ix. portions of it preserved by Photius (cod. 239), | by Atticus (who succeeded Arsacius as patriarch of treating of poetry and the lives of various cele- Constantinople), by whom he was invested succesbrated poets. The short life of Homer which passes sively with the orders of deacon and presbyter. under the name of Proclus, was probably taken He was raised to the rank of bishop of Cyzicus by from this work. 15. 'Emixeipnμaтa in' kaтà Xpio- Sisinnius, the successor of Atticus, but did not Tavav. The object of this work was to maintain exercise the functions of his office, the people of the eternity of the universe against the Christian Cyzicus choosing another in his place. On the doctrine on the subject. The work of Proclus has death of Sisinnius (A. D. 427) there was a general not come down to us in a separate form, but we expression of feeling in favour of Proclus as his still possess his arguments in the refutation of them successor, but Nestorius was appointed. Proclus by Joannes Philoponus (de Aeternitate Mundi). contended zealously against the heresies which the 16. De Providentia et Fato, addressed to Theo- latter strove to introduce into the church, comdorus, a mechanician. 17. Decem Dubitationes bating them even in a sermon preached before circa Providentiam (nepì tŵv dékа wρòs тǹν Прó- | Nestorius himself. On the deposition of Nestorius, volav àπopnμáτwv). 18. De Malorum Subsistentia | Proclus was again proposed as his successor; but (Пepì tŷs tŵv kaкŵv iпOσтáσews). This and the his elevation was again opposed, though on what two preceding treatises only exist in the Latin trans-grounds does not appear very clearly ascertained. lation of Gulielmus de Morbeka. They are printed But on the death of Maximianus, who was ap entire by Fabricius, in his Bibliotheca Graeca, vol. pointed instead, Proclus was at last created P. 373, &c. 19. A little astrological treatise patriarch. In A. D. 438 Proclus gained a great on the effect of eclipses, in a Latin translation. deal of honour by having the body of St. 20. A treatise on poetry, also in a Latin translation, Chrysostom brought to Constantinople. There printed, together with a treatise by Choeroboscus is still exfant a fragment of a Latin translation (Paris, 1615). 21. Five hymns. 22. Some scholia of an éloge on St. Chrysostom, by Proclus, delion Homer. There is no complete edition of the vered probably about this time. It was in the extant works of Proclus. The edition of Cousin time of Proclus that the custom of chanting the (Paris, 6 vols. 8vo., 1820—1827) contains the trea- Trisagion was introduced into the church. While tises on Providence and Fate, on the Ten Doubts in office, Proclus conducted himself with great about Providence, and on the Nature of Evil, the prudence and mildness. For further details recommentary on the Alcibiades, and the commentary specting his ecclesiastical career, the reader is reon the Parmenides. There are English translations ferred to Tillemont's Mémoires Ecclésiastiques (vol. of the commentaries on the Timaeus, the six books xiv. pp. 704-718). His extant writings are enuon the Theology of Plato, the commentaries on the merated by Fabricius (B. G. vol. ix. pp. 505first book of Euclid, and the Theological Elements, 512). One of the most celebrated of his letters and the five Hymns, by Thomas Taylor. (TEρl TiσTEWS) was written in A. D. 435, when the bishops of Armenia applied to him for his opinion on certain propositions which had been disseminated in their dioceses, and were attributed to Theodorus of Mopsuestia. The discussion that ensued with respect to these propositions made a considerable stir in the East. Besides the treatises already mentioned, the following have perished:-1. A commentary on the Philebus of Plato (Procl. in Tim. p. 53, 222). 2. A commentary on the Phaedrus of Plato (Procl. 1. c. p. 329). 3. A defence of the Timaeus of Plato against the drippnσeis of Aristotle (. c. p. 226. βιβλίον ἰδίᾳ ἐκδεδωκώς οἶδα τῶν πρὸς τὸν Τίμαιον Αριστοτέλους ἀντιῤῥήσεων ἐπισκέψεις ποιουμένων). 4. Καθαρτικὸς τῶν δογμάτων τοῦ ПAάTwvos, against Domninus. (Suid. s. v. Aouvivos.) 5. A commentary on the Theaetetus of Plato. (Marinus, l. c. cap. ult.) 6. Nóuo, a commentary apparently on the Laws of Plato. (Procl. in Tim. p. 178). 7. Notes on the 'Evveádes of Plotinus. 8. Mптрwакт) Bi6λos, on the mother of the gods. (Suid. s. v. Прокλ.) 9. Eis Tv 'Oppéws Deokoylav. (Suid. l. c.; Marinus, c. 27.) 