that the Greeks first settled at Naucratis in the reign of Amasis. Still there are several circumstances which lead us to conclude that the Greeks had settled at Naucratis before the reign of the latter monarch, and it is therefore very probable that the western branch was opened in the reign of Psammitichus, for purposes of commerce. appears, likewise, from the writers of the Old Testament, that many Jews settled in Egypt about this time. (Is. xix. 18; Jer. xliv. 1.) It twelve kings reigned for a time in perfect harmony, and executed some great works in common, among which was the wonderful labyrinth near the lake Moeris. But an oracle had predicted, that who ever should pour a libation out of a brazen helmet in the temple of Hephaestus should become king of Egypt. Now it came to pass, that as the twelve kings were assembled on one occasion in the temple of Hephaestus, the priest, by accident, brought out only eleven golden goblets, and Psammitichus, who happened to be standing last, took off his brazen helmet, and used it as a sub-mitichus appears to have given great offence to the stitute. The other kings, thinking that the oracle had been fulfilled by Psammitichus, stript him of his power, and drove him into the marshes. In these difficulties he sent to consult the oracle of Leto at Buto, and was told, "that vengeance would come by brazen men appearing from the sea." This answer staggered his faith, but no long time afterwards word was brought to him, that brazen men had landed from the sea, and were plundering the country. These were Ionian and Carian pirates, who were dressed in an entire suit of brazen armour, which appears to have been unknown in Egypt. Believing that these were the men whom the oracle had foretold, he took them into his service, and with their aid conquered the other eleven kings, and became sole ruler of Egypt. (Herod. ii. 149-152.) The account of Herodotus, as Mr. Grote remarks, bears evident marks of being the genuine tale which he heard from the priests of Hephaestus, however little satisfactory it may be in an historical point of view. Diodorus (i. 66, 67) makes a more plausible historical narrative, which, however, is probably a corruption, by the later Greeks, of the genuine story. According to him, Psammitichus was king of Sais, and by his possession of the sea-coast, was enabled to carry on a profitable commerce with the Phoenicians and Greeks, by which he acquired so much wealth that his colleagues became jealous of him, and conspired against him. Psam:nitichus raised an army of mercenaries from Arabia, Caria, and Ionia, and defeated the other kings near Momemphis. Polyaenus (vii. 3) gives another version of the story about the Carian mercenaries. But whatever may have been the way in which Psammitichus obtained possession of the kingdom, there can be no doubt that Greek mercenaries rendered him most important assistance, and that he relied mainly upon them for preserving the power which he had gained by force. He accordingly provided for them a settlement on the Pelusiac or eastern branch of the Nile, a little below Bubastis, the Ionians on one side of the river, and the Carians on the other; and as the place, where they were stationed, was fortified, it was called Stratopeda, or the Camps. In order to facilitate intercourse between the Greeks and his other subjects, Psammitichus ordered a number of Egyptian children to live with them, that they might learn the Greek language; and from them sprung the class of interpreters (Herod. ii. 154). Strabo tells us (xvii. p. 801) that it was in the reign of Psammitichus that the Milesians, with a fleet of thirty ships, sailed up the Canopic or western branch of the Nile, and founded the city of Naucratis, which became one of the great emporia for commerce. It is certainly untrue that the Milesians founded Naucratis, as the city was of Egyptian origin; and it appears to have been the opinion of Herodotus The employment of foreign mercenaries by Psammilitary caste in Egypt, and the king, relying on his Greek troops, did not consult the feelings and wishes of the native soldiery. It had been the previous practice to station