thenes, grandson of Augeas, and father of Amphimachus, was the commander of the Epeians in the war against Troy. (Hom. Il. ii. 623; Paus. v. 3. § 4.) There are three other mythical personages of this name, one a king of Eleusis (Hom. Hymn. in Ceri 154), the second a king of Elis (Apollod. ii. 4. § 6), and the third a son of Jason and Medeia. (Paus. ii. 3. §7.) [L. S.] POLY'XENUS (Пoλúževos). 1. A Syracusan of noble birth, whose sister was married to the illustrious HERMOCRATES. When Dionysius, after his elevation to the despotism of his native country B. c. 406, became desirous to strengthen himself by connection with noble families, he gave his sister in marriage to Polyxenus at the same time that he himself married the daughter of Hermocrates (Diod. xiii. 96). From this time we find Polyxenus closely attached to the fortunes of the tyrant. During the rebellion of the Syracusans in B. C. 404, which threatened to overthrow the power of Dionysius, his brother-in-law was one of those who assisted him with their counsels; and again, in B. C. 395, when the Carthaginians were preparing to form the siege of Syracuse, Polyxenus was despatched to implore assistance from the Italian Greeks, as well as from the Corinthians and Lacedaemonians. This object he fully accomplished, and returned to Sicily with a fleet of thirty ships furnished by the allies, and commanded by the Lacedaemonian Pharacidas; a reinforcement which contributed essentially to the liberation of Syracuse. (Id. xiv. 8, 62, 63.)

2. A native of Tauromenium in Sicily, who was sent as ambassador by his fellow-citizens to Nicodemus, the tyrant of Centotipe. (Timaeus. ap. Athen. xi. p. 471, f.) [E. H. B.]

POLYXO (Пoλutw). 1. A nymph married to Danaus. (Apollod. ii. 1. § 5.)

2. The wife of Nycteus and mother of Antiope. (Apollod. iii. 10. § 1.)

3. One of the Hyades. (Hygin. Fab. 182.) 4. The nurse of queen Hypsipyle in Lemnos, was celebrated as a prophetess. (Apollon. Rhod. i. 668; Val. Flacc. ii. 316; Hygin. Fab. 15.) 5. An Argive woman, who was married to Tlepolemus. (Paus. iii. 19. § 10.) [L. S.] POLYZE LUS (Пoλúnλos), a Syracusan, son of Deinomenes and brother of Gelon, the tyrant of Syracuse. His name was inscribed together with those of his three brothers on the tripods dedicated by Gelon to commemorate his victory at Himera, B. C. 480, whence we may conclude that Polyzelus himself bore a part in the success of that memorable day. (Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. i. 155.) At his death, in B. C. 478, Gelon left the sovereign power to his brother Hieron, but bequeathed the hand of his widow Demarete, the daughter of Theron, together with the command of the army, to Polyzelus, who by this means obtained a degree of power and influence, which quickly excited the jealousy of Hieron. The latter in consequence deputed his brother to assist the Crotoniats. who had applied to him for support against the Sybarites, in hopes that he might perish in the war. Polyzelus, according to one account, refused to comply, and was, in consequence, driven into exile; but other authors state that he undertook the enterprise, and brought the war to a successful termination, but by this means only inflamed the jealousy of Hieron still more, and was ultimately compelled to quit Syracuse in

consequence. He took refuge at the court of his father-in-law Theron, who readily espoused his cause, and even took up arms for the purpose of restoring Poly zelus to his country; but the war between Theron and Hieron was brought to a close by the intervention of the poet Simonides, and a reconciliation effected between the two brothers, in pursuance of which Polyzelus returned to Syracuse, and was restored to all his former honours. He appears after this to have continued on friendly terms with Hieron during the remainder of his life; the date of his death is not mentioned, but it is evident that he must have died before Hieron, as the latter was succeeded by his youngest brother Thrasy bulus. (Diod. xi. 48; Schol. ad Pind. Ol. II. init. and ib. 29; Ael. V. H. ix. 1.) The above circumstances are narrated with considerable variations by Diodorus and the scholiast, who has himself given more than one account, but the preceding version, which rests mainly on the authority of Timaeus, appears the most consistent and probable. [E. H. B.]

