PYLAS (Пúλas), a son of Cteson, and king of Megara, who, after having slain Bias, his own father's brother, founded the town of Pylos in Peloponnesus, and gave Megara to Pandion who had married his daughter Pylia, and accordingly was his son-in-law. (Apollod. iii. 15. § 5; Paus. i. 39. § 6, where he is called Pylos, and vi. 22. [L. S.] §3, where he is called Pylon.) PYRAECHMES (Пupalxuns), an ally of the PYRAMUS. [THISBE.] PYREICUS, a Greek painter, who probably lived about or soon after the time of Alexander the Great, since Pliny mentions him immediately after the great painters of that age, but as an artist of a totally different style. He devoted himself entirely to the production of small pictures of low and mean subjects; "tonstrinas sutrinasque pinxit et asellos et obsonia et similia," says Pliny; where we take the first two words to mean, not that he decorated the walls of the barbers' and shoemakers' shops with his pictures, but that he made pictures of them. It may also be taken for granted that these were treated in a quaint, or even a grotesque manner. is difficult to explain it as referring to Parrhasius. PYRES (Пúpns), of Miletus, a writer of that PYRGENSIS, M. POSTU'MIUS, one of the farmers of the public taxes in the second Punic war, was brought to trial in B. c. 212, for his peculations and fraud; and was condemned by the people, though not without great opposition, as he was supported by the rest of the publicani and one of the tribunes. Postumius went into exile before his condemnation. (Liv. xxv. 3, 4.) PY'RGION (Пupylwv), wrote a work on the laws and institutions of the Cretans, of which the third book is quoted by Athenaeus (iv. p. 143, e.). PYRGOTELES (Пupyoréλns), one of the most celebrated gem-engravers of ancient Greece, lived in the latter half of the fourth century B. C. The esteem in which he was held may be inferred from that edict of Alexander, which placed him on a level with Apelles and Lysippus, by naming him as the only artist who was permitted to engrave seal-rings for the king. (Plin. H. N. vii. 37. s. 38, xxxvii. 1. s. 4.) Unfortunately, however, beyond this one fact, every thing else respecting the artist is involved in that obscurity, to which the neglect of ancient writers and the impudence of ancient as well as modern forgers have conspired to doom one of the most interesting branches of Greek art. Several works are extant under the name of Pyrgoteles, but of these the best known have been demonstrated by Winckelmann to be forgeries, and very few of the others have any pretensions to authenticity. For the full discussion of the genuineness or spuriousness of the several gems ascribed to Pyrgoteles, the reader is referred to Winckelmann (Werke, vol. vi. pp. 107, &c.), and Raoul-Rochette (Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 150—152, 2d ed.). [P.S.] Olympic victors, namely, Pyrilampes of Ephesus, His paintings were a source of great delight (consummatae voluptatis), and commanded higher prices than the greatest works of many painters. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 10. s. 37.) PYRILAMPES (Пvpiλάμπns), a statuary of The ancients gave a name to this kind of paint-Messene, of whom nothing more is known than that he was the maker of the statues of three ing, respecting the true form of which there is a difference of opinion. Pliny says that Pyreicus was called, on account of the subjects of his pictures, Rhyparographos (the reading of all the MSS.), instead of which Salmasius proposed to read Rhopographos, as better suited to the sense, and Welcker adopts the correction (ad Philostr. 396), while Sillig and others are satisfied with the former reading. The difference is hardly important enough to be discussed here. (See Sillig, Cat. Artif. s. v. ; Döderlein, Lat. Synon, vol. ii. p. 38; and the Greek Lexicons, s. vv.) There is a line of Propertius (iii. 9. 12. s. 7. 12, Burmann) in which Burmann reads, on the authority of two MSS.,- Pyreicus parva vindicat arte locum, where the great majority of the MSS. have ParThasius, a reading which would easily be inserted by a transcriber ignorant of the less known name of Pyreicus. In connection with Pyreicus the phrase parca arte has a clear meaning; whereas it PYRIPHLE GETHON (Пupiλyév), flaming with fire, is the name of one of the rivers in the lower world. (Hom. Od. x. 513; Strab. v. [L. S.] P. 244.) This name has PYRO MACHUS, artists. been the occasion of much confusion, owing to its occurring in four different forms, namely, Phyromachus, Phylomachus, Philomachus, and Pyromachus, and owing also to the fact that there were two artists, who bore one or other of these three names. 