at the head of an army, Orestes availed himself of his power and riches to make himself master of Italy, and forthwith set out for Ravenna, where Nepos was residing. On his approach Nepos fled in confusion (28th of August, 475) to Salona in Dalmatia, where he met with the deposed emperor Glycerius, his former rival, who was then bishop of that place; and on the 29th of August Orestes had his son Romulus Augustulus proclaimed emperor, remaining, however, at the head of affairs. His first minister was Parmenus. He sent Latinus and Madusus to Constantinople, that he might be recognised by the emperor Zeno; aud he made peace with Genseric, the king of the Vandals. The reign of Orestes was of short duration. In the following year (476) Odoacer rose in arms against him, and Orestes having shut himself up in Pavia, was taken prisoner after the town had been stormed by the barbarians, and conducted to Placentia where his head was cut off by order of Odoacer. This took place on the 28th of August, 476, exactly a year after he had compelled Nepos to fly from Ravenna. On the 4th of September Paulus, the brother of Orestes, was taken at Ravenna, and likewise put to death. (The authorities quoted in the lives of ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS, GLYCERIUS, JULIUS NEPOS, and ODOACER.) [W.P.] ORESTES ('Opéστns), a Christian physician of Tyana in Cappadocia, called also Arestes, who suffered martyrdom during the persecution under Diocletian, A. D. 303, 304. An interesting account of his tortures and death is given by Simeon Metaphrastes, ap. Surium, De Probat. Sanctor. Histor., vol. vi. p. 231, where he is named Arestes. See also Menolog. Graec. vol. i. p. 178, ed. Urbin. 1727. He has been canonized by the Greek and Roman churches, and his memory is celebrated on Nov. 9. (See Bzovius, Nomenclator Sanctor. Profess. Medicor.) [W. A. G.] ORESTES, CN. AUFI'DIUS, originally belonged to the Aurelia gens, whence his surname of Orestes, and was adopted by Cn. Aufidius, the historian, when the latter was an old man [See Vol. I. p. 418, b.]. Orestes was repulsed when a candidate for the tribunate of the plebs, but he obtained the consulship in B. c. 71, with P. Cornelius Lentulus. From an anecdote recorded by Cicero (de Off. ii. 17) Orestes seems to have carried his election partly by the magnificent treats he gave the people. (Cic. pro Dom. 13, pro Planc. 21; Eutrop. vi. 8.) ORESTES, AURELIUS. 1. L. AURELIUS L. F. L. N. ORESTES, consul B. c. 157, with Sex. Julius Caesar. (Fasti Capit.; Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 3.8.17.) 2. L. AURELIUS L. F. L. N. ORESTES, son of the preceding, was consul B. c. 126, with M. Aemilius Lepidus. He was sent into Sardinia to subdue the inhabitants of the island, who had again risen against the Roman authority, as they had Orestes re done on many previous occasions. 66 1. 4. L. AURELIUS L. F. L. N. ORESTES, son of No. 2, was consul with C. Marius, in the third consulship of the latter, B. c. 103, and died in the same year. (Fasti: comp. Plut. Mar. 14.) 5. CN. AURELIUS ORESTES, praetor urbanus B. c. 77, one of whose decisions was annulled upon appeal by the consul Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus. (Val. Max. vii. 7. § 6.) ORESTHEUS ('Opeσbeús), a son of Lycaon, and the reputed founder of Oresthasium, which is said afterwards to have been called Oresteium, from Orestes. (Paus. viii. 3. § 1; Eurip. Orest. 1642.) 2. A son of Deucalion, and king of the Ozolian Locrians in Aetolia. His dog is said to have given birth to a piece of wood, which Orestheus concealed in the earth. In the spring a vine grew forth from it, from the sprouts of which he derived the name of his people. (Paus. x. 38. § 1; Hecat. ap. Athen. ii. p. 35.) [L. S.] ORESTILLA, AURE'LIA. [AURELIA.] ORESTILLA, LIVIA, called Cornelia Orestina by Dion Cassius, was the second wife of Caligula, whom he married in A. D. 37. He carried her away on the day of her marriage to Piso, having been invited to the nuptial banquet, but divorced her before two months had elapsed, and banished her and Piso. (Suet. Cal. 25; Dion Cass. lix. 8.) ORFITUS, or ORPHITUS, a cognomen of several gentile names under the empire, does not occur in the time of the republic. Orfitus is the correct orthography, as we see from inscriptions. Many of the Orfiti mentioned below are only known from the Consular Fasti, and from inscriptions. 