| xliv. pp. 97, f., old ed., vol. xxxi. p. 118, ed. 1840; Böttiger, pp. 296, f.; Otto Jahn, Die Gemählde des Polygnotos in der Lesche zu Delphi, Kiel, 1841; and, concerning the general subject of the Greek representations of the lower world, on ancient vases, compared with the description of Polygnotus's second picture, see Gerhard's Archäologische Zeitung, 1843, 1844, Nos. xi.-xv. and Plates 11-15. 7. His paintings in the chamber adjoining to the Propylaea of the Acropolis were probably the latest of his great works. The subjects were all from Homer and the epic cycle (Paus. i. 22; Böttiger, pp. 290, 291). 8. The panel-picture mentioned by Pliny as being at Rome in his time, shows that Polygnotus sometimes painted single figures, but Pliny's description of the work is perfectly unintelligible, in qua dubitatur ascendentem cum clypeo pinxerit, an descendentem." (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 9. s. 35.) [P.S.] Taking, then, these facts in connection with the absence of any mention of Polygnotus's having been engaged on the great works of Pericles and Pheidias (except the Propylaea, at a later period), it may fairly be supposed that, after the death of his patron, Cimon, he was glad to accept the invitation, which the fame of his works at Athens caused him to receive, to unite with other Athenian artists in the decoration of the temple at Delphi. The people who gave him the commission were the Cnidians. It was customary for the different Greek cities to show their piety and patriotism, not only by enriching the temple at Delphi with valuable gifts, but by embellishing its precincts with edifices, chiefly treasuries to contain their gifts. Among the rest, the Cnidians had built at Delphi both a treasury, and one of those enclosed courts, or halls, which were called λéoxai (places for conversation)," which existed in considerable numbers in various Greek cities, and which were especially attached to the temples of Apollo. The most famous of all of them was this Lesche of the Cnidians at Delphi, which seems to have been a quadrangular or oblong court or peristyle, surrounded by colonnades, very much like our cloisters. It was the walls of the two principal colonnades of this building (those on the right and left of a person entering) that Polygnotus was employed by the Cnidians to paint and it is very interesting to observe the parallel between the most renowned works of the early stages of the art in ancient Greece and modern Italy, the paintings of Polygnotus in the Lesche at Delphi, and those ascribed to Andrea Orcagna, in the Campo Santo at Pisa. : Polygnotus took his subjects from the whole cycle of the epic poetry which described the wars of Troy, and the return of the Greek chieftains. There were two paintings, or rather series of paintings; the one upon the wall on the right hand; the other opposite to this, upon the wall on the left hand. The former represented, according to Pausanias (x. 25. § 2), the taking of Troy, and the Grecian fleet loosing from the shores of Ilium to return home; the latter, the descent of Ulysses into the lower world, which subject seems to have been treated with especial reference to the mysteries. In both pictures the figures seem to have been arranged in successive groups, and the groups, again, in two or more lines above each other, without any attempt at perspective, and with names affixed to the several figures. To the picture on the right hand was affixed the following epigram, which was ascribed to Simonides: Γράψε Πολύγνωτος, Θάσιος γένος, Αγλαοφώντος | Υἱὸς, περθομένην Ιλίου ἀκρόπολιν. Pausanias devotes seven chapters to the description of these paintings (x. 25—31); from which, however, we gain little more than a catalogue of names. The numerous and difficult questions which arise, respecting the succession and grouping of the figures, the manner in which each of them was represented, the aesthetical and symbolical significations of the pictures, and so forth, have furnished a wide field of discussion for artists and archaeologists. The most important works upon the subject are the following:-Diderot, Correspond. vol. iii. pp. 270, f. ed. 1831; Riepenhausen, F. et J., Peintures de Polygnote à Delphes, dessinées et gravées d'après la Descr. de Pausanias, 1826, 1829, comp. Götting. Gel. Anzeig. 1827, p. 1309; Göthe, Werke, vol. POLY'GONUS (Пoλúуovos), a son of Proteus, a grandson of Poseidon and brother of Telegonus. The two brothers were killed by Heracles at Torone, when they challenged him to a contest in wrestling. (Apollod. ii. 5. § 9.) [L. S.] POLYHY MNIA. [POLYMNIA.] POLYI'DUS (Пoλúïdos). 