POLYZE'LUS (IIoλúnλos). 1. Of Messene, an historian, who, according to one account, was the father of the poet Ibycus. (Suid. s. v. *16ukos). If so, he must have lived about B. c. 570.

2. Of Rhodes, an historian, of uncertain date, whose 'Podiaká is quoted by Athenaeus (viii. p. 361, c.). He seems also to have written other works. Plutarch quotes him as an authority in his life of Solon (c. 15); and there is at least one other reference to him. (Schol. ad Hesiod. Op. 10; the passage in Ath. i. p. 31, e. refers to Polyzelus the comic poet). Hyginus (Astron. ii. 14) gives, on the authority of Polyzelus, and evidently from his 'Podtaká, an account of Phorbas killing the Rhodian dragon. (Vossius, de Hist. Graec. p. 490, ed. Westermann.)

3. An Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy, as some lines upon Theramenes, from his Anuo Tuvoάpews, clearly show (Phot. and Suid. s. r. Tpiŵv kakŵv); although the greater number of the titles of his plays refer to the nativities of the gods, a class of subjects which belongs to the Middle Comedy. He must therefore be assigned to the last period of the Old Comedy and the beginning of the Middle; as is further proved by an allusion, in the play already quoted, to Hyperbolus, who died in B. c. 411. (Schol. ad Lucian. Tim. 30.) This play, the Anuotuvddpews, is conjectured by Kühn, with much ingenuity, to have been a sort of parody on the recal of Tyndarus to life, applying the fable to the resuscitation of the Athenian people. The period, at which such a subject is likely to have been chosen, would be the year B. C. 402, after the overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants. The titles of his plays, as mentioned by Suidas, are, Νίπτρα, Δημοτυνδάρεως, Διονύσου γοναί, Μου oŵv yovai, 'Appodiτns yoval, to which Eudocia adds "Apews yoval. (Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. i. pp. 260, 261, vol. ii. pp. 867-872; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 488.) [P.S.]

POMO'NA, the Roman divinity of the fruit of trees, hence called Pomorum Patrona. Her name is evidently connected with Pomum. She is represented by the poets as having been beloved by several of the rustic divinities, such as Silvanus, Picus, Vertumnus, and others (Ov. Met. xiv. 623, &c. ; Propert. iv. 2. 21, &c. ; Serv. ad Aen. vii. 190). Her worship must originally have been of considerable importance, as we learn from Varro

(De L. L. vii. 45) that a special priest, under the name of flamen Pomonalis, was appointed to attend to her service (comp. Plin. H. N. xxiii. 1). It is not impossible that Pomona may in reality be nothing but the personification of one of the attributes of Ops. (Hartung, Die Relig. d. Röm. vol. ii. p. 133, &c.) [L. S.] POMPAE'DIUS SILO. [SILO.] POMPEIA. 1. The daughter of Q. Pompeius, consul B. c. 141 [POMPEIUS, No. 3], married C. Sicinius. (Cic. Brut. 76.)

2. The daughter of Q. Pompeius Rufus, son of the consul of B. C. 88 [POMPEIUS, No. 8], and of Cornelia, the daughter of the dictator Sulla. She married C. Caesar, subsequently the dictator, in B. c. 67, but was divorced by him in B. c. 61, because she was suspected of intriguing with Clodius, who stealthily introduced himself into her husband's house while she was celebrating the mysteries of the Bona Dea. (Suet. Caes. 6; Plut. Caes. 5, 10; Dion Cass. xxxvii. 45.)

3. The sister of the triumvir, married C. Memmius, who commanded in Sicily under her brother, in B. c. 81, and went as his quaestor into Spain, in the war against Sertorius, in which he was killed, B.C. 75. (Plut. Pomp. 11, Sert. 21; Cic. pro Bulb. 2; Oros. v. 23.)

