Of his works in marble, the only ones which are mentioned are his statue of Zeus Milichius at Argos (Paus. ii. 20. § 1), and those of Apollo, Leto, and Artemis, in the temple of Artemis Orthia, on the summit of Mt. Lycone in Argolis. (Paus. ii. 24. § 5.) mentions a celebrated lamp, which he made for the king of Persia (ap. Ath. v. p. 206, e). As an architect Polycleitus obtained great celebrity by the theatre, and the circular building (tholus), which he built in the sacred enclosure of Aesculapius at Epidaurus: the former Pausanias thought the best worth seeing of all the theatres, whether of the Greeks or the Romans. (Paus ii. 27. §§ 2, 5.) But that which he probably designed to be the greatest of all his works was his ivory and gold statue of Hera in her temple between Argos and Mycenae. This work was executed by the artist in his old 2. Of the younger Polycleitus of Argos very age (see above), and was doubtless intended by little is known, doubtless because his fame was him to rival Pheidias's chryselephantine statues of eclipsed by that of his more celebrated namesake, Athena and of Zeus, which, in the judgment of and, in part, contemporary. The chief testimony Strabo (viii. p. 372), it equalled in beauty, though respecting him is a passage of Pausanias, who says it was surpassed by them in costliness and size. that the statue of Agenor of Thebes, an Olympic According to the description of Pausanias (ii. 17. victor in the boys' wrestling, was made by "Poly§4), the goddess was seated on a throne, her cleitus of Argos, not the one who made the statue head crowned with a garland, on which were of Hera, but the pupil of Naucydes" (Paus. vi. 6. § worked the Graces and the Hours, the one hand 1. s. 2). Now Naucydes flourished between B. C. holding the symbolical pomegranate, nd the other 420 and 400; so that Polye vitus must be placed a sceptre, surmounted by a cuckoo, a bird sacred about B. c. 400. With this agrees the statement to Hera, on account of her having been once of Pausanias, that Polycleitus made the bronze changed into that form by Zeus. From an epi- tripod and statue of Aphrodite, at Amyclae, which gram by Parmenion (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 202, the Lacedaemonians dedicated out of the spoils of No. 5) it would seem that the figure of the god- the victory of Aegospotami (Paus. iii. 18. § 5. s. dess was robed from the waist downwards. Maxi- 8); for the age of the elder Polycleitus cannot be mus Tyrius, who compares the statue with the brought down so low as this. Mention has been Athena of Pheidias, describes the Hera of Poly-made above of the statue of Zeus Philius, at Mega> cleitus as the white-armed goddess of Homer, having ivory arms, beautiful eyes, a splendid robe, a queenlike figure, seated on a golden throne. (Dissert. xiv. 6, vol. i. p. 260, Reiske.) In this description we clearly see the Homeric ideal of Hera, the white-armed, large-eyed (λeukáλevos, Вoŵπis), which Polycleitus took for the model of his Hera, just as Pheidias followed the Homeric ideal of Zeus in his statue at Olympia. The character expressed by the epithet Boris must have been that of the whole countenance, an expression of open and imposing majesty; and accordingly, in a most laudatory epigram on the statue, Martial says (x. 89): "Ore nitet tanto, quanto superasset in Ida Judice convictas non dubitante deas." This statue remained always the ideal model of Hera, as Pheidias's of the Olympian Zeus. Thus Herodes Atticus, when he set up at Caesareia the statues of Augustus and Rome, had them made on the model of these two statues respectively. (Joseph. Ant. Jud. xv. 13.) Praxiteles, however, ventured to make some minor alterations in Polycleitus's type of Hera. [PRAXITELES.] There is an excellent essay on this statue, with an explanation of the allegorical signification of its parts, by Böttiger. (Andeutungen, pp. 122-128; comp. Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, § 352.) It is impossible to determine which of all the existing figures and busts of Hera or Juno, and of Roman empresses in the character of Juno, may be considered as copies of the Hera of Polycleitus; but in all probability we have the type on a coin of Argos, which is engraved in Müller's Denkmäler (vol. i. pl. 30. fig. 132; comp. Böttiger, l. c. p. 127). In the department of toreutic, the fame of Polycleitus no doubt rested chiefly on the golden ornaments of his statue of Hera; but he also made small bronzes (sigilla), and drinking-vessels (phialae) (Martial. viii. 51; Juvenal. viii. 102). Moschion lopolis, among the works of the elder Polycleitus. Some, however, refer it to the younger, and take it as a proof that he was still alive after the building of Megalopolis, in B. c. 370; but this argument is in no way decisive, for it is natural to suppose that many of the statues which adorned Megalopolis were carried thither by the first settlers. To this artist also we should probably refer the passage of Pausanias (ii. 22. § 8), in which mention is made of a bronze statue of Hecate by him at Argos, and from which we learn too that Polycleitus was the brother of his instructor Naucydes. [NAUCYDES.] He also was probably the maker of the mutilated statue of Alcibiades, mentioned by Dio Chrysostom (Orat. 37, vol. ii. p. 122, Reiske). It would seem from the passage of Pausanias first quoted (vi. 6. 1), that the younger Polycleitus was famous for his statues of Olympic victors; and, therefore, it is exceedingly probable that some, if not all, of the statues of this class, mentioned above under the name of the elder Polycleitus, ought to be referred to him. Whatever else was once known of him is now hopelessly merged in the statements respecting the elder artist. Thiersch makes still a third (according to him, a fourth) statuary or sculptor of this name, Polycleitus of Thasos, on the authority of an epigram of Geminus (Anth. Plan. iii. 30; Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 279): Χείρ με Πολυκλείτου Θασίου κάμεν, εἰμὶ δ ̓ ἐκεῖνος Σαλμωνεύς, βρονταῖς ὃς Διὸς ἀντεμάνην, κ.τ.λ. where Grotius proposed to read Пoλvyváтov for ПоλUкλеíтOU, an emendation which is almost certainly correct, notwithstanding Heyne's objection, that the phrase xelp kάuev is more appropriate to a sculpture than a painting. There is no other mention of a Thasian Polycleitus; but it is well known that Polygnotus was a Thasian. The error is just one of a class often met with, and of which we have a precisely parallel example in another epigram, which ascribes to Polycleitus a painting of Polyxena (Anth. Plan. iv. 150; Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 440). It is not, however, certain that | Πολυγνώτοιο is the right reading in this second case; the blunder is very probably that of the author of the epigram. (Jacobs, Animadv. in Anth. Graec. ad loc.) Lastly, there are gems bearing the name of Polycleitus, respecting which it is doubtful whether the engraver was the same person as the great Argive statuary; but it is more probable that he was a different person. (Bracci, tab. 96; Stosch, de Gemm. 76; Lewezow, über den Raub des Palladium, pp. 31, &c.; Sillig, Catal. Artif. s. v.) [P.S.] POCYCLETUS (ПoλÚλEITOS), a favourite freedman of Nero, was sent by that emperor into Britain to inspect the state of the island. (Tac. Ann. xiv. 39, Hist. i. 37, ii. 95 ; Dion Cass. xliii. 12.) POLYCLES (Пoλu«λîs). 1. A Macedonian general who was left in the command of Thessaly by Antipater, when the latter crossed over into Asia to the support of Craterus, B. c. 321. The Aetolians took advantage of the absence of Antipater to invade Locris, and laid siege to Amphissa; whereupon Polycles hastened to its relief, but was totally defeated, his army utterly destroyed, and he himself slain. (Diod. xviii. 38.) 2. One of the partisans and counsellors of Eurydice, who shared in her defeat by Olympias (B. C. 317), and accompanied her on her flight to Amphipolis, where she was soon after taken prisoner. (Id. xix. 11.) [E. H. B.] POLYCLES (Πολυκλῆς), artists. 1. 