10. Пep Tà λóyia, in ten books. (Suid. Marin. c. 26.) 11. A commentary on Homer. (Suid.) 12. Περὶ τῶν παρ' Ομήρῳ θεῶν. (Suid.) 13. Συμφωνία Ορφέως, Πυθαγόρου καὶ Πλάτωνος. (Suid. Marin. c. 22.) 14. On the three évades vontaí, namely, ἀλήθεια, καλλονή, and συμμετρία. (Procl. in Polit. p. 433.) 15. Els Tòv λÓYOν TηS ALOTÍμας περὶ τῆς τῶν κακῶν ὑποστάσεως. 16. Περί dywyns, on the theurgic discipline, in two books. (Suid.) 17. Various hymns and epigrams. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ix. pp. 363—445; Brucker, Historia Critica Philosophiae, vol. ii. pp. 319-336; Tennemann, Geschichte der Philosophie, vol. vi. ; Ritter, Geschichte der Philosophie, bk. xiii. c. 3. vol. iv. p. 699, &c.) [C. P. M.] PROCLUS (SAINT), was at a very early age appointed reader in the church at Constantinople. He was also employed as secretary or amanuensis to St. Chrysostom, and was employed in a similar capacity Proclus bestowed a great deal of pains upon his style, which is terse and sententious, but is crowded with antitheses and rhetorical points, and betrays a laboured endeavour to reiterate the same sentiment in every possible variety of form. From the quotations of subsequent authors, it appears that several of the writings of Proclus are lost. The Platonic Theology of Proclus Diadochus has sometimes been erroneously described as a theological work of St. Proclus. The 24th of October is the day consecrated to the memory of St. Proclus by the Greek church. [C. P. M.] PROCLUS (Прókλos), one of the eminent artists in mosaic who flourished in the Augustan age. His name occurs on two inscriptions found at Pe rinthus, from one of which we learn that he adorned the temple of Fortune in that city, and that the Alexandrian merchants, who frequented the city, erected a statue in honour of him. The second inscription is the epitaph of a mosaic artist, who is said in it to have left a son, his associate and equal in the art; from which it would seem probable that both father and son were named Proclus. The second inscription, as restored, runs thus :Πάσαις ἐν πολίεσσι τέχνην ἤσκησα πρὸ πάντων ψηφοδέτας, δώροις Παλλάδος εὑράμενος, υἷα λιπὼν βουλῆς σύνεδρον Πρόκλον ἰσότεχνόν μοι ὀγδωκοντούτης τοῦδε τάφοιο λαχών. (Böckh, Corp. Inser. vol. ii. p. 68, n. 2024, 2025 ; Welcker, in the Rhein. Mus. 1833, vol. i. p. 289; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 393.) [P. S.] PROCLUS (Прókλos), a physician, probably a native of Rhegium, among the Bruttii in Italy. He belonged to the medical sect of the Methodici (Galen, De Meth. Med. i. 7, vol. x. p. 52, Introd. c. 4, vol. xiv. p. 684), and must have lived about the end of the first century after Christ, as he was junior to Thessalus, and senior to Galen. He is no doubt the same physician who is called Proculus in our present editions of Caelius Aurelianus (De Morb. Chron. iii. 8, p. 469), where he is said to have been one of the followers of Themison, and his opinion on the different kinds of dropsy is quoted. He may also be the same person whose remedy for the gout and sciatica is mentioned by Paulus Aegineta (iii. 77, vii. 11, pp. 492, 661) and Joannes Actuarius (De Meth. Med. v. 6, p. 265). [W.A.G.] PROCLUS, LARGI NUS, a person in Germany, who predicted that Domitian would die on a certain day. He was in consequence sent to Rome, where he was condemned to death; but as the punishment was deferred, in order that he might be executed after the fatal day had passed, he escaped altogether, as Domitian died on the very day he had named. (Dion Cass. Ixviii. 16; comp. Suet. Dom. 16.) PROCNE (Прóкvn), a daughter of king Pandion of Athens, was the wife of Tereus, and was metamorphorsed into a swallow. (Apollod. iii. 14. §8; Thucyd. ii. 29.) on his secret plans. During some time he wandered from place to place, and his return having been discovered by Valentinian and Valens, the successors of Jovian (364), he hid himself in the mountains, till at last he found refuge at the house of the senator Strategius, who lived near Chalcedon. Strategius became a confidant of the ambitious schemes of Procopius, who found further adherents among the numerous adversaries of Valens in Constantinople, whither the fugitive general often proceeded on secret visits. The eunuch Eugenius became one of the principal promoters of the plans of Procopius, which were now manifestly those of deposing Valens, and making himself master of the East. The plot broke out in 365, and owing to his