1. We have already noticed the Athenian sculptor, who executed the bas-reliefs on the frieze of the temple of Athena Polias, about Ol. 91, B. C. 415, and the true form of whose name was Phyromachus. [PHYROMACH US.] This artist is evidently the same whom Pliny mentions, in his list of statuaries, as the maker of a group representing Alcibiades driving a four-horse chariot. (Pyromachi quadriga regitur ab Alcibiade, Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. § 20: the reading of all the MSS. is Pyromachi, a fact easily accounted for by a natural confusion between this artist and the other Pyromachus, who is mentioned twice in the same section). Hence we see that this Phyromachus was an Athenian artist of the age immediately succeeding that of Pheidias, and that he was highly distinguished both as a sculptor in marble, and as a statuary in bronze. 2. Another artist, necessarily different from the former, is placed in Pliny's list, among the statuaries who flourished in Ol. 121, B. c. 295. (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19). A little further on (§ 24), Pliny mentions him as one of those statuaries who represented the battles of Attalus and Eumenes against the Gauls. Of these battles the most celebrated was that which obtained for Attalus I. the title of king, about B. C. 241 (Polyb. xviii. 24; Liv. xxxiii. 21; Strab. xiii. p. 624; Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. pp. 401, 402). The artist, therefore, flourished at least as late as Ol. 135, B. C. 240. Perhaps Pliny has placed him a little too early, in order to include him in the epoch preceding the decline of the art. The painter Mydon of Soli was his disciple, whence we may infer that Pyromachus was also a painter. [MYDON]. It is supposed by the best writers on ancient art that the celebrated statue of a dying combatant, popularly called the Dying Gladiator, is a copy from one of the bronze statues in the works mentioned by Pliny. It is evidently the statue of a Celt. There are two other statues mentioned by various writers, which must be referred to one or other of these two artists. One of these was a very celebrated statue of Asclepius, at Pergamus, whence it was carried off by Prusias; as is related by Polybius (Excerpt. Vales. xxxii. 25), and Diodorus (Frag. xxxi. 35; Excerpt. de Virt. et Vit. p. 588, ed. Wess.); of whom the former gives the artist's name as Phylomachus, the latter as Phyromachus, while Suidas converts it into Philomachus (s. v. Пpovoias). For whatever reason Raoul-Rochette has ascribed this work to the elder Phyromachus, and on what ground he asserts that its execution must be placed between Ol. 88 and 98 (Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 387, 2nd ed.) we are at a loss to conjecture, unless it be that he has not examined attentively enough all three of the passages of Pliny (comp. 1. c. p. 388, n. 4). Wesseling already referred the work to Phyromachus II. (ad Diod. 1. c., a note to which R. Rochette refers); and the statements of Pliny, instead of opposing this view, rather confirm it; for, as we have seen that his Pyromachus, in one of the three passages, represents the Greek Pupóμaxos, there is nothing strange in its representing the same form in the other two. We infer, therefore, that the true name of this younger artist was Phyromachus, and that he flourished under Eumenes I. and Attalus I., or Attalus I. and Eumenes II., at Pergamus, where he made the statue of Aesculapius now referred to, and (in conjunction with other artists) the battle groups mentioned by Pliny. The statue of Asclepius appears to have been one of the chief types of the god. The type is probably that which is seen on the coins of Pergamus, and in several existing statues, as for | | example, that in the Florentine Gallery, No. 27. (Müller, Arch d. Kunst, §§ 157, 394.) The other of the two statues referred to is a kneeling Priapus, described in an epigram of Apollonidas of Smyrna, where the old reading uλóuaxos is altered by Brunck to Pupóuaxos. (No. 9, Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 134, Anth. Planud. iv. 239, Jacobs, Append. Anth. Pal. vol. ii. p. 698.) Here again, R. Rochette (p. 388, n. 2) attacks Wesseling and Brunck (ad loc.) for identifying the maker of this statue with the Phyromachus of Diodorus; but he gives no reason for his own identification of him with Phyromachus I. His reason is probably the assumption that Anaxagoras, who is mentioned in the epigram as dedicating the statue, is the great philosopher; which is altogether uncertain. On the other hand, the work itself, as described in