1. A son of Coeranus, a grandson of Abas and a great-grandson of Melampus. He was, like his ancestor, a celebrated soothsayer at Corinth, and is described as the father of Euchenor, Astycrateia, and Manto. (Pind. Ol. xiii. 104; Hom. Il. xiii. 663, &c.; Paus. i. 43. § 5; Apollod. iii. 3. § 1.) When Alcathous had murdered his own son Callipolis at Megara, he was purified by Polyïdus, who erected at Megara a sanctuary to Dionysus, and a statue of the god, which was covered all over except the face. (Paus., Apollod. l. cc.; Hygin. Fab. 136.) 2. A son of the Trojan Eurydamas, and a brother of Abas, was slain by Diomedes. (Hom. Il. v. 148.) [L. S.] POLYIDUS (Πολύειδος, Πολύϊδος, Πολυΐδας, Пoλveidns, all these forms occur, but the most usual is Пoλúïdos), a dithyrambic poet of the most flourishing period of the later Athenian dithyramb, and also skilful as a painter, was contemporary with Philoxenus, Timotheus, and Telestes, about Ol. 95, B. c. 400. (Diod. xiv. 46.) The notices of him are very scanty; but he seems to have been esteemed almost as highly as Timotheus, whom indeed one of his pupils, Philotas, once conquered. It is related that, as Polyïdus was boasting of this victory, Stratonicus, the musician, rebuked him by saying, “I wonder you do not understand that you make ψηφίσματα, but Timotheus vóμous," an untranslateable witticism, intimating that Timotheus had been conquered by the voice of the people, and not by the merit of his opponent. (Ath. viii. p. 532, b.) It seems from a passage of Plutarch (De Mus. 21, p. 1138, b.), that Polyïdus went beyond Timotheus in those intricate variations, for the introduction of which the musicians of this period are so frequently attacked. A remarkable testimony to his popularity throughout Greece is still extant in the form of a decree of the Cnossians, commending Menecles of Teos for having played on the harp at Cnossus "after the manner of Timotheus and Polyïdus and the ancient Cretan poets, as becomes an accomplished man." (Böckh, Corp. Inser. Graec. vol. ii. p. 641, No. 3053.) One of his pieces was entitled 'ATλas, and in it he represented Atlas as a Libyan shepherd, whom Perseus turned into stone by showing him the Gorgon's head; a remarkable example of the total want of ideal art, and of any poetical conception of the early mythology, which characterised the dithyrambic poets of that period. (Tzetzes, Schol. ad Lycophr. 879, Exeg. Iliad. p. 132. 18; Etym. Mag. p. 104. 20; Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. p. 239, n.) There are also two remarkable references in the Poetic (16, 17) of Aristotle to the Iphigencia of Polyïdus, where Aristotle is mentioning examples of avayvápiois. But here it seems from the context that a tragic poet is referred to; besides which it is improbable, Müller argues, that Aristotle would speak of the celebrated dithyrambic poet, as he does in the first of these passages, by the name οἱ Πολυείδου τοῦ σοφιστοῦ. On the other hand, there is the critical canon, which forbids us to assume an unknown person of the same name as one well known, if any other probable explanation can be suggested. Perhaps, in this case, the best solution of the difficulty is the conjecture of Welcker, that Polyïdus was a sophist, who took a pride in cultivating several different branches of art and literature, and who thus was at once a painter, a dithyrambic poet, and a tragedian. There are three iambic trimeter lines in Stobaeus (Serm. xciii.) which appear at first sight to settle the point as to there having been a tragic poet of this name; but it is easily shown that these lines are a quotation, not from a poet named Polyidus, but from the Polyïdus of Euripides. (Müller, Gesch. d. Griech. Litt. vol. ii. p. 287, or vol. ii. p. 59, Eng. trans. ; Ulrici, Gesch. d. Hell. Dichtk. vol. ii. pp. 610, fol.; Bode, Gesch. d. Hell. Dichtk. vol. ii. pt. 2. p. 323, vol. iii. pt. 1, p. 562; Schmidt, Diatrib. in Dithyramb. pp. 121 -124; Kayser, Hist. Crit. Trag. Graec. pp. 318 -322; Welcker, die Griech. Trag. pp. 1043, 1044; Bartsch, de Chaeremone, p. 14; Bernhardy, Grundriss d. Gesch. d. Griech. Litt. vol. ii. pp. 554, 555.) [P.S.] POLYI'DUS, artists. 1. Besides the painter and dithyrambic poet (see above), Vitruvius mentions the two following artists of this name, who may, however, very possibly have been one and the same person, since military engineers were often also architects. 