war, B. c. 322, he joined Antipater (Plut. Dem. 27), and had thus the satisfaction of surviving his great enemy Demosthenes. His hostility to Demosthenes is frequently mentioned by the ancient writers, who have preserved many of his jests against the great orator. He is said to have been the author of the well-known saying, that the orations of Demosthenes smelt of the lamp. (Aelian, V. H. vii. 7; Plut. Dem. 8; comp. Athen. ii. p. 44, f.) The titles of two of the orations of Pytheas are preserved by Harpocration, Пpòs Tηv evdeičiv ánoλoyía (s. v. dypapiov), and Kar' 'Adeíuartos (s. v. ¿§vovμía). Two short extracts from his orations are given in Latin by Rutilius Lupus (i. 11, 14). (Comp. Ruhnken, ad Rutil. Lup. i. 11; Westermann, Geschichte der Griech. Beredtsamkeit, $ 54.) west of the inhabited world was a promontory of the Ostidamnii, called Calbion, and that islands lay to the west of it, the furthest of which named Uxisama was a three days' sail (Strab. i. p. 64). Strabo treats all this as the pure invention of Pytheas. 2. He further related that he visited Britain, and travelled over the whole of the island as far as it was accessible; and he said that it was 40,000 stadia in circumference. As to Thule and those distant parts he stated that there was neither earth, sea, nor air, but a sort of mixture of all these, like to the mollusca, in which the earth and the sea and every thing else are suspended, and which could not be penetrated either by land or by | sea. The substance like the mollusca Pytheas had seen himself, but the other part of the account he gave from hearsay (Polyb. ap. Strab. ii p. 104). Pytheas made Thule a six days' sail from Britain; he said that the day and the night were each six months long in Thule (Strab. i. p. 63; Plin. H. N. ii. 77). 3. He spoke of a people called Guttones, bordering upon Germany, and dwelling upon a gulf of the sea called Mentonomon, in a space of 6000 stadia. He added that at the distance of a day's sail there was an island named Abalus, to which amber was brought by the waves in spring; that the inhabitants used it instead of firewood, and sold it to the neighbouring Teutoni. Timaeus gave credit to this account, but called the island Basilia. (Plin. H. N. xxxvii. 11.) 5. Boeotarch of Thebes, was, next to Critolaus, the chief instigator of the Achaeans to undertake the fatal war against the Romans, which destroyed for ever the liberties of Greece. He was put to death by Metellus at the beginning of B. c. 146. (Polyb. xl. 1, 3; Paus. vii. 14. § 6, vii. 15. § 10.) | PY THEAS (Пveéas), of Massilia, in Gaul, a celebrated Greck navigator, who sailed to the western and northern parts of Europe, and wrote a work containing the results of his discoveries. We know nothing of his personal history, with the exception of the statement of Polybius that he was a poor man (ap. Strab. ii. p. 104). The time at which he lived cannot be determined with accuracy. Bougainville (Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscr. vol. xix p. 143) maintained that he lived before Aristotle, but the passage on which he relied (Arist. Met. ii. 5.) is not sufficient to warrant this conclusion. Vossius (de Historicis Graecis, p. 125, ed. Wester-lybius says that it is incredible that a private man, mann) places him in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, but this is certainly too late a date. As he is quoted by Dicaearchus, a pupil of Aristotle (Strab. ii. p. 104) and by Timaeus (Plin. H. N. xxxvii. 11), he probably lived in the time of Alexander the Great, or shortly afterwards. The credibility of the statements of Pytheas was differently estimated by the ancient writers. Eratosthenes and Hipparchus refer to them as worthy of belief; but other writers, especially Polybius and Strabo, regard them as of no value at all. Po and one who was also poor, could have undertaken such long voyages and journeys (ap. Strab. ii. p. 104); and Strabo, on more than one occasion, calls him a great liar, and regards his statements as mere fables, only deserving to be classed with those of Euhemerus and Antiphanes (Strab. i. p. 63, ii. The works of Pytheas are frequently referred