the Egyptian troops on actual service at three different places: at Daphne, near Pelusium, on the eastern frontier, at Marea on the north-western frontier, and at Elephantine on the southern or Ethiopian frontier. As Psammitichus had no need of their services on the eastern frontier, which was guarded by his Greek mercenaries, he stationed a greater number than usual at the two other posts, and let them remain there unrelieved for the space of three years. Indignant at this treatment, and also because they were assigned a less honourable place in the line of battle than the Greek mercenaries, they emigrated in a body of 240,000 men, into Ethiopia, where settlements were assigned to them by the Ethiopian king (Herod. ii. 30; Diod. i. 67). It must, therefore, have been chiefly with his Ionian and Carian troops that Psammitichus carried on his wars against Syria and Phoenicia, with the hope of bringing those rich and fertile countries under his dominion, an object which was followed up by his son and successor Neco. It is related of Psammitichus that he laid siege to the city of Azotus (the Ashod of Scripture) for twenty-nine years, till he took it (Herod. ii. 157); and he was in Syria, when the Scythians were advancing against Egypt, and induced them by large presents to abandon their undertaking. (Herod. i. 105.) As Psammitichus had displeased a large portion of his subjects by the introduction of foreigners, he seems to have paid especial court to the priesthood. He built the southern propylaea of the temple of Hephaestus at Memphis, and a splendid aula, with a portico round it, for the habitation of Apis, in front of the temple (Herod. ii. 153). (On the reign of Psammitichus, see Heeren, African Nations, vol. ii. p. 385, &c.; Bunsen, Aegyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte, vol. iii. p. 130, &c.; Böckh, Manetho und die Hundstern-Periode, p. 341, &c.; Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. iii. p. 429, &c.) 2. The father of Inaros, who defeated and slew Achaemenes, the son of Dareius Hystaspis. (Herod. vii. 7.) [INAROS.] PSAON (Yaúv), of Plataeae, a Greek writer, who continued the history of Diyllus in 30 books. (Diod. xxi. 5, p. 490, ed. Wesseling; Dionys. Comp. Verb. c. 4.) [DIYLLUS.] PSELLUS (YEAλos). There are several Greek writers of this name, concerning whom Leo Allatius wrote a valuable dissertation, which was appended by Fabricius to the fifth volume of his Bibliotheca Graeca, and is repeated by Harless in an abridged form, but with additions and corrections, in the second edition (vol. x. pp. 41, &c.). 1. Simon, surnamed Psellus, though a Hebrew, and not himself a writer, deserves mention here, as he was the grandfather of Josephus (Jos. Vit. 1). 2. Michael Psellus, the elder, of Andros, flourished in the 9th century A. D. He was extremely learned in ancient literature and philosophy, and endeavoured to resist the torrent of ignorance and barbarism which was coming upon the Christian world. He was also an eager student of the Alexandrian philosophy. By these pursuits he incurred the suspicion of one of his own pupils, named Constantine, who attacked him in some elegiac verses, as if he had renounced Christianity. Upon this, Psellus placed himself under the tuition of the celebrated Photius; and having thus improved his knowledge of theology, he replied to his adversary in a long iambic poem, which is not now extant. Cave places him at A. D. 870 (Hist. Litt. s. a. vol. ii. p. 55); Baronius and others at A. D. 859 (Saxe, Onomast.). Some writers have stated that he was the tutor of the emperor Leo VI., surnamed Sapiens; but this arises from a confusion of the emperor Leo, who was a pupil of Photius, with Leo Byzantinus, surnamed Philosophus, the grandson of John the patriarch: it was the latter who was the pupil of Psellus. Except the poem already referred to, we have no mention of any writings of the elder Psellus; but it is suspected by Cave, Allatius, and others, that he was the real author of some of the works which are ascribed to the younger Psellus, especially of the Dialogue on the Operations of Daemons, an unedited tract On Daemons, and a small