2. Two statuaries of this name are mentioned by Pliny (H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19); one, as flourishing in the 102d Olympiad (B. c. 370), contemporary with Cephisodotus, Leochares, and Hypatodorus; the other, as one of a number of statuaries, who flou rished at the revival of the art in the 156th Olympiad (B. c. 155), and who, though far inferior to those who lived from the time of Pheidias down to the 120th Olympiad (B. c. 300), were nevertheless artists of reputation. In this list the name of Polycles is followed by the word Athenaeus, which is usually taken for the name of another artist, but which may perhaps, as Sillig has observed, indicate the city to which Polycles belonged; for it is not at all improbable that Pliny would copy the words Пoλuкλns 'Aoŋvaîos, which he found in his Greek authority, either through carelessness, or because he mistook the second for the name of a person. It is also extremely probable that the elder Polycles was an Athenian, and that he was, in fact, one of the artists of the later Athenian school, who obtained great celebrity by the sensual charms exhibited in their works. For not only does Pliny mention Polycles I. in connection with Cephisodotus I. and Leochares, whom we know to have been two of the most distinguished artists of that school; but he also ascribes to Polycles (without, however, specifying which of the two) a celebrated statue of an Hermaphrodite, a work precisely in keeping with the character of the school which produced the Ganymede of Leochares. (Plin. l. c. § 20.) From the comparison, then, of these two statements, the inference is highly probable that the Hermaphrodite was the work of the elder Polycles, who was an artist of the later Athenian school of statuary. Müller strongly confirms this view by the ingenious observation, that, in Pliny's alphabetical lists of artists, the names under each letter come | pretty much in the order of time; and in the present instance, the name of Polycles comes before those of Pyrrhus and of Phoenix, the disciple of Lysippus. (Archäol. d. Kunst, § 128, n. 2.) Respecting the Hermaphrodite of Polycles, it cannot be determined with certainty which of the extant works of this class represents its type, or whether it was a standing or a recumbent figure. The prevailing opinion among archaeologists is that the celebrated recumbent Hermaphrodite, of which we have two slightly different examples, in marble, the one in the Florentine Gallery, the other in the Louvre (formerly in the Villa Borghese), is copied from the bronze statue of Polycles. (Meyer, Kunstgeschichte, vol. i. pp. 98, 99, and plate 9; Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, § 392, n. 2; Osanu, Ueber eine in Pomperi Ausgegrabene Hermaphroditenstatue; and Böttiger, Ueber die HermaphroditenFabel und Bildung, in the Amalthea, vol. i. pp. 342 366.) The younger Polycles, from the date assigned to him by Pliny, and from the mention of a statue of Juno by Polycles in the portico of Octavia at Rome (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 4. s. 5. § 10), would seem to have been one of the Greek artists who flourished at Rome about the time of the original erection of that portico by Metellus Macedonicus. But it is evident, on a careful examination of the latter passage of Pliny, and it is probable, from the nature of the case, that many, if not most of the works of art, with which Metellus decorated his portico, were not the original productions of living artists, but either the works of former masters, transported from Greece, or marble copies taken from such works. It contained, for example, works by Praxiteles, one of which stood in the very part of the edifice in which the statue by Polycles was placed. Hence arises the suspicion that this Polycles may be no other than the great Athenian artist already mentioned; that, like other statuaries of that era (Praxiteles, for instance), he wrought in marble as well as in bronze, or else that the marble statue of Juno in the portico of Metellus was only a copy from one of his works, and that Pliny places him erroneously at the 156th Olympiad, because, finding him mentioned among the artists whose works stood in the portico of Metellus, he mistook him for an artist living at the period of its erection. It is true that this is uncertain conjecture; but Pliny is very apt to make mistakes, and still more the copyists, especially in lists of names, and a sound critic is very reluctant to consent to the unnecessary multiplication of persons bearing distinguished names. The name, however, occurs in Pausanias as well as Pliny. In his enumeration of the statues of Olympic victors, after mentioning statues by Pheidias and Silanion, he says that another statuary of the Athenians, Polycles, the disciple of Stadieus the Athenian, made an Ephesian boy, a