4. Daughter of the triumvir by his third wife Mucia. When her father, in B. C. 59, married Julia, the daughter of Julius Caesar, she was promised to Servilius Caepio, to whom Julia had been already betrothed. She did not, however, marry Caepio, but Faustus Sulla, the son of the dictator, to whom she had likewise been previously betrothed. Her husband perished in the African war, B. c. 46, and she and her children fell into the hands of Caesar, who, however, dismissed them in safety. (Plut. Caes. 14, Pomp. 47; Dion Cass. xlii. 13; Auct. Bell. Afric. 95.) She subsequently married L. Cornelius Cinna, and her son by this marriage, Cn. Cinna Magnus, entered into a conspiracy against Augustus (Dion Cass. lv. 14; Senec. de Clem. i. 9.) She was with her brother Sextus in Sicily for some time, and she there made presents to the young Tiberius, subsequently emperor, when his parents fled for refuge to the island. (Suet. Tib. 6.) As her brother Sextus survived her, she must have died before B. c. 35. (Senec. Consol. ad Polyb. 34.)

5. Daughter of Sex. Pompeius Magnus, the son of the triumvir and of Scribonia. At the peace of Misenum in B. c. 39 she was betrothed to M. Claudius Marcellus, the son of Octavia, the sister of Octavian, but was never married to him. She accompanied her father in his flight to Asia, B. C. 36. (Appian, B. C. v. 73; Dion Cass. xlviii. 38, xlix. 11.) She is not mentioned after this time, but it has been conjectured by commentators, with much probability, that she may have married Scribonius Libo, and had by him a son, Scribonius Libo Drusus; since Tacitus (Ann. ii. 27) calls Pompeius, the triumvir, the proavus of Libo Drusus; Scribonia, the wife of Augustus, his amita; and the two young Caesars his consobrini. The descent of Libo Drusus would then be, 1. Cn. Pompeius, the triumvir, proavus. 2. Sex. Pompeius, avus. 3. Pompeia, mater. 4. Libo Drusus.

6. Of uncertain origin, the wife of P. Vatinius, who was tribune, B. C. 59. She was still alive in B. c. 45. (Cic. ad Fam. v. 11.)

POMPEIA CELERI'NA, the mother-in-law

of the younger Pliny, to whom one of his letters is addressed. (Ep. i. 4.)

POMPEIA MACRI'NA, descended from Pompeius Theophanes, was the daughter of Pompeius Macer, and was exiled by Tiberius A. D. 33. (Tac. Ann. vi. 18.)

POMPEIA PAULI'NA. [PAULINA, No. 3.] POMPEIA GENS, plebeian, is not mentioned till the second century before the Christian aera: the first member of it who obtained the consulship, Q. Pompeius, in B. c. 141, is described as a man of a humble and obscure origin (Cic. Verr. v. 70, pro Muren. 7, Brut. 25). It is expressly stated that there were two or three distinct families of the Pompeii under the republic (Vell. Pat. ii. 21); and we can trace two, one of which was brought into celebrity by Q. Pompeius, the consul of B. c. 141, and the other is still better known as that to which the triumvir belonged. In the former family we find the surname of Rufus; in the latter, the father of the triumvir was distinguished by the personal cognomen of Strabo, and the triumvir himself gained that of Magnus, which he handed down to his children as an hereditary surBeside these cognomens we have on coins Faustulus as a surname of a Sex. Pompeius, who is otherwise unknown, and Pius as a surname of Sextus, the son of Cn. Pompeius Magnus, to designate him as the avenger of his father and brother. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 280, &c.) But as all the members of these families are usually spoken of under their gentile name, and not under their cognomens, they are given below under POMPEIUS. In addition to the cognomens already mentioned, we find many others, borne for the most part by freedmen or provincials, who had received the Roman franchise from the Pompeii: of these an alphabetical list is given below.

name.