to p. 102, iii. pp. 148, 157, 158). Most modern writers, by the ancient writers. One appears to have borne however, have been disposed to set more value the title Περὶ τοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ (ἐν τοῖς περὶ τοῦ upon the narrative of Pytheas. In reply to the ob'Kɛavou, Geminus, Elem. Astron. in Petav. Ura-jection of Polybius it has been urged that he may nol. p. 22), and the other to have been called a Пepínλovs (Marcianus, in Geogr. Min. vol. i. p. 63, ed. Husdon), or as it is termed by the Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius (iv. 761), ris nepíodos. That he gave an account of the north-western coasts of Europe is evident from Strabo, who refers to his statements respecting Iberia, Gaul, and other countries (Strab. i. p. 64, ii. p. 75, iii. p. 158, iv. p. 195). It would appear from Pytheas' own statement, as related by Polybius (ap. Strab. ii. p. 104), that he undertook two voyages, one in which he visited Britain and Thule, and of which he probably gave an account in his work On the Ocean; and a second, undertaken after his return from his first voyage, in which he coasted along the whole of Europe from Gadeira (Cadiz) to the Tanais, and the description of which probably formed the subject of his Periplus. Some modern writers, however, maintain that the passage in Strabo may be interpreted to mean that Pytheas undertook only one voyage; but we think that the words are scarcely susceptible of such an interpretation. The following are the principal particulars which ancient writers have preserved from the works of Pytheas. 1. He related that at the extreme have been sent on a voyage of discovery by the Massilians, at the public expence, in order to become acquainted with the country from which the Carthaginians procured amber. There seems no reason to doubt that he did go on a voyage to the northern parts of Europe; but the reasons for his undertaking it must be left in uncertainty. It would appear from the extracts which have been preserved from his works, that he did not give simply the results of his own observations, but added all the reports which reached him respecting distant countries, without always drawing a distinction between what he saw himself and what was told him by others. His statements, therefore, must be received with caution and some mistrust. It is equally uncertain how far he penetrated. Some modern writers have regarded it as certain that he must have reached Iceland in consequence of his remark that the day was six months long at Thule, while others have supposed that he advanced as far as the Shetland Islands. But either supposition is very improbable, and neither is necessary; for reports of the great length of the day and night in the northern parts of Europe had already reached the Greeks, before the time of Pytheas. There has been like wise much dispute as to what river we are to understand by the Tanais. Without stating the various opinions which have been advanced, we may remark that the supposition of Ukert appears to us the most probable, namely, that the country which Pytheas describes as the one from which amber came may have been the Cimbrian peninsula (Denmark, &c.), and that when he reached the Elbe, he concluded that he had arrived at the Tanais, which separated Europe from Asia. Pytheas cultivated science. He appears to have been the first person who determined the latitude of a place from the shadow of the sun; and it is expressly stated that he determined the position of Massilia by observing the shadow of the sun by the gnomon (Strab. ii. pp. 71, 115). He also paid considerable attention to the phaenomena of the tides, and was well aware of the influence of the moon upon them. (Fuhr, De Pythea, p. 19.) PYTHEN (Пve), a Corinthian general, who commanded the detachment of ships sent with Gylippus for the relief of Syracuse. His name occurs now and then in the account of the operations which followed. (Thuc. vi. 104, vi. 1, 70.) [C. P. M.] PYTHERMON and PYTHERMUS are two rather obscure names in the history of Greek music. Pythermus of Miletus is a person to whom some ancient writers ascribed the invention of the Ionian mode (Heraclid. ap. Ath. xiv. p. 625, c. d.; Böckh, de Metr. Pind. p. 235); and Pythermon is mentioned as the author of a scolion. (Paroemiogr. Vat. iii. 15). [P.S.] PYTHES. [PYTHEAS and PYTHIUS.] PYTHEUS, architect. [PHILEUS.] PY THIAS (Пvolás). 