1. SER. CORNELIUS ORFITUS, consul in A. D. 51, with the emperor Claudius (Tac. Ann. xii. 41 ; Plin. H. N. ii. 31; and the inscription in Fabrettus, p. 472). In A. D. 66 Orfitus proposed, in honour of the imperial family, that the month of June should for the future be called Germanicus (Tac. Ann. xvi. 12). It would appear, from an incidental notice in Tacitus (Hist. iv. 42), that Orfitus perished not long after this, by an accusation of the informer Aquillius Regulus. 2. SALVIDIENUS ORFITUS, one of the victims of Nero's cruelty and caprice. (Suet. Ner. 37.) 3. PACCIUS ORFITUS, a centurion primi pili in Corbulo's army in the East, in the reign of Nero. (Tac. Ann. xiii. 36, xv. 12.) 4. SALVIDIENUS ORFITUS, banished by Domitian, on the pretext of conspiracy. (Suet. Dom. 10.) 5. CORNELIUS SCIPIO ORFITUS, one of the consules suffecti a. D. 101. 6. SER. SALVIDIENUS ORFITUS, consul A. D. 110, with M. Peducaeus Priscinus. 7. SER. SCIPIO ORFITUS, consul A. n. 149, with Q. Nonius Priscus. He is perhaps the same as the Orfitus who was praefectus urbi in the reign of Antoninus Pius (Capitol. Anton. Pius, 8). This emperor reigned from A. D. 138 to 161. 8. M. GAVIUS ORFITUS, consul A. D. 165, with L. Arrius Pudens. 9. ORFITUS, consul A. D. 172, with Maximus. (Lamprid. Commod. 11.) 10. ORFITUS GAVIUS, consul A. D. 178, with Julianus Rufus. (Lamprid. Commod. 12.) As the three persons last mentioned all lived in the reign of M. Aurelius (A. D. 161-180), it is impossible to say which of them was the Orfitus who was advanced to various honours in the state by this emperor, although he was the paramour of the empress (Capitol. M. Anton. Phil. 29). 11. ORFITUS, consul in A. D. 270, with Antiochianus. Trebellius Pollio (Claud. 11) calls his colleague Atticianus. M. O'RFIUS, a Roman eques, of the municipium of Atella, was a tribune of the soldiers in Caesar's army, whom Caesar strongly recommended in B. C. 59 to his brother Quintus, who was then one of Caesar's legates. (Cic. ad Qu. Fr. ii. 14.) ORGE TORIX, the noblest and richest among the Helvetii, anxious to obtain the royal power, formed a conspiracy of the principal chiefs in B. C. 61, and persuaded his countrymen to emigrate from their own country with a view of conquering the | whole of Gaul. Two years were devoted to making the necessary preparations; but the real designs of Orgetorix having meantime transpired, the Helvetii brought him to trial for his ambitious projects. Orgetorix, however, by means of his numerous retainers, set justice at defiance; and while the Helvetii were collecting forces to compel him to submit to their laws, he suddenly died, probably, as was suspected, by his own hands. Notwithstanding his death the Helvetii carried into execution the project which he had formed, and were thus the first people with whom Caesar was brought into contact in Gaul. After their defeat a daughter of Orgetorix and one of his sons fell into the hands of Caesar. (Caes. B. G. i. 2-4, 26; Dion Cass. xxxviii. 31.) ORIBASIUS (Ορειβάσιος οι Οριβάσιος), an eminent Greek medical writer, who was born probably about A. D. 325. Suidas (s. v. 'Opeibáσios) and Philostorgius (Hist. Eccles. vii. 15) call him a native of Sardes in Lydia; but his friend and biographer Eunapius says (Vit. Philos. et Sophist. p. 170, ed. Antw.) he was born at Pergamus in Mysia, the birth-place of Galen. According to the same author, he belonged to a respectable family, and, after receiving a good preliminary education, he studied medicine under Zeno of Cyprus, and had for his fellow-pupils Ionicus and Magnus. He early acquired a great professional reputation. It is not known exactly when or where he became acquainted with the emperor Julian, but it was probably while that young prince was kept in confinement in different places in Asia Minor. He was soon honoured with his confidence and friendship, and was almost the only person to whom Julian imparted the secret of his apostacy from Christianity. (Eunap. I. c. p. 90; Julian, ad Athen. p. 277, B. ed. 1696.) When Julian was raised to the rank of Caesar, and sent into Gaul, ORIBASIUS. Dec. 355, he took Oribasius with him (Julian, Z. c. Εἴπατε τῷ βασιλεῖ, χαμαὶ πέσε δαίδαλος αὐλά. Persia, and was with him at the time of his death, He accompanied Julian in his