pancratiast, Amyntas the son of Hellanicus. (Paus. vi. 4. § 3. s. 5.) It is evident from this passage that this Polycles was a very distinguished Athenian artist, and the context seems to show that he flourished between the times of Pheidias and Lysippus, and nearer to the latter. If, therefore, there were two artists of the name, he is probably the same as the elder. In another passage he mentions the statue of the Olympic victor Agesarchus, as the work of the sons of Polycles, whose names he does not give, but of whom he promises to say more in a subsequent part of his work | Amasis and Polycrates in his most dramatic manner. In a letter which Amasis wrote to Polycrates, the Egyptian monarch advised him to throw away one of his most valuable possessions, in order that he might thus inflict some injury upon himself. In accordance with this advice Polycrates threw into the sea a seal-ring of extraordinary beauty; but in a few days it was found in the belly of a fish, which had been presented to him by a fisherman. Thereupon Amasis immediately broke off his alliance with him. Of course the story is a fiction; and Mr. Grote remarks (Hist. of Greece, vol. iv. p. 323) with justice, that the facts related by Herodotus rather lead us to believe that it was Polycrates, who, with characteristic faithlessness, broke off his alliance with Amasis, finding it more for his interest to cultivate friendship with Cambyses, when the latter was preparing to invade Egypt, B. c. 525. He sent to the assistance of the Persian monarch forty ships, on which he placed all the persons opposed to his government, and at the same time privately requested Cambyses that they might never be allowed to return. But these malcontents either never went to Egypt, or found means to escape; they sailed back to Samos, and made war upon the tyrant, but were defeated by the latter. Thereupon they repaired to Sparta for assistance, which was readily granted. The Corinthians likewise, who had a special cause of quarrel against the Samians, joined the Spartans, and their united forces accompanied by the exiles sailed against Samos. They laid siege to the city for forty days, but at length despairing of taking it, they abandoned the island, and left the exiles to shift for themselves. The power of Polycrates now became greater than ever. The great works which Herodotus saw and admired at Samos were probably executed by him. He lived in great pomp and luxury, and like some of the other Greek tyrants was a patron of literature and the arts. The most eminent artists and poets found a ready welcome at his court; and his friendship for Anacreon is particularly celebrated. But in the midst of all his prosperity he fell by the most ignominious fate. Oroetes, the satrap of POLY'CRATES (Пoλvкpáτns), historical. 1. Sardis, had for some reason, which is quite unOf Samos, one of the most fortunate, ambitious, known, formed a deadly hatred against Polycrates. and treacherous of the Greek tyrants. With the By false pretences, the satrap contrived to allure assistance of his brothers Pantagnotus and Sylo-him to the mainland, where he was arrested soon son, he made himself master of the island towards the latter end of the reign of Cyrus. At first he shared the supreme power with his brothers; but he shortly afterwards put Pantagnotus to death and banished Syloson. Having thus become sole despot, he raised a fleet of a hundred ships, and took a thousand bowmen into his pay. With this force he conquered several of the islands, and even some towns on the main land; he made war upon Miletus, and defeated in a sea-fight the Lesbians, who had come to the assistance of the latter city. His navy became the most formidable in the Gre-pator, just before his campaign against Antiochus cian world; and he formed the design of conquering all the Ionian cities as well as the islands in the Aegean. He had formed an alliance with Amasis, king of Egypt, who, however, finally renounced it through alarm at the amazing good fortune of Polycrates, which never met with any check or disaster, and which therefore was sure, sooner or later, to incur the envy of the gods. Such, at least, is the account of Herodotus, who has narrated the story of the rupture between 3. Of Adramyttium, a painter, mentioned by Vitruvius among those artists who deserved fame, but who failed through adverse fortune to attain to it. (iii. Praef. § 2.) [P.S.] after his arrival, and crucified, B. C. 522. (Herod. iii. 39-47, 54-56, 120-125; Thuc. i. 13; Athen. xii. p. 540.) 