the epigram, seems to belong to a late period of the art. We think it doubtful, in this case, to which of the two artists the work should be referred. [P.S.] PYRRHA. [DEUCALION.] PYRRHIAS (Пupßías), an Aetolian, who was sent by his countrymen during the Social War (B. C. 218), to take the command in Elis. Here he took advantage of the absence of Philip, and the incapacity of Eperatus the Achaean praetor, to make frequent incursions into the Achaean territories, and having established a fortified post on Mount Panachaïcum, laid waste the whole country as far as Rhium and Aegium. The next year (B. c. 217) he concerted a plan with Lycurgus king of Sparta for the invasion of Messenia, but failed in the execution of his part of the scheme, being repulsed by the Cyparissians before he could effect a junction with Lycurgus. He in consequence returned to Elis, but the Eleans being dissatisfied with his conduct, he was shortly after recalled by the Aetolians, and succeeded by Euripidas. (Polyb. v. 30, 91, 92, 94.) At a later period he obtained the office of praetor, or chief magistrate of the Aetolians, in the same year that the honorary title of that office was bestowed upon Attalus, king of Pergamus, B. c. 208. In the spring of that year he advanced with an army to Lamia to oppose the passage of Philip towards the Peloponnese, but though supported with an auxiliary force both by Attalus and the Roman praetor Sulpicius, he was defeated by Philip in two successive battles, and forced to retire within the walls of Lamia. (Liv. xxvii. 30.) It is not improbable that Sipyrrhicas, who appears in Livy (xxxi. 46) as chief of the Aetolian deputation, which met Attalus at Heracleia, is only a false reading for Pyrrhias. (Brandstäter, Gesch. des Actolischen Bundes, p. 412.) [E. H. B.] PYRRHON (Пúpówv), a celebrated Greek philosopher, a native of Elis. He was the son of Pleistarchus (Diog. Laërt. ix. 61), or Pistocrates (Paus. vi. 24, § 5), and is said to have been poor, and to have followed, at first, the profession of a painter. His contemporary and biographer, Antigonus of Carystus (Aristocles, ap. Euseb. Praep. Ev. xiv. 18, p. 763), mentioned some torch-bearers, tolerably well executed, painted by him in the gymnasium of his native town (Diog. Laërt. ix. 62, comp. 61; Aristocl. c.; Lucian, bis Accus. 25). He is then said to have been attracted to philosophy by the books of Democritus (Aristocl. .c.; comp. Diog. Laërt. ix. 69), to have attended the lectures of Bryson, a disciple of Stilpon, to have attached himself closely to Anaxarchus, a disciple of the Democritean Metrodorus, and with him to have joined the expedition of Alexander the Great (Diog. Laërt. l. cc. ix. 63; Suid. s. v. Aristocles describes Anaxarchus as his teacher, l. c.), and on the expedition to have become acquainted with the Magians and the Indian gymnosophists. That his sceptical theories originated in his intercourse with them was asserted by Ascanius of Abdera (a writer with whom we are otherwise unacquainted), probably without any reason (Diog. Laërt. ix. 61). It is more likely that he derived from them his endeavours after imperturbable equanimity, and entire independence of all external circumstances, and the resistance of that mobility which is said to have been natural to him (ib. 62, 63, comp. 66, 68; Timon, ibid. c. 65). It is manifest, however, that his biographer Antigonus had already invented fables about him. (Diog. Laërt. l.c.; Aristocl. ap. Euseb. p. 763; Plut. de Prof. in Virt. c. 9.) A half insane man, such as he depicts him, the Eleans assuredly would never have chosen as high priest (Diog. Laërt. ix. 64; comp. Hesych. Miles. p. 50, ed. Orell.); and Aenesidemus, to confute such stories, had already maintained that Pyrrhon had indeed in philosophising refrained from decision, but that in action he by no means blindly abandoned himself to be the sport of circumstances. (Diog. Laërt. ix. 64.) The young Nausiphanes (probably a later contemporary of Epicurus) Pyrrhon won over, not indeed to his doctrine, but to his disposition (dáleσis), to which Epicurus also could not refuse a lively recognition. (Diog. Laërt. ix. 64.) Pyrrhon's disciple Timon, who, in his Python, had detailed long conversations which he had with Pyrrhon (Aristocl. l. c. p. 761; comp. Diog. Laërt. ix. 67), extolled with admiration his divine repose of soul, his independence of all the shackles of external relations, and of all deception and sophistical obscurity. He compared bim to the imperturbable sun-god, who hangs aloft over the earth (ib. 65, comp. 67; Sext. Emp. adv. Math. i. 305; Aristocl. ap. Euseb. 