numerous partisans and his own artifices, the people of Constantinople proclaimed him emperor on the 28th of September of that year. The emperor Valens was at that period staying at Caesareia in Cappadocia, but was soon informed of the rebellion, and prepared for effective resistance. Meanwhile, Procopius set out for Asia Minor with a well-disciplined army, advanced as far as the Sangarius, and, through a bold stratagem, caused an imperial body, which defended the passage of that river, to desert their master, and join his own army. However, Valens advanced in his turn, and laid siege to Chalcedon, but was defeated under its walls, and obliged to retreat into Phrygia; Marcellus, a general of Procopius, took the important town of Cyzicus, and Procopius became master of Bithynia; a series of successes which turned his mind, made him haughty, and caused him more adversaries than adherents. The war was renewed with vigour in the spring of the following year 366, but to the great disadvantage of Procopius, whose army, commanded by the fugitive Persian prince, Hormisdas, was totally defeated by the celebrated general Arbetion. Soon afterwards, on the 27th of May, 366, another battle was fought at Nacolia, in Phrygia, the two rivals commanding their armies in person, and it ended in the rout of the rebels. Procopius fled, accompanied by a few attendants, with whom he wandered some days in the mountains, when they treacherously seized him, and delivered him into the hands of Valens, by whose order he was immediately put to death. Socrates says that Procopius suffered death by being tied to two trees forcibly bent together, which, on snapping asunder, tore the body of the unfortunate man to pieces. The cruel conduct of Valens against the partisans of Procopius belongs to the history of the former. There are gold and silver coins of Procopius extant, the former being extremely rare, according to Eckhel. (Amm. Marc. xxvi. 6; Zosim. lib. iv.; Themist. Orat. 7; Socrat. iv. 3, &c.; Philostorg. ix. 5; Eckhel, vol. viii. pp. 156, 157.) [W.P.] [L. S.] PROCO PIUS (Прокóπios), Roman emperor in the East, through rebellion, from A. D. 363 to 366. According to all probability, he was a relation of the emperor Julian through Basilina, the mother of that emperor, and the second wife of Constantius Consul, who was the youngest son of Constantius Chlorus. [See the genealogical table Vol. I. p. 832.] Procopius was a native of Cilicia, where he was born about A. D. 365. Constantius II. made him his secretary, and employed him in the field as tribune. The emperor Julian created him comes, and appointed him commander in Mesopotamia, when he set out against Persia in A. D. 363. It was then said that Julian had advised him to assume the purple, or manifested a wish that he should be his successor in case he should lose his life in the projected expedition, and this saying afterwards found many believers, to the great advantage of Procopius. However, it was Jovian who succeeded Julian, in 363, and by him Procopius was charged with conducting the body of the fallen hero to Tarsus. Aware that Jovian entertained suspicions against him, or, perhaps, in order to carry out schemes which, at that period, nobody expected, Procopius went to Caesareia in Cappadocia, instead of returning to the imperial quarters. This step was sufficient to rouse the suspicions of Jovian, whatever might have been his previous disposition, and some troops were despatched to seize the fugitive, who, however, deceived his pursuers, and escaped with his family to Tauris. Afraid of being betrayed by the barbarians, he soon left that country and returned to Asia Minor; a dangerous step, which, however, throws some light That is, if in Galen, De Meth. Med. i. 7, vol. x. p. 52, we read Toû 'Pnyívov instead of kal 'Рnvívov, an alteration which is not unlikely to be a sound one, as the name of Rheginus applied to a physician is probably not to be found elsewhere. several French medical dictionaries. But this is going too far. Procopius betrays, in all his works, a vast deal of miscellaneous knowledge, and while describing the plague, probably derived some additional information from medical friends, which, however, no more makes him a physician, than his work on the Buildings of Justinian constitutes him a professional architect. As an historian Procopius deserves great praise. Many of his contemporaries, as well as writers who lived a short time after him, speak of him with unreserved esteem. His style is good, formed upon classic models, often elegant, and generally plastic and full of vigour. The general impression of his writings is that of a man who has thought much and seen much, from a position at the highest quarters of information. Procopius is the principal historian for the eventful reign of Justinian. Among the works of Procopius the most important is:-1. 