expedition against June 26, A. D. 363. (Philostorg. l. c.) The succeeding emperors, Valentinian and Valens, were not so favourably disposed towards Oribasius, but confiscated his property, and banished him to some nation of “barbarians" (as they are called)-probably the Goths: they had even thought of putting him to death. The cause of this treatment is not mentioned; his friend Eunapius (who is not a very impartial witness) attributes it to envy on account of his reputation (did Tv úπepoxǹv tûs dóεns), but we may easily suppose the emperors to have had some more creditable motive than this, and might perhaps be allowed to conjecture that he had made himself obnoxious, either in the discharge of his duties as quaestor, or by his enmity against the Christians. In his exile Oribasius exhibited proofs both of his fortitude and his medical skill, whereby he gained such influence and esteem among the barbarian kings, that he became one of their principal men, while the common people looked upon him as almost a god. As Eunapius does not mention that the emperors who recalled Oribasius were different from those who banished him (1. c. p. 173), it is probable that his exile did not last long, and that it ended before the year 369. After his return he married a lady of good family and fortune, and had by her four children, one of whom was probably his son Eustathius, to whom he addressed his " Synopsis," mentioned below. He also had his property restored out of the public treasury by command of the succeeding emperors, but Eunapius does not specify which emperors he means. The date of his death is unknown, but he was still living with his four children when Eunapius inserted the account | into Arabic with the title "De Membrorum Anaof his life in his "Vitae Philosophorum et So- tomia." (Wenrich, l. c.) They were translated phistarum," that is, at least as late as the year into Latin by J. Bapt. Rasarius, and published 395. (See Clinton's Fasti Rom.) Of the per- together with the first fifteen books. A Greek sonal character of Oribasius we know little or edition appeared at Paris, 1556, 8vo. ap. Guil. nothing, but it is clear that he was much attached Morelium, with the title "Collectaneorum Artis to paganism and to the heathen philosophy. He Medicae Liber," &c.; and W. Dundass published was an intimate friend of Eunapius, who praises them in Greek and Latin in 1735, 4to. Lugd. him very highly, and wrote an account of his life. Bat., with the title "Oribasii Anatomica ex LiHe attended the philosopher Chrysanthius on his bris Galeni." Book 44 was published in Greek death-bed (Eunap. l. c. p. 197); and there is a and Latin, with copious notes, by U. C. Bussemaker, short letter addressed to him by Isidorus of Pelu- Groning. 1835, 8vo. ; having previously appeared in siam (Epist. i. 437, ed. Paris, 1638), and two Greek, together with books 45, 48, and 49, and epigrams written in his honour in the Greek An- parts of 50 and 51 (but with the omission of all thology (ix. 199, and Anthol. Planud. iv. 274, the extracts from Galen and Hippocrates), in the vol. ii. p. 106, iii. 295, ed. Tauchn.). He is several fourth volume of Angelo Mai's "Classici Auctores times quoted by Aëtius and Paulus Aegineta. e Vaticanis Codicibus editi." Rom. 1831, 8vo. Some of his works were translated into Arabic Books 46 and 47 were published by Ant. Cocchi (see Wenrich, De Auctor. Graecor. Version. at Florence, 1754, fol. in Greek and Latin, with Syriac. Arab. &c. p. 295); and an abridgement the title "Graecorum Chirurgici Libri," &c. them was made by Theophanes at the com- Books 48 and 49 were first published in Latin by mand of the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus. Vidus Vidius in his " Chirurgia e Graeco in (See Lambec. Biblioth. Vindob. vi. pp. 261, 264, Latinum a se conversa," &c.; and are to be found 266, ed. Kollar.) in Greek, together with fragments of books 50 and 51, in Angelo Mai's collection mentioned above. It will appear at once, from the above list of the editions of the different parts of this work, how much we are in want of a critical and uniform edition of those books which still remain; a want which (as we learn from M. Daremberg's Rapport, quoted above) is likely to be supplied by Dr. Bussemaker. We possess at present three works of Oribasius, which are generally considered to