1. c. p. 761, &c.). What progress he had made in laying a scientific foundation for his scepsis cannot be determined with accuracy, but it is probable that Timon, who, as it appears, was more a poet than a philosopher [TIMON], was indebted to him for the essential features of the reasons for doubt which were developed by him. Just as later sceptics saw the beginnings of their doctrines in the expressions of the poets and most ancient philosophers on the insufficiency of human knowledge and the uncertainty of life, so Pyrrhon also interpreted lines of his favourite poet Homer in the sceptical sense. (Diog. Laërt. ix. 67; comp. Sext. Emp. adv. Math. i. 272, 281.) That dogmatic convictions lay at the foundation of the scepticism of Pyrrhon, was maintained only by Numenius. (Diog. Laërt. ix. 68.) Still more groundless, without doubt, is the statement of the Abderite Ascanius, that Pyrrhon would recognise neither Beautiful nor Ugly, Right por Wrong, and maintained that as nothing is according to truth, so the actions of men are determined only by law and custom. (Diog. Laërt. ix. 61; comp. Aristocl. ap. Euseb. I. c. p. 761.) That, on the contrary, he left the validity of moral requirements unassailed, and directed his endeavours to the production of a moral state of disposition, is attested not only by individual, well-authenticated traits of character (Diog. Laërt. ix. 66, after Era VOL. III. tosthenes, comp. c. 64) and expressions (ib. 64), but also by the way in which Timon expressed himself with respect to the moral (Sext. Emp. adv. Math. x. 1), and by the respect which the Pyrrhonians cherished for Socrates (ib. 2; comp. Cic. de Orat. iii. 17). The conjecture is not improbable that Pyrrhon regarded the great Athenians as his pattern. The statement that the Athenians conferred upon Pyrrhon the rights of citizenship sounds suspicious on account of the reason which is appended, for according to the unanimous testimony of the ancients, Python, the disciple of Plato, had slain the Thracian Cotus (Diog. Laërt. ix. 65, ib. Menage); it probably rests upon some gloss. No books written by Pyrrhon are quoted (comp. Aristocl. l. c. p. 763, c.), except a poem addressed to Alexander, which was rewarded by the latter in so royal a manner (Sext. Emp. adv. Math. i. 282 ; Plut. de Alex. Fortuna, i. 10), that the statements respecting the poverty of the philosopher's mode of life are not easily reconcilable with it. We have no mention of the year either of the birth or of the death of Pyrrhon, but only that he reached the age of 90 years (Diog. Laërt. ix. 62); nor do we learn how old he was when he took part in Alexander's expedition. But Arcesilas, who in his turn was late enough to be quoted by Timon, is said to have been one of his associates (unkws Húßpwvi. Numen. in Euseb. Praep. Evang. xii. 6). Among the disciples of Pyrrhon, besides those already mentioned, were also Eurylochus, Philo the Athenian, and Hecataeus of Abdera. (Diog. Laërt. ix. 68, 69; comp. Lucian, Vib. Auct. 27.) The Eleans honoured the memory of their philosophical countryman even after his death. Pausanias saw his likeness (a bust or statue) in a stoa by the agora of Elis, and a monument dedicated to him outside the city (vi. 24, § 5). [Ch. A. B.] PYRRHON, artists. Besides the celebrated philosopher of Elis, who was also distinguished as a painter, there was an Ephesian sculptor, the son of Hecatoleos, whose name occurs on an inscription as the maker of a statue of honour, of the Roman age. (Böckh, Corp. Inser., No. 2987; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 395, 2d edit.) [P. S.] PYRRHUS, mythological. [NEOPTOLEMUS.] PYRRHUS, artists. 1. An architect, of un-, known age, who, with his sons Lacrates and Hermon, built the treasury of the Epidamnians at Olympia. (Paus. vi. 19. § 5. s. 8.) 2. A statuary, who is mentioned in the list of Pliny as the maker of bronze statues of Hygia and Minerva. (H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. § 20.) Pliny tells us nothing more of the artist; but, in the year 1840, a base was found in the Acropolis at Athens, bearing the following inscription ΑΘΕΝΑΙΟΙΤΕΙΑΘΕΝΑΙ ΑΙΤΕΙΥΓΙΕΙΑΙ ΠΥΡΡΟΣΕΠΟΙΗΣΕΝΑΘΕΝΑΙΟΣ, and near it were the remains of another base. It can scarcely be doubted that these bases belonged to the statues of Hygieia, the daughter of Asclepius, and of Athena surnamed Hygieia, which Pausanias mentions (i. 24. § 4. s. 5) as among the most remarkable works of art in the Acropolis, and as standing in the very place where these bases were found; and further, that the statues are the same as those referred to by Pliny; and that his Pyrrhus is the same as Pyrrhus the Athenian, who