1. The sister or adopted daughter of Hermias, became the wife of Aristotle. [ARISTOTELES, p. 318.] and her third Metrodorus, the physician (Sext. Emp. adv. Math. i. 12, p. 657, ed. Bekker). The voyages of Pytheas have been discussed by a 2. Daughter of Aristotle and Pythias. She was large number of modern writers: we can only refer married three times: her first husband being Nito the most important works on the subject:-Bou- canor of Stagira, a relative of Aristotle; her second gainville, Sur l'Origine et sur les Voyages de Py-Procles, a descendant of Demaratus, king of Sparta; theas, in Mém. de l'Acad. des Inser. vol. xix. pp. 146-165; D'Anville, Sur la Navigation de Pythéas à Thule, ibid. vol. xxxvii. pp. 436-442; Ukert, Bemerkungen über Pytheas, in his Geographie der Griechen und Römer, vol. i. part i. pp. 298-309; Arvedson, Pytheae Massiliensis Fragmenta, Upsalae, 1824; Fuhr, De Pythea Massili-mistress (Dion Cass. Ixii. 13). [C. P. M.] ensi, Darmstadt, 1835; Straszewick, Pytheas de Marseille et la Géographie de son Temps, Paris, 1836, translated into German by Hoffmann, Leipzig, 1838. PY THEAS, artists. 1. A silver-chaser, who flourished at Rome in the age immediately following that of Pompey, and whose productions commanded a remarkably high price. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 12. s. 55: Pliny states the precise value of every two ounces of silver plate engraved by him, but the number is differently given in the MSS. as 10,000 or 20,000 sesterces, see Sillig's edition.) A very celebrated work by him was a cup, on which Ulysses and Diomedes were represented carrying off the Palladium, in that sort of chasing which was called emblema. According to the opinion of Thiersch, the greatest gem engravers of that and the succeeding age did not disdain to copy from the design of Pytheas, whose figure of Diomed is still to be seen on gems by Dioscurides, Gnaeus, Calpurnius Severus, and Solon: the grounds of this opinion, however, are not stated by the author. (Thiersch, Epochen, pp. 296299.) The suggestion of Meyer appears more probable, that the designs of both the vase of Pytheas and the gems referred to were copied from some more ancient work of art. (Meyer, Gesch. d. bild. Kunst, vol. iii. pp. 172, 173; comp. Levezow, Ueber den Raub des Palladium.) Pytheas also chased small drinking vessels with grotesque subjects, of the most elaborate and delicate workmanship, which are thus described by Pliny-Fecit idem et cocos magiriscia appellatos, parvulis potoriis, sed e quibus ne exemplaria quidem licet exprimere, tam opportuna injuriae subtilitas erat. 3. A slave of Octavia Augusta, the wife of Nero. She became noted for the constancy with which she endured the tortures to which she was put by Tigellinus, without informing against her PY THIAS is mentioned by Pliny (H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19), according to the common reading, as one of the statuaries who flourished about the time of the revival of the art. The MSS. vary much as to the form of the name; and, taking also into account the very loose way in which some of these names are inserted by Pliny (comp. POLYCLES), it is by no means impossible that he may be one and the same person with the silverchaser PYTHEAS. (See Sillig, edition of Pliny, ad loc.) [P.S.] PYTHIONICE. [HARPALUS, No. 1.] PYTHIS, a sculptor, who made the marble quadriga, by which the celebrated Mausoleum was surmounted. (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 5. s. 4. § 9). Considering the close resemblance of this sculptor's name, in Pliny, to some of the readings of the name of the architect of the Mausoleum, in Vitruvius, it seems not improbable that they may have been the same person. [PHILEUS.] [P.S.] PY THIUS (Пúdios), the Pythian, from Pytho, the ancient name of Delphi, often occurs as a surname of Apollo, whose oracle was at Delphi. (Hom. Hymn, in Apoll. 