'IoTopía, in 8 books; viz., two On the Persian War, containing the period from A. D. 408-553, and treating more fully of the author's own times; two On the War with the Vandals, from A. D. 395-545; four On the Gothic War, or properly speaking, only three books, the fourth (eighth) being a sort of supplement containing various matters, and going down to the beginning of A. D. 553. It was continued by Agathias till 559. The work is extremely interesting; the descriptions of the habits, &c. of the barbarians are faithful and masterly done. Photius gives an analysis of the first two books, and Agathias, the continuator of Procopius, gives an analysis of all the eight books, in the preface to his History. PROCOPIUS (Прокóжios), one of the most eminent Byzantine historians, was a native of Caesareia in Palestine, where he was born, at the beginning of the sixth century of the Christian era. He went to Constantinople when still a young man, and there obtained so much distinction as an advocate and a professor of eloquence, that he attracted the attention of Belisarius, who appointed him, in A. D. 527, his úоypapeús, or secretary. In this quality Procopius accompanied the great hero on his different wars in Asia, Africa, and Italy, being frequently employed in state business of importance, or in conducting military expeditions. In the Gothic war we find him entrusted with the commissariat department, and at the head of the Byzantine navy, a post of vital importance for the success of the campaign. Procopius returned with Belisarius to Constantinople a little before 542. His eminent talents and corresponding merits were appreciated by the emperor Justinian, who conferred upon him the title of illustris, made him a senator, and in 562 created him prefect of Constantinople. Procopius died a little before, or a little after the death of Justinian, that is, about A. D. 565, at the age of sixty and upwards, probably nearer to seventy. Of this great historian Gibbon says, with much truth, that according to the vicissitudes of courage or servitude, of favour or disgrace, he successively composed the history, the panegyric, and the satire of his own times. It is, however, still doubtful whether Procopius actually was the author of that collection of satire and scandal which is attributed to him, under the title of "Historia Arcana" or "Anecdotes." We shall speak of it after first mentioning two other points of doubt regarding our author, the solution of which has occupied the mind and the pen of eminent scholars. First, it has been questioned whether he was a Christian or a Pagan. Space, however, will not allow us to give even the shortest account of the different opinions that have been, or are still, prevalent on that subject, and we consequently merely mention that, while Eichel and La Mothe de Vayer, both quoted below, declared him to be a Pagan, Gerard Vossius, Fabricius, Harles, and others thought 3. Avéкdoтa, Historia Arcana, a collection of that he was a Christian. Indeed, Procopius fre- anecdotes, some of them witty and pleasant, but quently speaks of faith, either Christian or Pagan, others most indecent, and sometimes absurd, reflectin a manner inconsistent with his own words, so ing upon Justinian, the empress Theodora, Belisarius, as fully to justify doubts respecting his creed. and other eminent persons. It is a complete ChroAssemanni and Cave take a middle course. latter thinks that he was neither Christian nor The nique Scandaleuse of the court of Constantinople, from A. D. 549 till 562. The authorship of Procopius Pagan entirely, but being somewhat of a sceptical has been much doubted, partly because his contempoturn of mind (or perhaps we ought to say, extremely raries do not mention it, and partly because such a liberal and excessively tolerant in religious matters) production can hardly be reconciled with the charache used to despise the superstitions of the Pagans inter of a grave historian and statesman. However, the his conversations with Christians, and would