2. An Athenian, a lochagus in the army of the Cyrean Greeks, is mentioned several times by Xenophon, whom he defended on one occasion. (Xen. Anab. iv. 5. § 24, v. 1. § 16, vii. 2. §§ 17, 29, vii. 6. § 41.) 3. An Argive, the son of Mnasiades, descended from an illustrious family at Argos, came over to the court of the Egyptian monarch Ptolemy Philo III., in B. c. 217. Polycrates was of great service in drilling and encouraging the Egyptian troops, and he commanded the cavalry on the left wing at the battle of Raphia, in B. c. 217, in which Antiochus was defeated, and which secured to Ptolemy the provinces of Coele-Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine. Although Polycrates was still young he was second to no one, says Polybius, in the king's court, and was accordingly appointed by Ptolemy governor of Cyprus. The duties of this office he discharged with the utmost fidelity and integrity; he secured the island for Ptolemy Epiphanes, the infant son and successor of Philopator, and on his return to Alexandria about B. c. 196, he brought with him a considerable sum of money for the use of the monarch. He was received at Alexandria with great applause, and forthwith obtained great power in the kingdom; but as he advanced in years, his character changed for the worse, and he indulged in every kind of vice and wickedness. We are ignorant of his subsequent career, in consequence of the loss of the later books of Polybius; but we learn from a fragment of the historian that it was through his evil advice that Ptolemy took no part in military affairs, although he had reached | the age of twenty-five. (Polyb. v. 64, 65, 82, 84, xviii. 38, xxiii. 16.) p. 150, n.; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 389-390.) 2. An engraver of precious stones, known by an inscription on a gem representing Eros and Psyche. (Mariette, Traité, &c. vol. i. p. 421; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 149.) [P.S.] POLY'CRITUS (Поλúкρiтоs), of Mendae in Sicily, wrote a work on Dionysius, the tyrant of Syracuse, which is referred to by Diogenes Laërtius (ii. 63). Aristotle likewise quotes a work by Polycritus on Sicilian affairs, in poetry (Mirab, Auscult. 112), which is probably the same work as the one referred to by Diogenes. It is doubtful whether this Polycritus is the same person as the Polycritus who wrote on the East, and whose work is referred to by Strabo (xv. p. 735), Plutarch (Alex. 46), Antigonus of Carystus (c. 150, or 135, ed. Westermann), and as one of the writers from whom Pliny compiled the 11th and 12th books of his Natural History. a POLY CRITUS (Поλúкρiтos), a physician at the court of Artaxerxes Mnemon, king of Persia, in the fourth century B. c. (Plut. Artax. 21). He was a native of Mende in Macedonia, and not "son of Mendaeus," as Fabricius states (Bibl. Gr. vol. xiii. p. 376, ed. vet.). [W. A. G.] POLY CRITUS (ПоλÚкρiтоs), a mythical architect, mentioned by the Pseudo-Plutarch, in connection with the story of Poemander. (Quaest. Graec. 37, p. 299, c.) [P.S.] POLYCTOR (ПoλÚктwр). 1. A son of Aegyptus and Caliande. (Apollod. ii. 1. §5.) 2. A son of Pterelaus, prince of Ithaca. A place in Ithaca, Polyctorium, was believed to have derived its name from him. (Hom. Od. xvii. 207; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1815.) POLY'CRATES (Поλυкрáтпs), an Athenian rhetorician and sophist of some repute, a contemporary of Socrates and Isocrates, taught first at Athens and afterwards at Cyprus. He is mentioned as the teacher of Zoilus. He is named along with some of the most distinguished orators of his time by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (de Isaeo, c. 8, de Dem. Eloc. c. 20), who, however, finds great fault with his style. He wrote, 1. An accusation of Socrates (κατηγορία Σωκράτους), which is said by some writers to have been the speech delivered by Melitus at the trial of Socrates; but as it contained allusion to an event which occurred six years after the death of the philosopher, it would seem to have been simply a declamation on the subject composed at a subsequent period. (Diog. Laërt. ii. 38, 39, with the note of Menagius; Aelian, V. H. xi. 10, with the note of Perizonius; Isocr. Busiris, § 4, &c.; Quintil. ii. 17. § 1, iii. 1. § 11; Suidas, 8. v. Πολυκράτης.) 