373; Aeschyl. Agam. 521; Horat. Curm. i. 16. 6; Tac. Hist. iv. 83.) [L.S.] PYTHIUS (Πύθιος: called Πύθης by Plu tarch, vol. ii. p. 262, d., and some others), a Lydian, the son of Atys, who lived in the time of the Persian invasion of Greece. He was a man of enor mous wealth, which he derived from his gold mines in the neighbourhood of Celaenae in Phrygia, of which place he seems to have made himself governor. So eagerly did he prosecute his search for gold, that his subjects were almost all withdrawn from agriculture. Plutarch (¿. c.) tells an amusing story of the device adopted by his wife to point out to him the absurdity of the course he was 2. A painter, of Bura in Achaia, whose paint-pursuing. She had a quantity of gold wrought ing on a wall at Pergamus, representing an elephant, is mentioned by Stephanus Byzantinus (s. v. Βούρα). into representations of various kinds of food, and set nothing but these before him one day for din[P.S.] ner. When Xerxes arrived at Celaenae, Pythius banqueted him and his whole army. He had previously sent a golden plane tree and vine as a present to Dareius. He informed Xerxes that, intending to offer him a quantity of money to defray the expenses of his expedition, he had reckoned up his wealth and found it to consist of 2000 talents of silver coin and 4,000,000, all but 7000, darics of gold coin. The whole of this he offered to Xerxes, who however did not accept it; but made him a present of the odd 7000 darics, and granted him the rights of hospitality. His five sons accompanied Xerxes. Pythius, alarmed by an eclipse of the sun which happened, came to Xerxes, and begged that the eldest might be left behind. This request so enraged the king that he had the young man immediately killed and cut in two, and the two portions of his body placed on either side of the road, and then ordered the army to march between them. His other sons perished in different battles. Pythius, overwhelmed with grief, passed the rest of his days in solitude (Herod. vii. 27-29, 38, 39; Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 10; Plut. L. c.). [C. P. M.] [PHILEUS]. PY THIUS, architect. PYTHOCLEIDES (Пv@oкλeídŋs), a celebrated musician of the time of Pericles, was a native of Ceos (Plat. Protag. 316, e.), and flourished at Athens, under the patronage of Pericles, whom he instructed in his art. (Plut. Per. 4; PseudoPlat. Alcib. i. p. 118, c.). The Scholiast on the passage last cited states that Pythocleides was also a Pythagorean philosopher, and that Agathocles was his disciple. Pythocleides was one of those musicians to whom some writers ascribed the invention of the Mixolydian mode of music. (Plut. de Mus. 16, p. 1136, d.). [P.S.] PYTHOCLES (Пvēокλîs). 1. An Athenian orator, who belonged to the Macedonian party, and was put to death with Phocion in B. c. 317. (Dem. de Cor. p. 320; Plut. Phoc. 35.) 2. Of Samos, a Greek writer of uncertain date, wrote:-1. 'ITαλikά (Plut. Parall. min. c. 14; Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 144). 2. Tewрyikά (Plut. Parall. min. c. 41). 3. Пepl óuovoías (Clem. Protr. p. 12.) PY THOCLES, a statuary, of whom nothing is known, beyond the mention of his name by Pliny among those artists whom he places at the revival of the art in Ol. 156, and whom he characterizes as longe quidem infra praedictos, probati tamen. (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. 8. 19.) [P.S.] PYTHO'CRITUS (ПvóкρiтOs), of Sicyon, a flute-player, exceedingly distinguished for his victories in the musical contests which were instituted by the Amphictyons at the Pythian games (B. c. 590). Pausanias tells us that the first victor in these contests was the Argive Sacadas, after whom Pythocritus carried off the prize at six Pythian festivals in succession, and that he had also the honour of acting six times as musician during the pentathlon at Olympia. In reward of these services a pillar was erected as a monument to him at Olympia, with the following inscription, Пveoκρίτου τοῦ Καλλινίκου μνάμα ταυλητᾶ τόδε. (Paus. vi. 14. § 4. s. 9, 10). [P.S.] PYTHO'CRITUS, a statuary, who is mentioned by Pliny as one of those who made athletas et armatos et venatores