is mentioned in the above inscription as the maker of the statue of Athena Hygieia, which was de RR dicated by the Athenians. The letters of the inscription evidently belong to about the period of the Peloponnesian war. (Ross, in the Kunstblatt, 1840, No. 37; Schöll, Archäol. Mittheil. aus Griechenland, p. 126; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 396, 397, 2d ed.) Raoul-Rochette makes the very ingenious suggestion that the statue of Athena Hygieia by Pyrrhus should be identified with that statue which was dedicated by Pericles to the goddess in gratitude for the recovery of his favourite Mnesicles from the injuries received by a fall during the building of the Propylaea. [MNESICLES.] Be this as it may, it is clear that Pyrrhus was an eminent artist of the Athenian school at the middle of the fifth century, B. C. 3. Agathobulus F. L. Pyrrhus, a Greek freedman of the Roman era, whose name occurs in an inscription found at Pesaro, as Figulus Sigillator, that is, a maker of the small terra-cotta images called sigilla. (Orelli, Inscr. Lat. Select. No. 4191; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 397, 398, 2d ed.) [P.S.] PYRRHUS (Пúppós), king of Epeirus, born about the year B. c. 318, was the son of Aeacides and Phthia, the daughter of Menon of Pharsalus, a distinguished leader in the struggle between Macedonia and Greece after the death of Alexander, usually called the Lamian war. The ancestors of Pyrrhus claimed descent from Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, who was said to have settled in Epeirus after the Trojan war, and to have become the founder of the race of Molossian kings. His father had succeeded to the throne on the death of his cousin Alexander, who was slain in Italy in B. C. 326. Alexander was the brother of Olympias, the wife of Philip and the mother of Alexander the Great; and it was this connection with the royal family of Macedonia, which brought misfortune upon the early years of Pyrrhus. His father Aeacides had taken part with his relative Olympias, and had marched into Macedonia to support her against Cassander; but when the latter proved victorious, and Aeacides and Olympias were obliged to take to flight, the Epeirots, who disliked their king and were unwilling to be any longer involved in war with Cassander, met in a general assembly, and deprived Aeacides of the throne. Aeacides himself was out of the way; but many of his friends were put to death, and Pyrrhus, who was then a child of only two years old, was with difficulty saved from destruction by the faithful adherents of the king. They escaped with the child to Glaucias, the king of the Taulantians, an Illyrian people, who afforded him protection, and nobly refused to surrender him to Cassander. Aeacides died soon afterwards in battle, and Pyrrhus was brought up by Glaucias along with his own children. About ten years afterwards, when Demetrius had shaken the power of Cassander in Greece, Glaucias restored Pyrrhus to the throne; but as he was then only twelve years old, the kingdom was governed by guardians. But Pyrrhus did not long remain in possession of his hereditary dominions. Demetrius was obliged to abandon Greece, in order to cross over to Asia to the assistance of his father, Antigonus, who was menaced by the united forces of Cassander, Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Lysimachus; and as Cassander had now regained his supremacy in Greece, he prevailed upon the Epeirots to expel their young king a second time. Pyrrhus, who was still only seventeen years of age, joined Demetrius, who had married his sister Deïdameia, accompanied him to Asia, and was present at the battle of 1psus, B. C. 301, in which he gained great renown for his valour. Though so young, he bore down for a time every thing before him with that impetuous courage, which always distinguished him in his subsequent engagements. But his efforts could not restore the day, and he was obliged to fly from the field. Antigonus fell in the battle, and Demetrius became a fugitive; but Pyrrhus did not desert his brother-in-law in his misfortunes, and shortly afterwards went for him as a hostage into Egypt, when Demetrius concluded a peace with Ptolemy. Here Pyrrhus was fortunate enough to win the favour of Berenice, the wife of Ptolemy, and received in marriage Antigone, her daughter by her first husband. Ptolemy now supplied him with a fleet and men, and he was thus once more able to return to Epeirus. Neoptolemus, probably the son of Alexander who died in Italy, had reigned from the time that Pyrrhus had been driven from the kingdom; but as he had made