admit, first writer who attributed this work to Procopius, when in company with Pagans, that there was also namely Suidas (s. v. II pokóπios), does so in a very truth without the sphere of Christianity. We may positive manner, and adds that it had until then add that Justinian, who was a bigoted Christian, not been issued for circulation, which, indeed, it whether in orthodoxy or heterodoxy, would probably not have permitted a Pagan to discharge the give credit to the Anecdotes, and do not doubt the was not fit for. Montesquieu and Gibbon both functions of a senator, or a prefect of Constantinople. authorship of Procopius. The other doubtful point alluded to above is of a very strange description. For, since Procopius has given a most graphic description of the plague which devastated Constantinople in 543, rendering his narrative still more lucid and scientifically descriptive, by entering into medical details concerning the symptoms of the disease, &c., it has been thought by some that he was a professional medical man. He thus figures as a physician in 2. Kríoμara, Libri VI. de Aedificiis conditis vel restoratis auspicio Justiniani. A work equally interesting and valuable in its kind, though apparently too much seasoned with flattery of the emperor. Gibbon thinks that Procopius was afraid of having offended the pride of Justinian, through too faithful a narrative of glorious events in which the emperor had no personal share, and that he subsequently wrote on the splendid buildings of his master, in order to regain his favour. tory," which is rather overstocked with harangues 4. Orationes, probably extracts from the "Hisand speeches. first of these was published under the title De Bello fol., Venet. 1471, fol., by Leonardo Aretino, or Italico adversus Gothos gesto, lib. iv. Foligno, 1470, Leonardo Bruni of Arezzo, who, thinking that he had the only existing MS. of the work, was dis Editions:-1. Historia. Latin Versions. The honest enough to style himself the author of it. Other versions are :-De Bello Pers. et Vandal. ex Versione Raphaelis Volaterran., Rome, 1509, fol.; by Christopherus Persona, Rome, 1506, fol. ; cum Praefatione Beati Rhenani, Basel, 1531, fol.; cum Zosimo, ibid. 1576, fol.; cum Jornande et Agathia, Lyon, 1594, 8vo. ; sub titulo De Gothorum Origine, Frankfort, 1606, fol.; by Hugo Grotius, in his Historia Gothor. Longobard. et Vandal., Amsterdam, 1655, 8vo. ; and others. -Greek and Greek and Latin: A portion of the Bellum Gothicum, Graece et Latine, by Petrus Pithoeus, in his Codex Legum Wisigothorum, Paris, 1579, fol.; the 8 books by David Hoeschel, Graece, together with De Aedificis, Augsburg, 1676, fol.; Descriptio Ponti Euxini, ex Libr. I. de Bello Gothico, Graece et Latine, by Bonaventura Vulcanius, in his Scriptores Rer. Gothicar., Leyden, 1597, 1617, 8vo. H. Holcroft published an English translation, London, 1653, fol. There are also French, German, and Italian translations. 2. De Aedificiis. The editio princeps, by Joan. Hervagius, Graece, Basel, 1531, fol.; the same, Paris, 1543, and ibid. 1537, 4to., with a Latin translation by Fr. Cranenveld, and notes of Th. Adamaeus; a Latin version by Arnoldus Vesaliensis, together with the eight books of the History and Zosimus, Basel, 1576, fol.; by David Hoeschel, Graece, ad calcem "Historiarum," Augsburg, 1607, fol. 3. Historia Arcana. Graece et Latine, cum Notis N. Alemanni, Lyon, 1623, fol.; idem, Cologne, 1669, fol. ; a Joan. Eichelio, Helmstädt, 1654, 4to.; Excerpta, by Hugo Grotius, in his work quoted above. The famous Christian Thomasius intended to make a new edition, but it did not appear. There is an English translation, 1674, 8vo. ; a German, by Paul Reinhard, Erlangen and Leipzig, 1753, 8vo.; and there are French and Italian versions. 4. Orationes, Basel, 1538, 8vo. There are two collections of the Works of Procopius, with Latin versions, notes, &c. ; the first by Claude Maltret, Paris, 2 vols. fol. 1662, 1663, which is not very carefully edited, and was badly reprinted at Venice, 1729, fol. ; and the second in the Bonn Collection of the Byzantines, by Dindorf, Bonn, 3 vols. 8vo., 1833-1838: it contains Alemanni's valuable notes on the Historia Arcana, an index, and a text revised with great care. (Fabric. Biblioth. Graec. vol. vii. p. 553, &c.; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. i. p. 510; Hanckius, Script. Byzant.; La Mothe de Vayer, Jugemens sur les Historiens Grecs, in the 8th vol. of