sacrificantesque, but of whom nothing more is known. (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. § 34). [P.S.] PYTHODA'MUS, a medallist, whose name | occurs on a coin of Aptera in Crete. (Nagler, Allgem. Künstler-Lexicon, s. v.) [P.S.] PYTHO'DICUS, one of the statuaries, who are mentioned by Pliny as aequalitate celebrati sed nullis operum suorum praecipui. (H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. § 25.) [P. S.] PYTHODOʻRIS (Ivoodwpis), queen of Pontus. She was the daughter of Pythodorus of Tralles, the friend of Pompey: and became the wife of Polemon I. king of Pontus, and the Bosporus. After the death of Polemon she retained possession of Colchis as well as of Pontus itself, though the kingdom of Bosporus was wrested from her power. She subsequently married Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, but after his death (A. D. 17) returned to her own kingdom, of which she continued to administer the affairs herself until her decease, which probably did not take place until A. D. 38. She is said by her contemporary Strabo to have been a woman of virtuous character, and of great capacity for business, so that her dominions flourished much under her rule. Of her two sons, the one, Zenon, became king of Armenia, while the other, Polemon, after assisting her in the administration of her kingdom during her life, succeeded her on the throne of Pontus. (Strab. xi. p. 499, xii. pp. 555, 556, 557, 560, xiv. p. 649; Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 370.) [E. H. B.] PYTHODO RUS (Пvódwрos), artists. 1. A Theban sculptor, of the archaic period, who made the statue of Hera (ăyaλμa apxaîov) in her temple at Coroneia. The goddess was represented as holding the Sirens in her hand. (Paus. ix. 34. § 2. s. 3; comp. Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, § 352, n. 4.) 2, 3. Two sculptors, who flourished under the early Roman emperors, and are mentioned by Pliny among those who "filled the palace of the Caesars on the Palatine with most approved works." (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 5. s. 4. § 11; comp. Thiersch, Epochen, pp. 300, 325, foll.) [P. S.] PYTHON (Пúewv), the famous dragon who guarded the oracle of Delphi, is described as a son of Gaea. He lived in the caves of mount Parnassus, but was killed by Apollo, who then took possession of the oracle. (Apollod. i. 4. § 1; Strab. ix. p. 422.), [L. S.] PYTHON (Пówv), historical. Concerning the frequent confusion between this name and those of Peithon and Pithon, see PITHON. 1. Son of Agenor. [PITHON.] 3. One of the leading citizens of Abdera, who betrayed that city into the hands of Eumenes II., king of Pergamus; an act of treachery which afterwards caused him so much remorse, as to be the occasion of his death. (Diod. xxx. Exe. Vales. p. 578.) 4. The chief of the embassy sent by Prusias, king of Bithynia, to Rome, in B. C. 164, to lay before the senate his complaints against Eumenes, king of Pergamus. (Polyb. xxxi. 6.) 5. A citizen of Enna, in Sicily, who was put to death by Funus (whose master he had been), in the great servile insurrection in B. C. 130. [EUNUS.] (Diod. Exc. Phot. p. 528.) [E. H. B.] PYTHON (Пúewv), literary. 1. Of Catana, a dramatic poet of the time of Alexander, whom he accompanied into Asia, and whose army he entertained with a satyric drama, when they were celebrating the Dionysia on the banks of the Hy daspes. The drama was in ridicule of Harpalus | and the Athenians. It is twice mentioned by Athenaeus, who has preserved nearly twenty lines of it. (Ath. xiii. p. 586, d., p. 595, e. f., p. 596, a.) In the second of these passages, Athenaeus mentions the poet as either of Catana or of Byzantium; and it seems very doubtful whether he was confounded with the Byzantine rhetorician of the same name, who makes some figure in the history of Philip and Alexander, or whether he was really the same person. Some writers ascribed the drama to Alexander, but no doubt erroneously. Respecting the meaning of the title of the play, 'Ayv, there are various conjectures, all of them very uncertain. (Casaub. de Poes. Sat. Graec. pp. 150, 151, with Rambach's Note; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. pp. 319, 320; Wagner, F. G., Poetarum Trag. Graec. Fragmenta, pp. 134—136, in Didot's Bibl. Script. Graec. Paris, 1846.) 