work On Stones. The reasons for ascribing these works to the elder Psellus are their inferiority in style to the writings of the younger, and the traces they exhibit of the Alexandrian philosophy; but it is confessed that these reasons are indecisive. The Paraphrase to several Books of Aristotle, which is generally ascribed to Michael of Ephesus, is also thought by these scholars to be the work of the elder Psellus. (Compare Brucker, Hist. Crit. Philos. vol. iii. p. 538.) her three sons. When Romanus Diogenes, whom Eudocia had married, was also declared emperor (A. D. 1068), Psellus was one of his counsellors; but three years afterwards he was the chief adviser, among the senators, of the measure by which Diogenes was deposed, and Michael VII. Ducas, the son of Constantinus Ducas, elected in his place, A. D. 1071. Michael was the pupil of Psellus himself, by whom he had been so thoroughly imbued with the love of letters, that, in spite of the remonstrances of Psellus, he devoted himself to study and writing poetry, to the neglect of his imperial duties. To this folly Michael added the ingratitude of permitting his tutor to be supplanted in his favour by Joannes Italus, a man of far less talent, but an eloquent sophist, and a great favourite with the nobles, in discussions with whom the emperor spent his time. The deposition of Michael Ducas (A. D. 1078) was followed by the fall of Psellus, who was compelled by the new emperor, Nicephorus Botanias, to retire into a monastery; and in his dishonoured old age he witnessed the elevation of his rival to the title of Prince of the Philosophers, which he himself had so long held, and which the next emperor, Alexius Comnenus, conferred upon Joannes, in a. D. 1081. Psellus appears to have lived at least till A. D. 1105; some suppose that he was still alive in 1110, the thirtieth year of Alexius Comnenus. He was not only the most accomplished scholar, but also the most voluminous writer of his age. His works are both in prose and poetry, on a vast variety of subjects, and distinguished by an eloquence and taste which are worthy of a better period. A great number of the works of Psellus are still unedited. Of those which have been printed there is no complete collection. In 1532 a work was printed at Venice, in 8vo., and reprinted at Paris in 1541, in 12mo., entitled Pselli Introductio in sex Philosophiae Modus: Synopsis quinque vocum et decem Categoriarum, together with similar 3. Michael Constantinus Psellus the younger, works by Blemmidas and Georgius Pachymerius. a far more celebrated person, flourished in the With this exception, all his works have been pub11th century of our era. He was born at Constan- lished singly, as follows: 1. Пepì évepyeías tinople, of a consular and patrician family, A. D. daiμóvæv diáλoyos, de Operatione Daemonum Dia1020. When five years old he was placed in the logus, Gr. ed. G. Gualminus, Par. 1615, 8vo. ; hands of a tutor, to whom, however, he is said to carelessly reprinted, Kilon. 1688, 12mo. 2. De have been far less indebted than to his own pro- Lapidum Virtutibus, Gr. Lat. ed. Phil. Jac. Mausdigious industry and talent. He afterwards sacus, Tolos. 1615, 8vo. ; re-edited by Jo. Steph. studied at Athens, and excelled in all the learning Bernardus, Lugd. Bat. 1745, 8vo. (It has been of the age; so that he was a proficient at once in already stated that some scholars attribute these theology, jurisprudence, physics, mathematics, phi- works to the elder Psellus.) 3. Synopsis Organi losophy, and history. He taught philosophy, rhe-Aristotelici, Gr. Lat. ed. a Elia Ehingero F., Aug. toric, and dialectics, at Constantinople, where he stood forth as almost the last upholder of the falling cause of learning. The emperors honoured him with the title of Prince of the Philosophers (Xoσów TаTOS), and did not disdain to use his counsels, and in effecting their elevation he even had a share. The period during which he thus flourished at Constantinople extends over the reigns of Constantinus Monomachus (A. D. 1042— 1054), his empress Theodora (to a. D. 1056), and Michael Stratonicus, who succeeded Theodora, and who entrusted Psellus with a conciliatory mission to Isaac Comnenus, whom the soldiers had saluted emperor in A. D. 1057. He still remained in favour with both these emperors, and with Constantinus Ducas, who succeeded Comnenus in A. D. 1060, and also with his successor Eudocia, and | Vind. 1597, 8vo. 4. Mathematical Works, namely, (1) complete; Pselli Opus in quatuor Mathematicas Disciplinas, Arithmeticam, Musicam, Geometriam, et Astronomiam, ed. Arsenio, Archiepisc. Monembas. Gr. Venet. 