2. Βουσίριδος ̓Απολογία. The oration of Isocrates, entitled Busiris, is addressed to Polycrates, and points out the faults which the latter had committed in his oration on this subject. 3. 'Еукáμιoν Oрar v6oíλov (Schol. ad Arist. Rhet. p. 48). 4. Περὶ ̓Αφροδισίων, an obscene poem on love, which he published under the name of the POLY'DAMAS (Пovλuðáμas). 1. Of Scopoetess Philaenis, for the purpose of injuring her tussa in Thessaly, son of Nicias, conquered in the reputation (Athen. viii. p. 335, c. d.). It is doubt-Pancratium at the Olympic games, in Ol. 93, B.C. ful whether the above-mentioned Polycrates is the same as the Polycrates who wrote a work on Laconia (Aakwviká) referred to by Athenaeus (iv. p. 139, d.). Spengel supposes that the rhetorician Polycrates is the author of the Panegyric on Helen, which has come down to us as the work of Gorgias. (Westermann, Geschichte der Griech. Beredtsamkeit, § 50, n. 22.) There is one more mythical personage of this name. (Hom. Od. xviii. 298.) [L. S.] POLYDAMAS (Пovdάuas), a son of Panthous and Phrontis, was a Trojan hero, a friend of Hector, and brother of Euphorbus. (Hom. I. xi. 57, xvi. 535, xvii. 40.) [L. S.] 408. His size was immense, and the most mar- 41; 2. Of Pharsalus in Thessaly, was entrusted by his fellow-citizens about B. c. 375, with the supreme government of their native town. Polydamas formed an alliance with Sparta, with which state his family had long been connected by the bonds of public hospitality; but he soon after entered into a treaty with Jason of Pherae. The history of this treaty is related elsewhere [Vol. II. p. 554, b.]. On the murder of Jason in B. c. 370, his brother Polyphron, who succeeded to his power, put to death Polydamas and eight other most distinguished citizens of Pharsalus. (Xen. Hell. vi. 1. § 2, &c. vi. 4. § 34.) POLYDAMNA (Пoλúðaura), the wife of king Thon in Egypt; she gave Helen a remedy by which she could soothe any grief or anger. (Hom. Od. iv. 228.) [L. S.] POLY DÉCTES (Noλudékтns), a son of Magnes and king of the island of Seriphos, is called a brother of Dictys. (Pind. Pyth. xii. 14; Apollod. i. 9. § 6; Strab. x. p. 487; Zenob. i. 41; Paus. i. 22. § 6.) [L. S.] POLYDECTES (Пoλudékтns), the sixth or seventh king of Sparta in the Proclid line, was the eldest son of Eunomus, the brother of Lycurgus the lawgiver, and the father of Charilaus, who succeeded him. Herodotus, contrary to the other authorities, makes Polydectes the father of Eunomus. (Plut. Lyc. 2; Paus. iii. 7. §2; Herod. viii. 131.) [EUNOMUS.] POLYDECTES, a sculptor who lived at Rome under the earlier emperors, and wrought in conjunction with Hermolaus. These two were among the artists who "filled the palace of the Caesars on the Palatine with most approved works." (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 5. s. 4. § 11.) [P.S.] POLYDEGMON or POLYDECТES (Пoλυδέγμων οι Πολυδέκτης), that is, "the one who receives many," occurs as a surname of Hades (Hom. Hymn. in Cer. 431; Aeschyl. Prom. 153.) [L. S.] POLYDEUCES (Пoλudeúкns), one of the Dioscuri, is commonly called Pollux and the twinbrother of Castor. (Hom. I. iii. 237; Apollod. iii. 11. §1; comp. DIOSCURI.) [L. S.] POLYDEUCES, literary. [POLLUX.] POLYDO'RA (Пoλuðáрa). 1. A daughter of Oceanus and Thetys. (Hes. Theog. 354.) 2. The mother of Idas and Lynceus. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 151.) 3. A daughter of Danaus and the wife of Peneius, by whom she became the mother of Dryops. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 1212; Anton. Lib. 32.) 4. The daughter of Meleager and Cleopatra, was married to Protesilaus, after whose death she was so much affected by grief that she made away with herself. (Paus. iv. 2. § 5.) 5. A daughter of Peleus and Polymela, was a sister of Achilles, and married to Sparcheius or Borus, by whom she became the mother of Menesthius. (Hom. Il. xvi. 176; Apollod. iii. 13. § 4; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 321.) [L. S.] POLYDO'RUS (Пoλúdwрos). 1. A son of Cadmus and Harmonia, was king of Thebes, and husband of Nycteïs, by whom he became the father of Labdacus. (Hes. Theog. 