2. Of Aenus, in Thrace, a Peripatetic philosopher, who, with his brother Heracleides, put to death the tyrant Cotys. [COTYS, HERACLEIDES.] 3. A Peripatetic philosopher, mentioned in the will of Lycon. (Diog. Laërt. v..70.) [P. S.] PYTHON, artist. This name occurs twice on painted vases; in the first instance, on a cylixshaped vase, of the best style of the art, found at Vulci, with the inscription IVOON EPOIESEN, and with the name of Epictetus as the painter; in the other case, on a Lucanian vase, of the period of the decline of the art, with the inscription ΠΥΘΩΝ ΕΓΡΑΦΕ. On comparing these vases, and the inscriptions on them, although there are examples of the same person being both a maker and painter of vases, it can hardly be doubted that, in this case, the artists were two different persons, at different periods, and probably living in different parts of Italy. (R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 58, 59, 2d ed.) [P.S.] PYTHONICUS (Пvóvikos), of Athens, a writer mentioned by Athenaeus (v. p. 220, f.) among those who wrote systematically on allurements to love. Q. [W. M. G.] QUADRATILLA, UMMI'DIA, a wealthy Roman lady, who died in the reign of Trajan within a little of eighty years of age, leaving twothirds (ex besse) of her fortune to her grandson and the other third to her granddaughter (Plin. Ep. vii. 24). Her grandson was an intimate friend of Pliny. [QUADRATUS, No. 2.] Quadratilla was probably a sister of Ummidius Quadratus, the governor of Syria, who died in A. D. 60, and appears to be the same as the Quadratilla mentioned in the following inscription, discovered at Casinum in Campania: - Ummilia C. F. Quadratilla amphitheatrum et templum Casinatibus sua pecunia fecit. (Orelli, Inser. No. 781.) It seems that the Ummidii came originally from Casinum. [UMMIDIA GENS.] QUADRATUS (Kodpáros, Euseb. H. E., Syncellus, and the Greek Menaea; or Kovaôpatos, Euseb. Chron. p. 211, ed. Scaliger, 1658), one of the Apostolic Fathers and an early apologist for the Christian religion. The name of Quadratus occurs repeatedly in Eusebius (II. E. iii. 37, iv. 3, 23, v. 17, Chron. lib. ii.), but it is questioned whether that father speaks of one person or of | two. Valesius, and others (including Tillemont) after him, contend for the existence of two Quadrati, one the disciple of the Apostles and the Apologist, the other, bishop of Athens and contemporary with Dionysius of Corinth [DIONYSIUS, literary, No. 22], who was of somewhat later date than the Apologist. But Jerome, among the ancients, and Cave, Grabe, Le Clerc, and Fabricius, among the moderns, refer the different notices, and we think correctly, to one person. Quadratus is said by Eusebius (Chron. I. c.), Jerome (De Viris Illustr. c. 19, and Ad Magnum, c. 4, Epistol. 84, edit. vet., 83, ed. Benedictin., 70, ed. Vallars.), and Orosius (Hist. vii. 13), to have been a hearer or disciple of the Apostles," an expression which Cave would limit by referring the term "Apostles" to the Apostle John alone, or by understanding it of men of the apostolic age, who had been familiar with the Apostles. But we see no reason for so limiting or explaining the term. Quadratus himself, in his Apology (apud Euseb. H. E. iv. 3), speaks of those who had been cured or raised from the dead by Jesus Christ, as having lived to his own days (els Toùs nμeтéρous Xpóvous, "ad tempora nostra"), thus carrying back his own recollections to the apostolic age. And as Eusebius, in a passage in which he ascribes to him the gift of prophecy, seems to connect him with the daughters of the Apostle Philip, we may rather suppose him to have been a disciple of that Apostle than of John. Cave conjectures that he was an Athenian by birth; but the manner in which an anonymous writer cited by Eusebius (H. E. v. 17) mentions him, in connec tion with Ammias of Philadelphia and with the daughters of Philip, would lead us to place him in early life in the central districts of Asia Minor. He afterwards (assuming that Eusebius