1532, 8vo. ; reprinted, Paris. 1545, 12mo. ; re-edited by G. Xylander, Basil. 1556, 8vo.; (2) separate portions; Geometria, stud. M. C. Meureri, Lips. 1589, 8vo.; πepl аpioμntikĤs σúvoķis, Arithmetices Compendium, Gr. Paris. in off. Wechel. 1538, 4to. ; reprinted, with a Latin version, Paris. 1545, 8vo. ; Zúvoļis povoikîs, Compendium Musices, Gr. Paris. ap. A. Wechel. 1556, 4to. 5. Synopsis Legum, versibus iambis et politicis, containing the Carmina politica de Dogmate, Carmina de Nomocanone, and Tractatus de septem sacris synodis oecumenicis, Gr. Lat. per Fr. Bosquetum, Paris. 1632, 8və.; re edited, with the omission of the last of the three works, by Corn. Sibenius, in the Novus Thesaurus Juris civilis et canonici of Ger. Meermannus, vol. i. pp. 37, &c., 1571, fol.; again re-edited by L. H. Zeucherus, Lips. 1789, 8vo.; reprinted in the Auctores Graeci Minores, vol. ii. Lips. 1796. 6. Aidаokaλía maνтodañń, sive de omnifaria doctrina capita et quaestiones ac responsiones CXCIII. ad Michaelem Ducam Imp. Const. Gr. Lat. in the old edition of Fabric. Biblioth. Graec. vol. v. pp. 1, &c., Hamb. 1705, 4to. 7. Els ràs dyías enтd avvódous, de Septem Synodis, Gr., with the epigrams of Cyrus Theodorus Prodromus, Basil. 1536, 8vo. 8. Paraphrasis in Cantica Canticorum, first edited, with the similar works of Eusebius, Polychronius, and others, by J. Meursius, Lugd. Bat. 1617, 4to.; reprinted in the works of Meursius, vol. viii. pp. 289, &c., Florent. 1746, fol. ; also in the Paris Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. xiii. pp. 681, foll. 9. Capita XI. de S. Trinitate et persona Christi, Gr. Lat., edited by J. Wegelinus, with the Argumenta contra Nestorianos of Cyril of Alexandria and John of Damascus, Aug. Vind. 1611, 8vo. ; another edition, 1698, fol. 10. Celebres Opiniones de Anima, Gr. Lat. with Origen's Philocalia, Paris, 1624, 4to. 11. De Vitis et Virtutibus, et Allegoriae, in iambic verse, Gr., stud. Arsenii, in the Praeclara dicta philosophorum, Romae (no date), 8vo. ; reprinted, with the Allegories of Heracleides Ponticus, Basil. 1544, 8vo. 12. Encomium in Metaphrastem Dominum Symeonem, Gr. Lat., in the De Symeonum Scriptis Diatriba of Leo Allatius, Paris, 1664, 4to. 13. dicium de Heliodori et Achillis Tatii fubulis amatoriis, Gr., edited by D'Orville, in the Miscellan. Observ. Crit. in Auctores veteres et recentiores, vol. vii. tom. iii. pp. 366, &c. Paris, 1743, 8vo. 14. Carmen Iambicum in depositionem Joh. Chrysostomi, in the Excerpta Gruecorum et Rhetorum of Leo Allatius, Romae, 1641, 8vo. 15. Patria, seu Origines Urbis Constantinopolitanae, i. e. de Antiquitatibus Constantinopolitanis Libri IV. Gr. Lat., edited by Anselmus Bandurius, in his Imperium Orientale, Paris, 1711, repr. Venet. 1729, folio. 16. Scholia in Zoroastrem, printed with various editions of the Oracula Magica of Zoroaster, 1599, &c. 17. Annotationes in Gregorium, printed with some editions of Gregory Nazianzen, 1609, 1690. 18. Παράφρασις εἰς τὸ περὶ punvías, De Interpretatione, in the Aldine Editio Princeps of Ammonius Hermeas, 1503, folio. (Hoffmann, Lexicon Bibliogr. Script. Graecor. s. v.) For a list of the numerous unedited works of Psellus, see Fabricius and Cave. The Greek Anthology contains one epigram ascribed to Psellus, which, in the absence of any further information, may be ascribed to the younger Michael Psellus, as the most celebrated person of the name. (Brunck, Anal. vol. iii. p. 127; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. iv. p. 97, vol. xiii. p. 918.) 