POMPEIA/NUS, son of Lucilla and Claudius Pompeianus. We are told by Spartianus that he was employed by Caracalla in the conduct of the most important wars, and was twice raised to the consulship, but his name does not appear in the Fasti. The same authority adds that he was put to death by the emperor, but in such a manner that he appeared to have perished by the hands of robbers. (Spartian. Caracall. 3.) [W. R.]

POMPEIA NUS, TIB. CLAUDIUS, the son of a Roman knight originally from Antioch, rose to the highest dignities under M. Aurelius. He was one of the legates despatched to oppose the barbarian Kelts from beyond the Rhine, when they threatened to burst into Italy [PERTINAX]: he stands in the Fasti as consul for A. D. 173, was suffectus probably in A. D. 176, and received in marriage Lucilla, the daughter of the emperor, before the regular period of mourning for her first husband L. Verus had expired. He was one of the trusty counsellors to whose charge the youthful Commodus was consigned, and one of the few who escaped the cruel persecution of that brutal savage, although he openly refused to countenance his follies, or to pander to his vices. unhappy period he passed his time chiefly in the country, excusing himself from appearing in public on account of age and weakness of sight. Pertinax, who had served under his command, treated him with the greatest distinction, and Didius Julianus is said to have invited him to quit his retirement at Tarraco, and to ascend the throne. Lampridius would lead us to suppose that he actually fell a

During this

victim to the cruelties of Commodus, but more trustworthy authorities represent him as having lived on to the reign of Severus. (Dion Cass. lxxi. 3, 20, lxxiii. 3; Herodian. i. 8. § 6; Capitolin. M. Aur. 20; Vulcat. Gallican. Avid. Cass. 11; Lamprid. Commod.)

[W. R.] POMPEIA'NUS, CLAUDIUS QUINTIA'NUS, a young senator, husband of the daughter of Lucilla, was persuaded by his mother-in-law to attempt the life of Commodus, with whom he lived on terms of familiar intimacy, and having failed was put to death. (Dion Cass. lxxii. 4, and note of Reimarus; Herodian. i. 8; Lamprid. Commod. 4; Amm. Marc. xxix. 4.)

[W. R.]

POMPEIUS. In the following account we give first the family of Q. Pompeius, consul B. c. 141, and next that of the triumvir. The lives of the various persons mentioned below are treated at length by Drumann (Geschichte Roms, vol. iv. p. 306, &c.), to whom we refer our readers once for all. The Stemma on the opposite page is taken from Drumann, and is in some parts conjectural.

1. L. POMPEIUS, tribune of the soldiers, B. C. 171, in the army of the consul P. Crassus, when the latter was carrying on war against Perseus, king of Macedonia (Liv. xlii. 66).

2. A. POMPEIUS, is said to have been a fluteplayer, a report probably invented by the aristocracy for the purpose of degrading his son, a novus homo (Plut. Reg. et Imperat. Apopth. p. 200).

3. Q. POMPEIUS, A. F., the son of the preceding [No. 2], was of humble origin; but we know nothing of his early career, nor of the means by which he first came into public notice. Since, however, Cicero speaks of him (Brut. 25) as no mean orator, distinction in oratory may have paved the way for him as it did for so many other Romans to the higher offices of the state. He was consul B. C. 141 with Cn. Servilius Caepio, and gained his election in opposition to Laelius by assuring Scipio that he did not intend to become a candidate for the office, and then entering upon a vigorous canvass after he had thus thrown the friends of Laelius off their guard. Scipio had previously been on friendly terms with Pompeius, but now renounced all further connection with him. (Plut. 1. c.; Cic. Lael. 21.) Pompeius in his consulship was sent into Nearer Spain as the successor of Q. Metellus (Val. Max. ix. 3. §7), and not of Fabius Maximus Servilianus, who commanded in Further Spain (Appian, Hisp. 68). Pompeius was unsuccessful in Spain: he experienced several defeats from the enemy, and in vain laid siege to Numantia. His troops, which he kept encamped before the walls of this town during the winter, perished in great numbers through the cold and disease; and, accordingly, fearing that the aristocracy would call him to account on his return to Rome, he proposed to the Numantines terms of peace. He required from them publicly an unconditional surrender; but in private only demanded from them hostages, the captives and deserters, and also thirty talents. The Numantines, who were weary of the war, gladly purchased peace on these conditions, and immediately paid part of the money; but on the arrival of M. Popillius Laenas in Spain shortly afterwards (B. c. 139), as the successor of Pompeius, the latter, who was now released from the responsibility of the war, had the effrontery to disown the treaty, although it had been witnessed by the officers of his own army.