speaks of one Quadratus, not two) became bishop of the Church at Athens, but at what time we have no means of ascertaining. We learn that he succeeded the martyr Publius; but, as the time of Publius' martyrdom is unknown, that circumstance throws no light on the chronology of his life. Quadratus presented his Apology to Hadrian, in the tenth year of his reign (A. D. 126), according to the Chronicon of Eusebius, but we know not whether he had yet attained the episcopate.. As Eusebius does not give him in this place the title of bishop, the probable inference is that he had not; but, as the passage seems to intimate that he and the Athenian Aristeides presented their respective Apologies simultaneously, it is likely that Quadratus was already connected with the Athenian Church. The Menaea of the Greeks (a. d. Sept. 21) commemorate the martyrdom under the emperor Hadrian of the ancient and learned" Quadratus, who had preached the gospel at Magnesia and Athens, and being driven away from his flock at Athens, obtained at length the martyr's crown; and the Menologium of the emperor Basil commemorates (a. d. 21 Sept.) the martyrdom of a Quadratus, bishop of Magnesia, in the persecution under Decius. That our Quadratus was a martyr is, we think, from the silence of Eusebius and Jerome to such a circumstance, very questionable; and that he was martyred under Hadrian, is inconsistent with the statement of those writers (Euseb. Chron.; Hieronym. Ad Magnum, c. 4), that the Apologies of Quadratus and Aristeides led that emperor to put a stop to the persecution. We think it not an improbable conjecture that Publius fell a victim during the tion to the thousandth year of its nativity (A. D. 248), brief persecution thus stopped, and that Quadratus when the Ludi Saeculares were performed with having been appointed to succeed him, made those extraordinary pomp. It probably passed over with exertions which Dionysius of Corinth, in his letter brevity the times of the republic, and dwelt at to the Athenians (apud Euseb. iv. 23), commemo- greater length upon the imperial period. Suidas rates, to rally the dispersed members of the Church, says that the work came down to Alexander, the and to revive their faith. Many of the Athenians, son of Mamaea; but this is a mistake, as Alexhowever, had apostatized; and the Church con- ander died fifteen years before the thousandth year tinued in a feeble state till the time when Diony- of Rome. (Suidas, s. v. Kodpáros; Steph. Byz. sius wrote. Nothing further is known of Qua- s. υυ. ̓́Ανθιον, Θαψίπολις, Οξύβιοι; Dion Cass. dratus: the few and doubtful particulars recorded lxx. 3; Zosim. v. 27; Vulcat. Gall. Avid. Cass. 1 ; of him have, however, been expanded by Halloix | Agathias, i. p. 17, c.) 2. A history of Parthia, (Illustr. Eccles. Oriental. Sariptor. Vitae) into a which is frequently quoted by Stephanus Byzantibiography of seven chapters. (Comp. Acta Sanc- nus under the title of Παρθικὰ or Παρθυηνικά. (Qtorum, Maži, a. d. xxvi. vol. vi. p. 357.) dratus belli Parthici scriptor, Capitol. Ver. 8; Steph. Byz. 8. vv. Inλús, Tapoós, et alibi; comp. Vossius, De Hist. Graecis, pp. 286, 287, ed. Westermann; Clinton, Fasti Rom. p. 265.) QUADRATUS, FA'NNIUS, a contemporary of Horace, who speaks of him with contempt as a parasite of Tigellius Hermogenes. He was one of those envious Roman poets who tried to depreciate Horace, because his writings threw their own into the shade. (Hor. Sat. i. 4. 21, i. 10. 80, with the Schol.; Weichert, Poetarum Latin. Reliquiae, p. 290, &c.) The Apology of Quadratus is described by Ensebius as generally read in his time, and as affording clear evidence of the soundness of the writer's judgment and the orthodoxy of his belief. It has been long lost, with the exception of a brief fragment preserved by Eusebius (II. E. iv. 3), and given by Grabe, in his Spicilegium SS. Patrum, Saec. ii. p. 125; by Galland, in the first volume of his Bibliotheca Patrum; and by Routh, in his Reliquiae Sacrae, vol. i. p. 73. (Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 108, vol. i. p. 52; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol. ii. pp. 232, &c., 