4. Joannes Psellus, a Byzantine writer, whose time is unknown, and to whom are ascribed three poems. Constantinus Psellus, and some other writers of the same name, scarcely deserve mention. Very little is known of them, and in the statements which are made respecting them they are perpetually confounded with the younger Michael Paellus. (See Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 97.) [P. S.] PSIAX, an Athenian vase-painter, whose name is found inscribed on a lecythus made by Hilinos, in the following form, ÞEIAXE EAPAÞΣEN. (R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 53, 54; comp. pp. 47, 48.) [P. S.] PSILAS (as), i. e. “ the giver of wings," or "the unbearded," a surname of Dionysus, under which he was worshipped at Amy clae. (Paus. iii. 19. §6; Lobeck ad Phrynich. p. 435.) [L. S.] PSOPHIS (Ywpis), the founder of the town of Psophis in Arcadia, was, according to some, a son of Arrhon, but, according to others, Psophis was a woman, a daughter of Xanthus or of Eryx. (Paus. viii. 24. § 1.) [L. S.] PSYCHE (Yuxń), that is, "breath" or "the soul," occurs in the later times of antiquity, as a personification of the human soul, and Apuleius (Met. iv. 28, &c.) relates about her the following beautiful allegoric story. Psyche was the youngest of the three daughters of some king, and excited by her beauty the jealousy and envy of Venus. In order to avenge herself, the goddess ordered Amor to inspire Psyche with a love for the most contemptible of all men: but Amor was so stricken with her beauty that he himself fell in love with her. He accordingly conveyed her to some charming place, where he, unseen and unknown, visited her every night, and left her as soon as the day began to dawn. Psyche might have continued to have enjoyed without interruption this state of happiness, if she had attended to the advice of her beloved, never to give way to her curiosity, or to inquire who he was. But her jealous sisters made her believe that in the darkness of night she was embracing some hideous monster, and accordingly once, while Amor was asleep, she approached him with a lamp, and, to her amazement, she beheld the most handsome and lovely of the gods. In her excitement of joy and fear, a drop of hot oil fell from her lamp upon his shoulder. This awoke Amor, who censured her for her mistrust, and escaped. Psyche's peace was now gone all at once, and after having attempted in vain to throw herself into a river, she wandered about from temple to temple, inquiring after her beloved, and at length came to the palace of Venus. There her real sufferings began, for Venus retained her, treated her as a slave, and imposed upon her the hardest and most humiliating labours. Psyche would have perished under the weight of her sufferings, had not Amor, who still loved her in secret, invisibly comforted and assisted her in her labours. With his aid she at last succeeded in overcoming the jealousy and hatred of Venus; she became immortal, and was united with him for ever. It is not difficult to recognise in this lovely story the idea of which it is merely the mythical embodiment, for Psyche is evidently the human soul, which is purified by passions and misfortunes, and is thus prepared for the enjoyment of true and pure happiness. (Comp. Manso, Versuche, p. 346, &c.) In works of art Psyche is represented as a maiden with the wings of a butterfly, along with Amor in the different situations described in the allegoric story. (Hirt, Mythol. Bilderb. p. 222, Tafel. 32.) PSYCHRISTUS, JACOBUS. No. 1.] [L. S.] [JACOBUS, PTERAS (Пrépas), of Delphi, a mythical artist, who was said to have built the second temple of Apollo at Delphi. The tradition was that the first temple was made of branches of the wild laurel from Tempe ; and that the second was made by bees, of wax and bees' wings. The name of Pteras shows that the story of his building the temple is only a rationalistic interpretation of this fable. Another story about Pteras was that the Apteraei in Crete took their name from him. (Paus. x. 5. § 5. s. 9, 10.) § 8.) [P.S.] PTOLEMAEUS (IIтоλeuaîos), the name of two mythical personages, one a son of Peiraeas, who accompanied Agamemnon as charioteer to Troy (Hom. I. iv. 228), and the other a son of Damasichthon, king of Thebes. (Paus. ix. 5. [L. S.] PTOLEMAEUS (Птоλeμаîos), minor historical persons. (Several persons of this name, which appears to have been one in its origin exclusively Macedonian, occur among the officers and generals of Alexander the Great, whom it is not always easy to distinguish from one another.) 