himself unpopular by his harsh and tyrannical rule, Pyrrhus found many partisans. The two rivals consented to a compromise and agreed to share the sovereignty between them. But such an arrangement could not last long; and Pyrrhus anticipated his own destruction by putting his rival to death. This appears to have happened in B. c. 295, in which year Pyrrhus is said to have begun to reign (Vell. Pat. i. 14. § 6); and as Cassander did not die till the end of B. c. 297, the joint sovereignty of Pyrrhus and Neoptolemus could have lasted only a short time, as it is improbable that Pyrrhus ventured to return to his native country during the life-time of his great enemy Cassander. Pyrrhus was twenty-three years of age when he was firmly established on the throne of Epeirus (B. C. 295), and he soon became one of the most popular princes of his age. His daring courage made him a favourite with his troops, and his attability and generosity secured the love of his people. His character resembled in many respects that of his great kinsman, the conqueror of Persia ; and he seems at an early age to have made Alexander his model, and to have been fired with the ambition of imitating his exploits and treading in his footsteps. His eyes were first directed to the conquest of Macedonia. Master of that country, he might hope to obtain the sovereignty of Greece; and with the whole of Greece under his sway, there was a boundless prospect for his ambition, terminating on the one side with the conquest of Italy, Sicily, and Carthage, and on the other with the dominions of the Greek monarchs in the East. The unsettled state of Macedonia after the death of Cassander soon placed the first object of his ambition within his grasp. Antipater and Alexander, the sons of Cassander, quarrelled for the inheritance of their father; and Alexander, unable to maintain his ground, applied to Pyrrhus for assistance. This was granted on condition of Alexander's ceding to Pyrrhus the whole of the Macedonian dominions on the western side of Greece. These were Acarnania, Amphilochia, and Ambracia, and likewise the districts of Tymphaea and Parauaca, which formed part of Macedonia itself. (Plut. Pyrrh. 6, with the emendation of Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. iii. note 811, Пapavalav instead of Пapaλíav.) Pyrrhus fulfilled his engagements to Alexander and drove his brother Antipater out of Macedonia, B. C. 294, though it appears that the latter was subsequently allowed to retain a small portion of the country. (Thirlwall's Greece, vol. viii. p. 16.) Pyrrhus had greatly increased his power by the large accession of territory which he had thus gained, and he still further strengthened himself by forming an alliance with the Aetolians; but the rest of Macedonia unexpectedly fell into the hands of a powerful neighbour. Alexander had applied to Demetrius for assistance at the same time as he sent to Pyrrhus for the same purpose; but as the latter was the nearest at hand, he had restored Alexander to his kingdom before Demetrius could arrive at the scene of action. Demetrius, however, was unwilling to lose such an opportunity of aggrandizement; he accordingly left Athens, and reached Macedonia towards the end of the year B. C. 294. He had not been there many days before he put Alexander to death, and thus became king of Macedonia. Between two such powerful neighbours and such restless spirits, as Demetrius and Pyrrhus, jealousies and contentions were sure to arise. Each was anxious for the dominions of the other, and the two former friends soon became the most deadly enemies. Deïdameia, who might have acted as a mediator between her husband and her brother, was now dead. The jealousies between the two rivals at length broke out into open war in B. c. 291. It was during this year that Thebes revolted a second time against Demetrius, probably at the instigation of Pyrrhus; and while the Macedonian monarch proceeded in person to chastise the rebellious inhabitants, Pyrrhus effected a diversion in their favour by invading Thessaly, but was compelled to retire into Epeirus before the superior forces of Demetrius. In B. c. 290 Thebes surrendered, and Demetrius was thus at liberty to take vengeance on Pyrrhus and his Aetolian allies. Accordingly, he invaded Aetolia in the spring of B.C. 289, and after overrunning and ravaging the country almost without opposition, he marched into Epeirus, leaving Pantauchus with a strong body of his troops to keep the Aetolians in subjection. Pyrrhus advanced to meet him; but as the two armies took different roads, Demetrius entered Epeirus and Pyrrhus Aetolia almost at the