2. Of Thessaly, a military engineer, who made improvements in the covered battering-ram (testudo arietaria) during Philip's siege of Byzantium, B. C. 340. His pupils were Diades and Chaereas, who served in the campaigns of Alexander. (Vitruv. x. 19. s. 13. § 3, Schneider.) 3. An architect, who wrote on the proportions of the orders (praecepta symmetriarum, Vitruv. vii. Praef. § 14). [P.S.] POLYME'DE (Пoλvμnôn), a daughter of Autolycus, was married to Aeson, and by him became the mother of Iason. (Apollod. i. 9. § 16; Tzetz. ad Lyc. 175.) Apollonius Rhodius (i. 233) calls her Alcimede. (Comp. IASON.) [L. S.] POLYMELA (Πολυμήλη). 1. A daughter of Peleus, and the wife of Menoetius, by whom she became the mother of Patroclus. (Apollod. iii. 13. § 8.) In some traditions she is called Philomela. [PATROCLUS.] 2. A daughter of Phylas, was married to Echecles, but became by Herines the mother of Eudorus. (Hom. Il. xvi. 180, &c.) 3. A daughter of Aeolus, was beloved by Odys seus, but afterwards married her brother Diores. (Parthen. Erot. 2.) [L. S.] POLYMESTOR or POLYMNESTOR. [PoLYDORUS.] POLY MNESTUS (Пoλúμrŋσтos), the father of Battus, the founder of Cyrene. [BATTUS, p. 476, a.] POLYMNESTUS, or POLYMNASTUS (Пoλúμvnoтos), the son of Meles of Colophon, was an epic, elegiac, and lyric poet, and a musician. He flourished not long after Thaletas, in honour of whom he made a poem at the request of the Spartans (Paus. i. 14. §3), and earlier than Alcman, who mentioned him (Plut. Mus. p. 1133, a). It seems, therefore, that he was in part contemporary with both these poets, and the period during which he flourished may be roughly stated at B. C. 675644. He belongs to the school of Dorian music, which flourished at this time at Sparta, where he carried on the improvements of Thaletas. He cultivated the orthian nomes, and invented a new kind of auloedic nome, which was named after him, Пoλvμvnoтiov (Plut. de Mus. pp. 1132-1135; Suid. s. v.; Hesych. s. v. Пoλvμvýστiov aðei). The Attic comedians attacked his poems for their erotic character. (Aristoph. Equit. 1287; Cratinus, ap. Schol. ibid.) As an elegiac poet, he may be regarded as the predecessor of his fellow-countryman, Mimnermus. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p.135; Bode, Gesch. d. Hellen. Dichtk. vol. ii. pt. 1, passim; Ulrici, Gesch. d. Hell. Dichtk. vol. ii. pp. 291, 292, et alib.; Clinton, F. H. vol. i. s. a. 665, 657, 644, and p. 365.) [P.S.] From POLY MNESTUS, a statuary, whose name was first made known by the discovery of an inscription on a base in the Acropolis at Athens, in 1840, by Ross, who has thus restored it, [П]OATMNHETO KEN[XPAMIX] EПOIHMAN. the form of the letters, Ross supposes the inscription to he of abou the time of Praxiteles or Lysippus. The only reason for the restoration of the name of the second of these artists, is the mention in Pliny (H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. § 27) of a statuary named Cenchramis, among those who made comedians and athletes. (Raoul-Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 390.) [P.S.] POLY'MNIA or POLYHY MNIA (Пoλúμvia), a daughter of Zeus, and one of the nine Muses. She presided over lyric poetry, and was believed to have invented the lyre. (Hes. Theog. 78; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. iii. 1.) By Oeagrus she became the mother of Orpheus. (Schol. 4. c. i. 23.) In works of art she was usually represented in a pensive attitude. (Hirt, Mythol. Bilderb. p. 209; comp. MUSA E.) [L. S.] POLYNEICES (Пoλvveiкns), the son of Oedipus and Iocaste, and brother of Eteocles and Antigone. (Hom. I. iv. 377; ADRASTUS.) [L. S.] POLYPHANTAS (Пoλúparras), a general in the service of Philip V. king of Macedonia, during the war against the Romans and Aetolians. In B. C. 208 he was left together with Menippus in the Peloponnese to support the Achaeans with a force of 2500 men; and the following year (B. C. 207) was sent with a small force to the assistance of the Boeotians and Phocians. (Liv. xxvii. 32, xxviii. 5; Polyb. x. 42.) [E. H. B. POLYPE/MON (Πολυπήμων), the name of three mythical personages. (Hom. Od. xxiv. 305; Apollod. iii. 16. § 2; Paus. i. 38. § 5). [L. S.] POLYPHE'MUS (Пoλúnμos). 