be genuine. The first of these is called Zuvaywyal 'larpirai, Collecta Medicinalia, or sometimes Ebdounkovτábi6λos, Hebdomecontabiblos (Paul. Aegin. lib. i. Praef.), and is the work that was compiled (as was said above) at the command of Julian, when Oribasius was still a young man. It would be impossible to give here an analysis of its contents. It contains but little original matter, but is very valuable on account of the numerous extracts from writers whose works are no longer extant. This work had become scarce, on account of its bulk, as early as the time of Paulus Aegineta (Paul. Aegin. l. c.); it was translated into Syriac in the ninth century by Honain Ibn Ishak and Isa Ibn Yahya, with the title "Collectionis Medicinalis Libri Septuaginta" (Wenrich, l. c.); but in the following century, though Haly Abbas was aware of its existence, he says he had never seen more than one book out of the seventy. (Theor. i. 1, p. 5, ed. 1523.) More than half of this work is now lost, and what remains is in some confusion, so that it is not easy to specify exactly how many books are at present actually in existence; it is, however, believed that we possess twenty-five (viz. 1-15, 21, 22, 24, 25, 44—49), with fragments of two others (viz. 50 and 51). The first fifteen books were first published in a Latin translation by J. Bapt. Rasarius (together with the 24th and 25th), Venet. 8vo. without date, but before 1555. They were published in Greek and Latin by C. F. Matthaei, Mosqu. 1808. 4to., but with the omission of all the extracts from Galen, Rufus Ephesius, and Dioscorides. This edition, which is very scarce, is entitled “XXI. Veterum et Clarorum Medicorum Graecorum varia Opuscula." The first and second books had been previously published in Greek and Latin by C. G. Gruner, Jenae, 1782, 4to. Books 21 and 22 were discovered in MS. by Dietz about fifteen years ago, but have not hitherto been published, either in Greek or Latin. (See Dietz, Schol. in Hippocr. et Gal. vol. i. praef.; Daremberg, Rapport adressé à M. le Ministre de l'Instruction Publique, Paris, 8vo. 1845, p. 7.) Books 24 and 25 treat of anatomy, and may perhaps be the work translated| The second work of Oribasius, that is still extant, was written probably about thirty years after the above, of which it is an abridgment (úvoys). It consists of nine books, and is addressed to his son Eustathius, for whose use and at whose request it was composed. This work was translated into Arabic by Honain Ibn Ishak, with the title "Ad Filium suum Eustathium Libri Novem" (Wenrich, l. c.), and was known to Haly Abbas, who, as well as Paulus Aegineta (1. c.), notices the omission of several topics which he considered ought to have found a place in it. It has never been published in Greek, but was translated into Latin by J. Bapt. Rasarius, and printed at Venice, 1554, 8vo. The third work of Oribasius is entitled EuTópioтa, Euporista or De facile Parabilibus, and consists of four books. It is addressed to Eunapius, probably his friend and biographer, who requested Oribasius to undertake the work, though Photius says (l. c.) that in his time some copies were ascribed to a person of the name of Eugenius. Sprengel doubts (Hist. de la Méd.) the genuineness of this work, but probably without sufficient reason: it appears to be the "smaller" work of Oribasius mentioned by Haly Abbas (l. c.), and is probably the treatise that was translated into Arabic by Stephanus with the title " De Medicamentis Usitatis" (Wenrich, l. c.). Both this and the preceding work were intended as manuals of the practice of medicine, and are in a great measure made up of extracts from his “Collecta Medicinalia." The Greek text has never been printed. The first Latin translation was published by J. Sichard, Basil. 1529, fol. at the end of his edition of Caelius Aurelianus; the next edition is that by J. Bapt. Rasarius, Venet. 