same time. Pantauchus immediately offered him battle, in the midst of which he challenged the king to single combat. This was immediately accepted by the youthful monarch; and in the conflict which ensued, Pyrrhus bore his enemy to the ground, and would have killed him on the spot, had he not been rescued by his friends. The Macedonians, dismayed by the fall of their leader, took to flight and left Pyrrhus master of the field. This victory, however, was attended with more important advantages than its immediate fruits. The impetuous movements and daring valour of the Epeirot king reminded the veterans in the Macedonian army of the great Alexander, and thus paved for Pyrrhus his accession to the Macedonian throne. Demetrius meantime had found no one to resist him in Epeirus, and during his expedition into this country he also obtained possession of Corcyra. After the death of Antigone, Pyrrhus, in accordance with the custom of the monarchs of his age, had married three wives, in order to strengthen his power by a close connection with foreign princes. Of these wives one was a Paeonian princess, another an Illyrian, and a third Lanassa, the daughter of Agathocles of Syracuse, who brought him the island of Corcyra as a dowry But Lanassa, offended with the attention which Pyrrhus paid to his barbarian wives, had withdrawn to her principality of Corcyra, which she now bestowed upon Demetrius together with her hand. Pyrrhus accordingly returned to Epeirus more incensed than ever against Demetrius. The latter had previously withdrawn into Macedonia. At the beginning of the following year, B. c. 288, Pyrrhus took advantage of a dangerous illness of Demetrius to invade Macedonia. He advanced as far as Edessa without meeting with any opposition; but when Demetrius was able to put himself at the head of his troops, he drove his rival out of the country without difficulty. But as he had now formed the vast design of recovering the whole of his father's dominions in Asia, he hastened to conclude a peace with Pyrrhus, in order to continue his preparations undisturbed. His old enemies, Seleucus, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus, once more entered into a league against him, and resolved to crush him in Europe before he had time to cross over into Asia. They easily persuaded Pyrrhus to break his recent treaty with Demetrius, and join the coalition against him. Accordingly, in the spring of B. c. 287, while Ptolemy appeared with a powerful fleet off the coasts of Greece, Lysimachus invaded the upper and Pyrrhus the lower provinces of Macedonia at the same time. Demetrius first marched against Lysimachus, but alarmed at the growing disaffection of his troops, and fearing that they might go over to Lysimachus, who had been one of the veteran generals and companions of Alexander, he suddenly retraced his steps and proceeded. against Pyrrhus, who had already advanced as far as Beroea and had taken up his quarters in that city. But Pyrrhus proved a rival as formidable as Lysimachus. The kindness with which he had treated his prisoners, and his condescension and affability to the inhabitants of Beroea, had won all hearts; and accordingly, when Demetrius drew near, his troops deserted him in a body and transferred their allegiance to Pyrrhus. Demetrius was obliged to fly in disguise, and leave the kingdom to his rival. Pyrrhus, however, was unable to obtain possession of the whole of Macedonia: Lysimachus claimed his share of the spoil, and the kingdom was divided between them. did not long retain his portion; the Macedonians preferred the rule of their old general Lysimachus ; and Pyrrhus was accordingly driven out of his newly acquired kingdom; thus leaving Lysimachus master of the entire country. It is doubtful how long Pyrrhus reigned in Macedonia. Dexippus and Porphyry (apud Euseb. Arm. p. 329, ed. Aucher; apud Syncell. p. 266, a.) state that it was only seven months, which would place the expulsion of Pyrrhus at the end of B. c. 287, or the beginning of 286; but as other writers relate (Plut. Pyrr. 12; Paus. i. 10. § 2) that this happened after the defeat of Demetrius in Syria, which did not take place till the middle of 286, the reign of Pyrrhus in Macedonia was probably somewhat longer. (Comp. Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. iii. note 813.) But Pyrrhus For the next few years Pyrrhus appears to have reigned quietly in Epeirus without embarking in any new enterprize. But a life of inactivity was insupportable to him, and he pined for fresh scenes of action in which he might gain glory and acquire dominion. At length, in B. c. 281, the long |