1. The celebrated Cyclops in the island of Thrinacia, was a son of Poseidon, and the nymph Thoosa. For an account of him see the article CYCLOPES. Anal. iv. 16, 22, 25, v. 11, 18, vi. 5, vii. 12; Curt. v. 4. § 20, viii. 5. § 2, 11. §1; Justin. xii. 10, 12.) In consequence of his absence from Babylon on this service at the time of Alexander's death, he appears to have been passed over in the arrangements which followed that event, nor do we find any mention of his name for some time afterwards, but it seems certain that he must have returned with Craterus to Europe, and probably took part with him and Antipater in the Lamian war. B. c. 321, when the dissensions between Antipater and Perdiccas had broken out into actual hostilities, and the former was preparing to follow Craterus into Asia, he entrusted to Polysperchon the chief command in Macedonia and Greece during his absence. The veteran general proved himself In 2. A son of Elatus or Poseidon and Hippea, was one of the Lapithae at Larissa in Thessaly. He was married to Laonome, a sister of Heracles, with whom he was connected by friendship. He was also one of the Argonauts, but being left behind by them in Mysia, he founded Cios, and fell against the Chalybes. (Hom. Il. i. 264; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 40, 1241, iv. 1470; Val. Flacc. i. 457; Apollod. i. 9. §§ 16, 19.) [L. S.] POLYPHRON (Пoλúpwv), the brother of Jason of Pherae, Tagus of Thessaly, succeeded to the supreme power along with his brother Polydorus on the death of Jason, in B. c. 370. Shortly afterwards he murdered Polydorus [Po-worthy of the charge; he repulsed the Aetolians LYDORUS], and thus became sole Tagus. He exercised his power with great cruelty, and converted his office into a tyranny. He murdered Polydamas of Pharsalus [POLYDAMAS], but was murdered in his turn, B. c. 369, by his nephew Alexander, who proved, however, a still greater tyrant. [ALEXANDER of PHERAE.] (Xen. Hell. vi. 4. §§ 33, 34; Plut. Pelop. c. 29.) POLYPOETES (Πολυποίτης). 1. A son of Apollo and Phthia. (Apollod. i. 7. § 6; comp. AETOLUS.) 2. A son of Peirithous and Hippodameia, was one of the Lapithae, who joined the Greeks in the Trojan war, commanding the men of Argissa, Gyrtone, Orthe, Elone and Oloosson. (Hom. I. ii. 738, &c., comp. vi. 29, xii. 129.) At the funeral games of Patroclus, he gained the victory in throwing the iron ball. (I. xxiii. 836, &c.) After the fall of Troy, Polypoetes and Leonteus are said to have founded the town of Aspendus in Pamphylia. (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 334.) [L. S.] POLYSPERCHON (Пoλvσлéрxwv). 1. Son of Simmias, a Macedonian of the province of Stymphaea, and a distinguished officer in the service of Alexander the Great. Of his earlier services we know nothing, but it is certain that he was already a veteran and experienced warrior in B. c. 332, when he was appointed to succeed Ptolemy the son of Seleucus in the command of one of the divisions of the phalanx. We afterwards find him occupying the same post in the battle of Arbela, and lending the weight of his authority and experience to support the proposition of Parmenion before the action to attack the Persian camp by night. (Arr. Anab. ii. 12, iii. 11; Diod. xvii. 57; Curt. iv. 13. §§ 7, 28, who inaccurately calls him "Dux peregrini militis.") In the subsequent campaigns in the upper provinces of Asia and India, he bore an important part, and his name is frequently mentioned. Thus we find him associated with Coenus and Philotas at the passage of the Pylae Persicae, and afterwards detached under Craterus against the revolted chiefs in Paraetacene, accompanying Alexander on his expedition against the Assaceni, and reducing with his own division only the strong fortress of Nora. His name occurs again at the passage of the Hydaspes, as well as in the descent of that river, on both which occasions he served under Craterus; and in B. C. 323 he was once more associated with that general as second in command of the army of invalids and veterans, which the latter was appointed to conduct home to Macedonia. (Arr. who had invaded Thessaly, and cut to pieces a Macedonian force under Polycles, defeated Menon of Pharsalus, and recovered the whole of Thessaly. (Diod. xviii. 