his Oeuvres.) [W.P.] PROCRIS (Прóкpis), a daughter of Erechtheus in Athens, was married to Cephalus (Apollod. iii. 15. § 2; comp. CEPHALUS). A second Procris was a daughter of Thespius. (Apollod. ii. 7. § 8.) [L. S.] PROCRUSTES (Прокρоúσтηs), that is, "the Stretcher," is a surname of the famous robber Polypemon or Damastes. He used to force all the strangers that fell into his hands into a bed which was either too small or too large, and in which he had their limbs stretched by force until they died. He was slain by Theseus, on the Cephissus in Attica; the bed of Procrustes is used proverbially even at the present day. (Plut. Thes. 11; Paus. i. 38. § 5; Öv. Met. vii. 438.) [L. S.] C. PROCULEIUS, a Roman eques, one of the friends of Octavian, was sent by the latter, after the victory at Actium, to Antony and Cleopatra. Antony was just expiring when Proculeius arrived, having previously told Cleopatra to trust Proculeius more than any other of the friends of Octavian. The account of his interview with Cleopatra is related at length by Plutarch, who calls him Procleius (Plut. Ant. 77-79; Dion Cass. li. 11.) It is of this Proculeius that Horace speaks (Carm. ii. 2): "Vivet extento Proculeius aevo, Notus in fratres animi paterni: "— and Porphyrio relates, in his commentary on this passage, that Proculeius divided his property with his brothers Caepio (not Scipio as in some editions) and Murena, who had lost their property in the civil wars. It is also stated by Dion Cassius (liv. 3), that Proculeius was a brother of the Murena, who was condemned, in B. C. 22, on account of his conspiring against Augustus. The nature of this relationship is, however, not clear. The full name of this Murena was A. Terentius Varro Murena, and Drumann conjectures that he was the son of L. Licinius Murena, who was consul B. c. 62, and that he was adopted by A. Terentius Varro. The same writer farther conjectures that Proculeius was the son of C. Licinius Murena, the brother of the consul of B. c. 62, and that he was adopted by some one of the name of Proculeius. In that case Proculeius would have been the cousin of Murena. We know that it was common among the Romans to call cousins by the name of brothers (frater patruelis and frater). (Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. iv. pp. 193, 194.) The great intimacy of Proculeius with Augustus is attested by many writers. (Dion Cass. l. c.; Tac. Ann. iv. 40; Plin. H. N. vii. 45. s. 46, xxxvi. 25. s. 59.) Dion Cassius (1. c.) speaks of him and Maecenas as the principal friends of the emperor, and they both interceded, but to no purpose, for the life of their relation, Murena. We also learn from Tacitus (l. c.), that he was one of the Romans to whom Augustus had thought of giving his daughter Julia in marriage. Proculeius put an end to his own life by taking gypsum, when suffering from a disease in the stomach. (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 25. s. 59.) The following coin, which has C. PROCULEI L. F. on the reverse, may have been struck by the abovementioned Proculeius. It is uncertain to whom the head on the obverse refers; on the reverse we see a bipennis. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 289.) PROYLE! L-F COIN OF C. PROCULEIUS. PRO'CULUS, a Roman cognomen, was originally a praenomen, like Postumus and Agrippa. The Roman grammarians connected it with procul, and explain it in two different ways, as meaning either a person born when his father was at a distance from his native country, or a person born of parents advanced in age. (Paul. Diac. ex Fest. p. 225, ed. Müller.) PROCULUS, the wealthy descendant of a race of robber chiefs, was a native of Albium Ingaunum, in Liguria. Having entered upon the career of a soldier, he served with great distinction in the Roman legions, and frequently held the command of a tribune. In the year A. D. 280, he was persuaded by a bold ambitious wife to place himself at the head of the discontented inhabitants of Lyons, and to assume the purple. During the brief period of his sway, he achieved a victory over the Alemanni; but having been attacked and routed by Probus, he sought refuge among the Franks, by whom he was delivered up to death. (Vopisc. Vita Proculi in Script. Hist. Aug.) [W. R.] PRO'CULUS, the jurist. The fact that Proculus gave his name to the school or sect (Proculiani or Proculeiani, as the name is also written), which was opposed to that of the Sabiniani, shows