Laenas referred the matter to the senate, to which the Numantine legates accordingly repaired. Pompeius persisted in the same lie; the senate declared the treaty invalid; and the war was accordingly renewed. Pompeius escaped all punishment for this conduct in relation to the treaty: he was, however, accused shortly afterwards of extortion in his province, but was fortunate enough to obtain an acquittal, although some of the most eminent men at Rome, such as Q. Metellus Macedonicus and L. Metellus Calvus, bore witness against him. (Val. Max. viii. 5. § 1; Cic. pro Font. 7.) His want of success in Spain did not lose him the favour of the people, for he was elected censor in B. C. 131 with Q. Metellus Macedonicus, the first time that both censors were chosen from the plebs. (Appian, Hisp. 76-79; Liv. Epit. 54, 59; Oros. v. 4; Cic. de Off. iii. 30, de Fix. ii. 17.)

4. POMPEIUS, is mentioned as one of the opponents of Tib. Gracchus in B. c. 133; he stated that, as he lived near Gracchus, he knew that Eudemus of Pergamum had given a diadem out of the royal treasures and a purple robe to Gracchus, and he also promised to accuse the latter as soon as his year of office as tribune had expired. (Plut. Tib. Gracch. 14; Oros. v. 8.) Drumann makes this Pompeius the son of No. 3, and likewise tribune of the plebs for B. c. 132; but although neither of these suppositions is impossible, there is still no authority for them. It is not impossible that this Pompeius is the same as the preceding; and as the latter very likely possessed public land, he would be ready enough to oppose Gracchus, although he had previously belonged to the popular party. We have likewise seen from his conduct in the Numantine war that he had no great regard for truth.

5. POMPEIA, daughter of No. 3, married C. Sicinius. [POMPEIA, No. 1.]

6. Q. POMPEIUS Q. F. RUFUS, either son or grandson of No. 3, was a zealous supporter of the aristocratical party. In his tribunate of the plebs, B. c. 100, he brought forward a bill, in conjunction with his colleague L. Cato, for the recal of Metellus Macedonicus from banishment (Oros. v. 17.) He was praetor B. c. 91 (Cic. de Orat. i. 37), and consul, B. c. 88, with L. Sulla. In the latter year the civil war broke out between Marius and Sulla respecting the command of the Mithridatic war. The history of these events is related in the life of MARIUS [p. 957]; and it is only necessary to mention here that the tribune P. Sulpicius Rufus, who was the great agent of Marius, had previously been the personal friend of Pompeius; but such was the exasperation of political feeling, that Sulpicius had recourse to arms against his former friend, in order to carry his measure for incorporating the new citizens among the old tribes. In the riots which ensued, the young son of Pompeius was murdered. Pompeius himself was deprived of his consulship and fled to Nola, where Sulla had a powerful army. At the head of these troops the two consuls speedily returned to Rome, and proscribed Marius and his leading partizans. Sulla then set out for the East to conduct the war against Mithridates, leaving Italy in charge of Pompeius. To the latter was assigned the army of Cn. Pompeius Strabo, who was still engaged in carrying on war against the Marsi; but Strabo, who was unwilling to be deprived of the command, caused Pompeius Rufus to be murdered by the soldiers