588, &c.; Grabe, l. c.; Galland, QUADRATUS, L. NI'NNIUS, tribune of Bibl. Patrum, vol. i. Proleg. c. 13; Fabric. Bibl. the plebs B. c. 58, distinguished himself by his opGraec. vol. vii. p. 154; Lardner, Credib. part ii. position to the measures of his colleague P. Clodius book i. c. 28. § 1.) [J. C. M.] against Cicero. After Cicero had withdrawn from QUADRATUS, C. AʼNTIUS AULUS JU-the city, he proposed that the senate and the people LIUS, consul A. D. 105, with Ti. Julius Candidus, in the reign of Trajan (Fasti). Spartianus (Hadr. 3) mentions these consuls under the names of Candidus and Quadratus. QUADRATUS, ASI'NIUS, the author of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 299; Jacobs, Anth. Graec, vol. iii. p. 13), which is described in the Planudean Anthology (p. 203, Steph., p. 206, Wechel.) as of uncertain authorship, but in the Palatine MS. is headed 'Aovviou Kovaopárov, with the further superscription, εἰς τοὺς ἀναιρεθέντας ὑπὸ τοῦ τῶν 'Papaiwr úrátov Zúλa, according to which it would be inferred that the writer of the epigram was contemporary with Sulla. (Anth. Pal. vii. 312.) But this lemma can scarcely be regarded as anything more than the conjecture of a grammarian, on the truth of which the epigram itself does not furnish sufficient evidence to decide. It is the epitaph of some enemies of the Romans (apparently foreign enemies), who had fallen by a secret and treacherous death, after fighting most bravely. There is nothing in it to support the conjecture of Salmasius, that it refers to the death of Catiline and his associates. Jacobs, following the lemma of the Palatine MS., suggests that it may refer to the slaughter of many of the Athenians, after the taking of Athens by Sulla. (Animadv. in Anth. Graec. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 366.) To these another conjecture might be added, namely, that the epigram refers to some event which occurred in the later wars of Rome, and that its author is no other than the Roman historian of the time of Philippus. See below. [P.S.] QUADRATUS, ASI'NIUS, lived in the times of Philippus I. and II., emperors of Rome (A. D. 244-249), and wrote two historical works in the Greek language. 1. A history of Rome, in fifteen books, in the Ionic dialect, called Xiλieтnpis, because it related the history of the city, from its founda should put on mourning for the orator, and as early as the first of June he brought forward a motion in the senate for his recall from banishment. In the course of the same year he dedicated the property of Clodius to Ceres (Dion Cass. xxxviii. 14, 16, 30; Cic. pro Sest. 31, post Red. in Sen. 2, pro Dom. 48). Two years afterwards Quadratus is mentioned along with Favonius, as one of the opponents of the Lex Trebonia, which prolonged the government of the provinces to Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus (Dion Cass. xxxix. 35). The last time that his name occurs is in B. c. 49, when he was in Cicero's neighbourhood in Campania (Cic. ad Att. x. 16. § 4). In many editions of Cicero, as also in the Annales of Pighius, he is erroneously called Mummius. Glandorp, in his Onomasticon, calls him Numius. QUADRATUS, NUMI'DIUS. [QUADRATUS, UMMIDIUS.] QUADRATUS, L. STATIUS, consul A. D. 142, with C. Cuspius Rufinus (Fasti). QUADRATUS, UMMIDIUS, the name of several persons under the early Roman emperors. There is considerable discrepancy in the orthography of the name. Josephus writes it Numidius, which is the form that Glandorp (Onomast. p. 631) has adopted; while in the different editions of Tacitus, Pliny, and the Scriptores Historiae Augustae, we find it written variously Numidius, Vinidius, and Ummidius. The latter, which occurs in some of the best manuscripts, is supported by the authority of inscriptions, and is evidently the correct form. In the passage of Horace (Sat. i. J. 95) where the present reading is Ummidius, there is the same variation in the manuscripts, but Bentley has shown that the true reading is Ummidius. 1. UMMIDIUS QUADRATUS, was governor of Syria during the latter end of the reign of Claudins, and the commencement of the reign of Nero. He succeeded Cassius Longinus in the province |