1. Son of Lagus. [PTOLEMAEUS I. king of EGYPT.] 2. Son of Philip, an officer who commanded the leading squadron of Macedonian cavalry at the passage of the Granicus. (Arr. Anab. i. 14.) It is supposed by Gronovius (ad Arr. l. c.) and by Droysen, that he is the same who was afterwards left by Alexander with a force of 3000 foot and 200 horse to defend the province of Caria, and who subsequently, together with Asander the governor of Lydia, defeated the Persian general Orontobates, B. c. 332. (Arr. ib. i. 23, ii. 5.) 3. One of the select officers called Somatophylaces, or guards of the king's person, who was killed at the siege of Halicarnassus, B. c. 334. (Arr. Anab. i. 22.) Freinsheim, in his supplement to Curtius (ii. 10. § 13), has assumed this to be the son of Philip, but it is more probable, as already pointed out, that the latter was the governor of Caria. 4. Son of Seleucus, another of the Somatophylaces, who combined with that distinguished post the command of one of the divisions of the phalanx. He was lately married when he accompanied Alexander on his expedition to Asia, B. C. 334, on which account he was selected by the king to command the body of Macedonians, who were allowed to return home for the winter at the end of the first campaign. In the following spring he rejoined Alexander at Gordium, with the troops under his command, accompanied by fresh reinforcements. At the battle of Issus (B. c. 332) his division of the phalanx was one of those opposed to the Greek mercenaries under Dareius, and upon which the real brunt of the action consequently devolved; and he himself fell in the conflict, after displaying the utmost valour. (Arr. Anab. i. 24, 29, ii. 8, 10; Curt. iii. 9. § 7.) 5. An officer who commanded a force of Thracian mercenaries, with which he joined Alexander in Bactria, B. C. 329. (Arr. Anab. iv. 7 ; Curt. vii. 10. § 11.) 6. Son of Ptolemy, an officer appointed by Antipater in B.C. 321, to be one of the Somatophylaces of the titular king, Philip Arrhidaeus. (Arr. ap. Phot. p. 72, a.) Nothing more is known of him, but Droysen conjectures that he was a son of No. 4. (Hellenism. vol. i. P. 154.) entrusted by his uncle with commands of importance. Thus in B. c. 315, when Antigonus was preparing to make head against the formidable coalition organized against him, he placed Ptolemy at the head of the army which was destined to carry on operations in Asia Minor against the generals of Cassander. This object the young general successfully carried out-relieved Amisus, which was besieged by Asclepiodorus, and recovered the whole satrapy of Cappadocia; after which he advanced into Bithynia, of which he compelled the king Zipoetes to join his alliance, and then occupied Ionia, from whence Seleucus withdrew on his approach. (Diod. xix. 57, 60.) He next threatened Caria, which was however for a time defended by Myrmidon, the Egyptian general; but the following year Ptolemy was able to strike a decisive blow in that quarter against Eupolemus, the general of Cassander, whom he surprised and totally defeated. (Id. ib. 62, 68.) The next summer (B. c. 313) the arrival of Antigonus himself gave a decided preponderance to his arms in Asia Minor, and Ptolemy, after rendering active assistance in the sieges of Caunus and Iasus, was sent with a considerable army to Greece to carry on the war there against Cassander. His successes were at first rapid: he drove out the garrisons of his adversary from Chalcis and Oropus, invaded Attica, where he compelled Demetrius of Phalerus to make overtures of submission, and then carried his arms triumphantly through Boeotia, Phocis, and Locris. Wherever he went he expelled the Macedonian garrisons, and proclaimed the liberty and independence of the several cities. After this he directed his march to the Peloponnese, where the authority of Antigonus had been endangered by the recent defection of his general Telesphorus. (Id. ib. 