1558, 8vo., which is more complete than the preceding. Rasarius united the "Synopsis ad Eustathium," the " Euporista ad Eunapium," and the nineteen * Συν Oribasius is said by Suidas to have been the author of some other works which are now lost,(Huet. Origenian. i. 8), in the persecution which viz. 1. Пepl Bariλelas, De Regno; 2. Пeрl Пabŵr, De Affectibus; and 3. Пpòs Toùs 'Аπороûνтаs тŵv 'larpov, Ad illos quibus Medicorum Copia non datur (or perhaps rather Ad Medicos dubitantes, vel inopes Consilii), which last has been conjectured to have been the same work as the "Euporista ad Eunapium," mentioned above. Besides these works, a commentary on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates goes under the name of Oribasius, but is undoubtedly spurious. It was first published in Latin by J. Guinterius Andernacus, Paris, 1533, 8vo., and has been thrice reprinted. It is probable that the work does not exist in Greek, and that it was written by a person who made use of a Latin translation of the "Synopsis ad Eustathium," and who composed it with the intention of passing it off as the genuine work of Oribasius. If so, it is a clumsy forgery, and betrays its spurious origin to the most cursory inspector, being apparently the work of a Christian, and at the same time purporting to be written at the command of Ptolemy Euergetes. It has been conjectured that it was composed by some physician belonging to the school of Salerno, about the beginning of the fourteenth century; but this is certainly too recent, as it is to be found in two MSS. at Paris, which are supposed to belong to the tenth century. (See Littré's Hippocrates, vol. iv. p. 443.) A further account of Oribasius, especially of his medical opinions, may be found in Freind's Hist. of Physic, vol. i.; Haller's Biblioth. Anat., Biblioth. Chirurg., Biblioth. Botan., and Biblioth. Medic. Pract.; Sprengel's Hist. de la Méd.; and in J. F. C. Hecker's Litterar. Annal. der gesammten Heilkunde, 1825, vol. i., which last work the writer has never seen. See also Fabric. Biblioth. Gr. vol. ix. p. 451, xii. 640, xiii. 353, ed. vet.; and Choulant, Handb. der Bücherkunde für die Aeltere Medicin. [W. A. G.] ORIGENES (piyévns), one of the most eminent of the early Christian writers, not only for his intellectual powers and attainments, but also for the influence exercised by him on the opinions of subsequent ages, and for the dissensions and discussions respecting his opinions, which have been carried on through many centuries down to modern times. I. LIFE. Origen bore, apparently from his birth (Euseb. H. E. vi. 14) the additional name of Adamantius ('Adauários), though Epiphanius states (Haeres. Ixiv. 73) that he assumed it himself. Doubtless, the name was regarded by the admirers of Origen as significant either of his unwearied industry (Hieron. Ep. xliii. ad Marcellam, c. 1. vol. i. p. 190 ed Vallars.), or of the irrefragable strength of his arguments (Phot. Bibl. cod. 118); | | but these obviously laudatory interpretations of it Origen was a pupil of Clement of Alexandria, and he also received some instruction of Pantaenus apparently after his return from India. [PANTAENUS.] He had Alexander, afterwards bishop of Jerusalem, for his early friend and fellowstudent (Alex. ap. Euseb. H. E. vi. 14). In the persecution which commenced in the tenth year of Severus (A. D. 202) Leonides was imprisoned, and after a time beheaded. Origen was anxious to share with his father the glory of martyrdom; and when this desire was frustrated by the watchfulness of his mother, who, after vainly entreating him to give up his purpose, hid away all his clothes, and so prevented him from leaving home, he wrote a letter to his father, exhorting him to steadfastness, in the words “See that thou changest not thy mind for our sakes." By the death of Leonides, his widow, with Origen and six younger sons, was reduced to destitution, the property of the martyr having been confiscated. Origen was, however, received into the house of a wealthy female, then living at Alexandria, who had, among her inmates at the time, one Paul of Antioch, whom she regarded as a son, who was in bad repute on account of his heretical opinions. Neander calls him a Gnostic. His eloquence, however, attracted a considerable audience, not only of those who sympathised in his views, but of the orthodox; yet Origen refused to unite in prayer with him, detesting," as he has somewhere expressed it, "heretical teachings." (Euseb. II. E. vi. 2.) This repugnance probably quickened his efforts to become independent, and his ardent application to study enabled him soon to extricate himself from difficulty by becoming a teacher of the branches of education comprehended under the epithet "grammatical " (τὰ γραμματικά). (Euseb. ibid.) His |