38; Justin. xiii. 6.) Though we do not learn that he obtained any reward for these services during the lifetime of Antipater, it is evident that he enjoyed the highest place in the confidence of the regent, of which the latter gave a striking proof on his deathbed, B. c. 319, by appointing Polysperchon to succeed him as regent and guardian of the king, while he assigned to his own son Cassander the subordinate station of Chiliarch. (Id. ib. 48.) Polysperchon was at this time one of the oldest of the surviving generals of Alexander, and enjoyed in consequence the highest favour and popularity among the Macedonians; but he was aware that both Cassander and Antigonus were jealous of his elevation, and were beginning to form secret designs for the overthrow of his power. In order to strengthen himself against them he now made overtures to Olympias, who had been driven from Macedonia by Antipater, as well as to Eumenes, whom he sought to raise up as a rival to Antigonus in Asia. At the same time he endeavoured to conciliate the Greek cities by proclaiming them all free and independent, and abolishing the oligarchies which had been set up by Antipater. Nor were these measures unsuccessful: Olympias, though she still remained in Epeirus, lent all the support of her name and influence to Polysperchon, while Eumenes, who had escaped from his mountain fastness at Nora, and put himself at the head of the Argyraspids, prepared to contend with Antigonus for the possession of Asia. While his most formidable rival was thus occupied in the East, it remained for Polysperchon himself to contend with Cassander in Greece. The restoration of the democracy at Athens had attached that city to the cause of the regent, but Nicanor held possession of the fortresses of Munychia and the Peiraeeus for Cassander, and refused to give them up notwithstanding the repeated orders of Olympias. Hereupon Polysperchon sent forward an army under his son Alexander into Attica, while he himself followed with the royal family. They had already advanced into Phocis when they were met by deputies from Athens, as well as by Phocion and others of the oligarchical party who had fled from the city. Both parties obtained a public hearing in the presence of the king, which ended in Phocion and his companions being given up to the opposite party by the express order of Poly sperchon, and sent to Athens to undergo the form of a trial. (Diod. xviii. 49, 54-58, 62, 64-66; Plut. Phoc. 31-34. For a more detailed account of these transactions see PHOCION.) By the destruction of Phocion and his friends, the regent hoped to have secured the adherence of the Athenians; but while he was still in Phocis with the king (B. c. 318), Cassander himself unexpectedly arrived in Attica with a considerable fleet and army, and established himself in the Peiraeeus. Hereupon Polysperchon advanced into Attica and laid siege to the Peiraeeus, but finding that he made little progress, he left his son Alexander to continue the blockade, while he himself advanced into the Peloponnese with a large army. Here he at first met with little opposition: almost all the cities obeyed his mandates and expelled or put to death the leaders of their respective oligarchies Megalopolis alone refused submission, and was immediately besieged by the regent himself with his whole army. Polysperchon had apparently expected an easy victory, but the valour of the citizens frustrated his calculations: all his attacks were repulsed, and after some time he found himself compelled to raise the siege and withdraw from the Peloponnese. Shortly afterwards his admiral Cleitus, who had been despatched with a fleet to the Hellespont, was totally defeated by that of Cassander under Nicanor, and his forces utterly destroyed. (Diod. xviii. 68-72.) These reverses quickly produced an unfavourable turn in the disposition of the Greek states towards Polysperchon and Athens in particular again abandoned his alliance for that of Cassander, who established an oligarchical government in the city under the presidency of Demetrius of Phalerus. (Id. ib. 74, 75.) At the same time Eurydice, the active and intriguing wife of the unhappy king Arrhidaeus, conceived the project of throwing off the yoke of the regent, and concluded an alliance with Cassander, while she herself assembled an army with which she obtained for a time the complete possession of Macedonia. But in the spring of 317 Polysperchon having united his forces with those of Aeacides king of Epeirus, invaded Macedonia, accompanied by Olympias, whose presence alone quickly determined the contest. [OLYMPIAS]. During the subsequent events Polysperchon plays but a subordinate part. We do not learn that he interposed to prevent the cruelties of Olympias, or to save the life of the unhappy king, of whom he was the nominal guardian and though he afterwards occupied the passes of Perrhaebia with an army, he was unable to prevent the advance of Cassander into Macedonia, or to avert the fall of Pydna, which fell into the hands of the enemy, while Polysperchon was still shut up in