75, 77,78, 87.) Here he appears to have remained till the peace of 311 suspended hostilities in that quarter. But he considered that his services had not met with their due reward from Antigonus; and when, therefore, in B. C. 310 the kings of Macedonia and Egypt were preparing to renew the war, Ptolemy suddenly abandoned the cause of his uncle and concluded a treaty with Cassander and the son of Lagus. Probably his object was to establish himself in the chief command in the Peloponnese: but the reconciliation of Polysperchon with Cassander must have frustrated this object: and on the arrival of the Egyptian king with a fleet at Cos, Ptolemy repaired from Chalcis to join him. He was received at first with the utmost favour, but soon gave offence to his new patron by his intrigues and ambitious demonstrations, and was in consequence thrown into prison and compelled to put an end to his life by poison, B. C. 309. (Id. xx. 19, 27.) Schlosser has represented this general as an enthusiast in the cause of the liberty of Greece, but there seems no reason to suppose that his professions to that effect were more earnest or sincere than those of his contemporaries. 8. Son of Lysimachus, king of Thrace. He was 7. Nephew of Antigonus, the general of Alex- the eldest of the three sons of that monarch by his ander, who afterwards became king of Asia. His last wife Arsinoë, and the only one who escaped fallname is first mentioned as present with his uncle ing into the hands of Ptolemy Ceraunus. Having in at the siege of Nora in B. c. 320, when he was vain urged his mother not to trust to the friendly given up to Eumenes as a hostage for the safety of professions of the usurper, he himself appears to the latter during a conference with Antigonus. have made his escape and taken refuge with (Plut. Eum. 10.) At a later period we find him Monunius, king of the Dardanians, whom he per 15. Son of Thraseas, a leader of Greek mercenaries in the service of Ptolemy Philopator, who was appointed, together with Andromachus, to command the phalanx in the war against Antiochus, B. C. 217. (Polyb. v. 65.) suaded to take up arms in his cause, but we know | consequence put to death by Philip, B. C. 218. nothing of the events of the war. (Justin. xxiv. | (Polyb. v. 25, 26, 29.) 2; Trog. Pomp. Prol. xxiv.) It is probable, however, that the Ptolemy who is mentioned as establishing, or asserting, a transient claim to the throne of Macedonia, during the period of anarchy which followed the death of Ptolemy Ceraunus (B. C. 280-277), is no other than the one in question. (Porphyr. ap. Euseb. Arm. p. 157; Dexippus, ap. Syncell. p. 267.) 9. Son of Pyrrhus, king of Epeirus, by his wife Antigone, the step-daughter of Ptolemy Lagi. When only fifteen years of age he was left by his father in charge of his hereditary dominions, when Pyrrhus himself set out on his expedition to Italy, B. c. 280. (Justin. xviii. 1.) Of his proceedings during his father's absence we know nothing: but immediately after the return of Pyrrhus, B. C. 274, we find Ptolemy actively co-operating with him, reducing Corcyra with a small force and after the defeat of Antigonus Gonatas, repulsing him in an attempt to recover his lost kingdom, and inflicting on him a second defeat. He afterwards accompanied Pyrrhus on his expedition to the Peloponnese, B. c. 272, and took a prominent part in the attack on Sparta, but in the march from thence towards Argos, Areus having occupied the mountain passes, a severe combat ensued, in which Ptolemy, who commanded the advanced guard of his father's army, was slain. Young as he was, he had given the most striking proofs of daring courage and personal prowess, and, had his life been spared, would probably have rivalled the renown of his father. (Justin. xxv. 3, 4; Plut. Pyrrh. 28, 30.) 10. Son of Alexander II. king of Epeirus. [PTOLEMAEUS, king of EPEIRUS.] 