that he was a jurist of note. He was a contemporary of Nerva the son [NERVA]. Proculus is often cited, and there are 37 extracts from him in the Digest from his eight books of Epistolae. He is the second jurist in order of time who is excerpted in the Digest. Labeo is the first. According to the Florentine Index, he wrote eight books of Epistolae; but he wrote at least eleven books. (Dig. 18. tit. 1. s. 69.) He appears also to have written notes on Labeo. It is inferred that Proculus was named Sempro- PROCULUS, a physician. [PROCLUS.] NIUS.] PRO'CULUS, C. ARTO'RIUS, a Roman grammarian, who erroneously gave the name of figurae to tropi. (Quintil. ix. 1, init.) This writer is frequently quoted by Festus, under the simple name of Artorius. (Festus, pp. 225, 352, 364, ed. Muller.) PRO'CULUS, BA'RBIUS, one of the soldiers whom Otho employed to corrupt the fidelity of Galba's troops, when he was aspiring to the empire. (Tac. Hist. i. 25; Plut. Galb. 24.) PROCULUS, CERVA'RIUS, was privy to the conspiracy of Piso against Nero, but, in consequence of his turning informer and accusing Fenius Rufus, he obtained his pardon. (Tac. Ann. xv. 50, 66, 71.) PRO'CULUS, CE'STIUS. [CESTIUS, No. 4.] PRO'CULUS, COCCEIUS, one of the speculatores (see Dict. of Ant. p. 508, b., 2d ed.) of the emperor Galba. (Tac. Hist. i. 24.) PROCULUS, FLA/VIUS, a Roman eques in the reign of the emperor Claudius. (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 2. s. 8.) PRO'CULUS, JULIUS. 1. Is related in the legend of Romulus to have informed the sorrowing Roman people, after the strange departure of their king from the world, that Romulus had descended from heaven and appeared to him, bidding him tell the people to honour him in future as a god under the name of Quirinus. (Liv. i. 16; Ov. Fast. ii. 499, &c.; Flor. i. 1; Lactant. i. 15; Dion Cass. lvi. 46.) 2. A friend of Martial. (Mart. i. 71.) 3. Slain by Commodus in Asia. (Lamprid. Commod. 7.) PRO'CULUS, LICI'NIUS, was one of Otho's friends, and was advanced by him to the dignity of praefect of the praetorian cohorts. Otho placed more confidence in him than in any of his other generals, and he maintained his influence with the emperor by calumniating those who had more virtue than himself. His want of experience in war and his evil counsels hastened Otho's fall. He escaped with his life after the defeat at Bedriacum, and obtained his pardon from Vitellius by pleading that he had purposely betrayed his master. (Tac. Hist. i. 46, 82, 87, ii. 33, 39, 44, 60.) | PRO CULUS, SCRIBO'NIUS. 1. A senator, who was torn to pieces by the senators in the senate-house, because Protogenes, the instrument of Caligula's cruelties, exclaimed, as Proculus was going to salute him, "Do you, who hate the emperor so much, venture to salute me ?" (Dion Cass. lix. 26; comp. Suet. Cal. 28.) 2. The brother of Scribonius Rufus. These brothers were distinguished by their wealth and their friendship for one another, and had governed the two Germanies at the same time. Having been summoned by Nero to Greece, they were accused on their arrival, and, as no opportunity was afforded them of clearing themselves of the charges brought against them, they put an end to their own lives (Dion Cass. lxiii. 17). It is of these two brothers, Scribonius Proculus and Scribonius Rufus, that Tacitus speaks, calling them simply "Scribonii fratres." We learn from him that Pactius Africanus was supposed to have denounced them to Nero (Tac. Ann. xiii. 48, Hist. iv. 41). These brothers were probably the sons of the preceding Scribonius Proculus. (See Reimarus, ad Dion Cass. l. c.) PRO'CULUS, TITIUS, put to death in A. D. 48, because he had been privy to the adulteries of Silius and Messalina. (Tac. Ann. xi. 35.) PRO'CULUS, VECTIUS, the step-father (vitricus) of the wife of the younger Pliny (Plin. Ep. ix. 13. § 13). Pliny addresses one of his letters (iii. 15) to a certain Proculus, who may perhaps be the same person as this Vectius Proculus. PROCULUS, VOLU'SIUS, had been one of the instruments employed by Nero in the murder of his mother, and was a commander of one of the ships in the fleet off the Campanian coast, when the conspiracy of Piso against Nero was formed. From a woman of the name of Epicharis, he obtained some information respecting the plot, which he straightway communicated to Nero. (Tac. Ann. xv. 51, 57.) PRO'DICUS (Пpódios), was a native of Iulis in the island of Ceos, the birthplace of Simonides |