Perrhaebia. Here he was reduced to great straits by Cassander's general Callas, and was besieged in the town of Azorus, when the news of the death of Olympias (B. C. 316) caused him to despair of recovering his footing in Macedonia, and he withdrew with a small force into Aetolia. (Diod. xix. 11, 35, 36, 52.) From thence he appears to have joined his son Alexander in the Peloponnese, where we find him in B. c. 315, when the altered position of affairs having united Cassander with Lysimachus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus in a general coalition against Antigonus, the latter sought to attach the aged Polys perchon to his cause, by offering him the chief command in the Peloponnese. The bribe was accepted, and for a short time Polysperchon and his son conjointly carried on the war in the Peloponnese against Cassander and the generals of Ptolemy. But before the end of the same year Alexander was gained over by Cassander; and Polysperchon, though he did not follow the example of his son, and coalesce with his old enemy, at least assumed a position hostile to Antigonus, as we find him in 313 defending Sicyon and Corinth against Telesphorus, the lieutenant of that general. (Id. ib. 60, 62, 64, 74.) From this time we lose sight of him till B. c. 310, when he again assumed an important part by reviving the longforgotten pretensions of Heracles the son of Barsine (now the only surviving son of Alexander) to the throne of Macedonia. Having induced the unhappy youth to quit his retirement at Pergamus, and join him in the Peloponnese, he persuaded the Aetolians to espouse his cause, and with their assistance raised a large army, with which he advanced towards Macedonia. He was met at Trampyae in Stymphaea by Cassander, but the latter, distrusting the fidelity of his own troops, instead of risking an engagement, entered into secret negotiations with Polysperchon, and endeavoured by promises and flatteries to induce him to abandon the pretender whom he had himself set up. Polysperchon had the weakness to give way, and the meanness to serve the purposes of Cassander by the assassination of Heracles at a banquet. (Diod. xx. 20-28. For further details and authorities, see HERACLES.) It is satisfactory to know that Polysperchon did not reap the expected reward of his crime: Cassander had promised him the chief command of the Peloponnese, but this he certainly never obtained, though we find him at a later period possessing a certain footing in that country: he seems to have occupied a subordinate and inglorious position. The last occasion on which his name occurs in history is in B. c. 303, when we find him co-operating with Cassander and Prepelaus against Demetrius (Diod. xx. 103), but no notice of his subsequent fortunes or the period of his death has been transmitted to us. Polysperchon appears to have been a soldier of considerable merit, and to have been regarded by the Macedonians with favour as belonging to the older race of Alexander's generals; but he was altogether unequal to the position in which he found himself placed on the death of Antipater, and his weakness degenerated into the basest villany in such instances as the surrender of Phocion, and the assassination of Heracles. 2. A leader of mercenaries who joined with Leptines in the assassination of Callippus. (Plut. Dion, 58.) [CALLIPPUS.] [E. H. B.] (Πολυστέφανος), Greek writer, possessed no small reputation, but his writings were full of incredible tales. (Gell. ix. 4.) Harpocration (s. v. λouтpopópos) quotes a work of his weρl konvŵv. POLY'STRATUS. 1. An eminent Epicurean philosopher, who succeeded Hermarchus as head of • Justin, by some inconceivable error, represents Polysperchon as killed in the war against Eumenes, before the death of Antipater (xiii. 8): and again (xv. 1, init.) alludes to him as dead before the murder of Heracles the son of Barsine. the sect, and was himself succeeded by Dionysius. (Diog. Laërt. x. 25.) Valerius Maximus relates that Polystratus and Hippocleides were born on the same day, followed the sect of the same master Epicurus, shared their patrimony in common, and supported the school together, and at last died at the same moment in extreme old age. (i. 8. ext. $ 17.) 