11. An illegitimate son of Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, who was appointed by his father to command at Ephesus, when that important city fell into his hands during the war with Antiochus II. Ptolemy was subsequently induced to revolt from his father, in conjunction with Timarchus, tyrant of Miletus, and attempted to establish his own power at Ephesus, but was compelled by a mutiny of his Thracian mercenaries to take refuge in the temple of Diana, where he was slain together with his mistress Eirene. (Trog. Pomp. Prol. xxvi.; Athen. xiii. p. 593, a.; Niebuhr, Kl. Schrift. p. 268-271.) 12. Son of Chrysermus, an officer high in the confidence of Ptolemy Philopator. He had been for some time on friendly terms with Cleomenes, whom he visited during his confinement; but accidentally betrayed to the latter the true intentions of the king of Egypt in regard to him, and thus gave rise to his attempted insurrection. On the first breaking out of the tumult Ptolemy, having issued forth from the palace, was instantly attacked and put to death by three of the friends of Cleomenes, B. C. 220. (Plut. Cleom. 36, 37.) 13. Another person of the same name was governor of the city of Alexandria at the time of the outbreak of Cleomenes, and having fallen in with the little band of Spartans, was dragged from his chariot and put to death. (Polyb. v. 39; Plut. Cleom. 37.) 14. A Macedonian officer of high rank in the army of Philip V. during the Social War, who joined with Leontius and Megaleas in promoting the treasonable designs of Apelles, and was in 16. Son of Aëropus, an officer in the service of Antiochus the Great at the battle of Panium, B. C. 198. (Id. xvi. 18.) 17. Son of Eumenes, an officer in the service of Ptolemy Epiphanes king of Egypt, who was charged with the duty of arresting Scopas, and bringing him to trial. [SCOPAS.] (Polyb. xviii. 36.) 18. Son of Sosibius, the minister of Ptolemy Philopator. He was naturally of a haughty and ambitious character, and these qualities were increased by a visit he paid to the Macedonian court during the minority of Ptolemy Epiphanes. Hence, on his return to Egypt, he made common cause with his brother Sosibius, and took a prominent part against Tlepolemus who held the chief direction of affairs. Their intrigues were however defeated, and the party of Tlepolemus prevailed. (Polyb. xvi. 22.) 19. Surnamed MACRON, an Egyptian officer, who was appointed to the government of Cyprus during the minority of Ptolemy Philometor; an office which he discharged with zeal and ability. By prudent economy in the administration of the island, he amassed a large sum of money which he sent to Philometor, on his attaining his majority, and thus secured the favour of the young king (Polyb. xxvii. 12, and Vales. ad loc.*). What led to the change in his policy we know not, but we subsequently find him betraying his trust, and giving over the island of Cyprus to Antiochus Epiphanes. (2 Macc. x. 12.) 20. A rhetorician of Alexandria, who was employed as ambassador by Ptolemy Euergetes II. to Antiochus Epiphanes when the latter was besieging Alexandria, B. c. 170 (Polyb. xxviii. 16). He is perhaps the same person with the brother of Comanus, whom we find accompanying that minister on his embassy to Rome in B. c. 162. (Id.xxxi. 27.) 21. An Egyptian, surnamed SYMPETESIS, who was appointed by Ptolemy Euergetes II. to govern Cyrene during his absence, when he went to Rome in B. c. 162, to prefer his complaints in person against his brother Philometor. He subsequently joined in the revolt of the Cyrenaeans against Euergetes, and appears to have commanded the army with which they defeated him near the Catabathmus. (Polyb. xxxi. 26.) 22. Surnamed Caesarion, a son of C. Julius Caesar and Cleopatra. [CAESARION.] 23. Surnamed PHILADELPHUS, a son of M. Antony, the Triumvir, by Cleopatra. He was the youngest of their three children, and could therefore hardly have been born before B. c. 39. (Dion Cass. xlix. 32.) In B. c. 34, he was proclaimed by his father king of Syria, including Cilicia, and all the provinces west of the Euphrates (Dion Cass. xlix. 41; Plut. Ant. 54). After the death of Antony, and the subjugation of Egypt, B. c. 30, his life was spared by Augustus, at the intercession of Juba and Cleopatra, and he was brought up by Octavia with *This passage is referred by Schweighauser to Ptolemy son of Agesarchus, to whom it is certainly not applicable. |