978; Apollod. iii. 4. § 2, 5. § 5; Paus. ii. 6. § 2, ix. 5. § 1, Herod. v. 59.) &c.; 2. The youngest among the sons of Priam and Laotoë, was slain by Achilles. (Hom. Il. xx. 406, &c., xxii. 46, &c.) The tragic poets (see Eurip. Hec. 3) call him a son of Priam and Hecabe. When Ilium was on the point of falling into the hands of the Greeks, Priam entrusted his son Polydorus and a large sum of money to Polymestor or Polymnestor, king of the Thracian Chersonesus; but after the destruction of Troy, Polymestor killed Polydorus for the purpose of getting possession of his treasures, and cast his body into the sea. His body was afterwards washed upon the coast, where it was found and recognised by his mother Hecabe, who together with other Trojan captives took vengeance upon Polymestor by killing his two children, and putting out his eyes. (Eurip. Hec. l. c., 1050; Virg. Aen. iii. 49, &c.; The Ov. Met. xiii. 432, &c., 536; Plut. Parall. min. 24.) Another tradition states that Polydorus was entrusted to his sister Iliona, who was married to Polymestor, and who was to educate him. She accordingly brought him up as her own son, while she made every one else believe that her own son Deïphilus or Deïpylus was Polydorus. Greeks determined to destroy the race of Priam sent to Polymestor, promising him Electra for his wife, and a large amount of gold, if he would kill Polydorus. Polymestor was prevailed upon, and he accordingly slew his own son instead of Polydorus. The true Polydorus having afterwards learnt the real intention of Polymestor persuaded his sister Iliona to kill Polymestor. (Hygin. Fab. 109, 240; Horat. Sat. ii. 3. 61; Cic. Tusc. i. 44, Acad. ii. 27.) According to a third tradition, lastly, Polymestor, who was attacked by the Greeks, delivered up Polydorus to them in order to secure their leaving him in peace. The Greeks wanted to get possession of Helen in his stead, but as the Trojans refused to make the exchange, the Greeks stoned Polydorus to death under the very walls of Troy, and his body was delivered up to Helen. (Dict. Cret. ii. 18, 22, 27.) 3. One of the Epigoni, a son of Hippomedon. (Paus. ii. 20. § 4; comp. ADRASTUS.) [L. S.] POLYDO'RUS (Пoλúdwрos). 1. The tenth or eleventh king of Sparta in the Eurysthenid line, was the son of Alcamenes and the father of Eurycrates, who succeeded him. This king lived in the time of the first Messenian war, and assisted in bringing it to a conclusion, B. C. 724. He was murdered by Polemarchus, a Spartan of high family; but his name was precious among his people on account of his justice and kindness. They purchased his house of his widow; and the magistrates in future sealed all public documents with his image. Several constitutional changes were introduced by him and his colleague Theopompus; and Plutarch says that Polydorus increased the number of the Spartan lots. It is further stated that Crotona and the Epizephyrian Locri were founded in his reign. (Herod. vii. 204; Paus. iii. 3. §§ 1—3, iii. 11. § 10, iii. 12. § 3, iv. 7. § 7, viii. 52. § 1; Plut. Lyc. 6, 8.) 2. The brother of Jason of Pherae, Tagus of Thessaly, obtained the supreme power along with his brother Polyphron, on the death of Jason in B. C. 370. But shortly afterwards as the two brothers were on a journey to Larissa, Polydorus died suddenly in the night, assassinated, as it was supposed, by Polyphron (Xen. Hell. vi. 4. § 33). Diodorus makes a mistake in stating (xv. 61) that Polydorus was killed by another brother Alexander, who afterwards became tyrant of Pherae; for this Alexander was the nephew, and not the brother of Polydorus and Polyphron. (Plut. Pelop. c. 29.) [See Vol. I. p. 124.] POLYDO'RUS, a distinguished sculptor of Rhodes, was one of the associates of Agesander, in the execution of the celebrated group of the Laocoon; and was not improbably the son of Agesander, since there is a tradition that Agesander made the figure of Laocoon in the group, and his sons those of the sons of Laocoon. The age of Polydorus depends of course on the date assigned to the Laocoon: if Thiersch be right he lived at Rome under Titus (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 4. s. 5. § 11; AGESANDER). He is also mentioned by Pliny, unless an earlier artist of the same name be intended, among |