2. An epigrammatic poet, who had a place in the Garland of Meleager. There are two of his epigrams in the Greek Anthology, one of which is on the destruction of Corinth, which took place in B. C. 146. He must therefore have lived some time within the seventy or eighty years preceding the time of Meleager, and probably soon after the taking of Corinth. A certain Polystratus, of Letopolis in Egypt, is mentioned by Stephanus Byzantinus (s. v. Antous móλis), but there is nothing to indicate whether he was the same person as the epigrammatist. (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 1; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. ii. p. 1, vol. xiii. p. 941.) [P.S.] POLY STRATUS, of Ambracia, a statuary, mentioned only by Tatian, who ascribes to him a statue of Phalaris which stood at Agrigentum, and was very much admired. (Tatian, adv. Graec. 54. p. 118, ed. Worth.) [P.S.] POLYTECHNUS, a mythical artificer (TékTwv), mentioned by Antoninus Liberalis (ii. pp. 70-72; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 390, 391). [P.S.] POLYTI MUS, artists. 1. A sculptor, who was evidently a Greek freedman, and who is known by the inscription POLYTIMUS LIB. on the base of a statue of a young hunter in the Museum of the Capitol. (Welcker, Kunstblatt, 1827, No. 83. 331; p. R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 391.) POLYXE'NIDAS (Пoλuževídas), a Rhodian, who was exiled from his native country, and entered the service of Antiochus III., king of Syria. We first find him mentioned in B. c. 209, when he commanded a body of Cretan mercenaries during the expedition of Antiochus into Hyrcania (Polyb. x. 29). But in B. c. 192, when the Syrian king had determined upon war with Rome, and crossed over into Greece to commence it, Polyxenidas obtained the chief command of his fleet. After co-operating with Menippus in the reduction of Chalcis, he was sent back to Asia to assemble additional forces during the winter. We do not hear anything of his operations in the ensuing campaign, B. c. 191, but when Antiochus, after his defeat at Thermopylae, withdrew to Asia, Polyxenidas was again appointed to command the king's main fleet on the Ionian coast. Having learnt that the praetor C. Livius was arrived at Delos with the Roman fleet, he strongly urged upon the king the expediency of 'giving him battle without delay, before he could unite his fleet with those of Eumenes and the Rhodians. Though his advice was followed, it was too late to prevent the junction of Eumenes with Livius, but Polyxenidas gave battle to their combined fleets off Corycus. The superiority of numbers, however, decided the victory in favour of the allies; thirteen ships of the Syrian fleet were taken and ten sunk, while Polyxenidas himself, with the remainder, took refuge in the port of Ephesus (Liv. xxxv. 50, xxxvi. 8, 41, 43-45; Appian, Syr. 14, 21, 22, 23). Here he spent the winter in active preparations for a renewal of the contest; and early in the next spring (B. c. 190), having learnt that Pausistratus, with the Rhodian fleet, had already put to sea, he conceived the idea of surprising him before he could unite his forces with those of Livius. For this 2. A gem-engraver. (Villoison, Mém. de l'Insti-purpose he pretended to enter into negotiations tut de France, vol. ii. p. 112.) [P.S.] POLY'XENA (Пoλuέévn), a daughter of Priam and Hecabe (Apollod. iii. 12. §5). She was beloved by Achilles, and when the Greeks, on their voyage home, were still lingering on the coast of Thrace, the shade of Achilles appeared to them demanding that Polyxena should be sacrificed to him. Neoptolemus accordingly sacrificed her on the tomb of his father. (Eurip. Hec. 40; Ov. Met. xiii. 448, &c.) According to some Achilles appeared to the leaders of the Greeks in a dream (Tzetz. ad Lyc. 323), or a voice was heard from the tomb of Achilles demanding a share in the booty, whereupon Calchas proposed to sacrifice Polyxena. (Serv. ad Aen. iii. 322.) For there was a tradition that Achilles had promised Priam to bring about a peace with the Greeks, if the king would give him his daughter Polyxena in marriage. When Achilles, for the purpose of negotiating the marriage, had gone to the temple of the Thymbraean Apollo, he was treacherously killed by Paris. (Hygin. Fab. 110.) Quite a different account is given by Philostratus (Her. 19. 11; comp. Vit. Apollon. iv. 16), according to whom Achilles and Polyxena fell in love with each other at the time when Hector's body was delivered up to Priam. After the murder of Achilles Polyxena fled to the Greeks, and killed herself on the tomb of her beloved with a sword. The sacrifice of Polyxena was represented in the acropolis of Athens. (Paus. i. 22. § 6, comp. x. 25. §2.) [L. S.] with him for the betrayal into his hands of the |