to chronology. There is an oration in the Jugur thine war (c. 30) of C. Memmius, tribunus plebis, against L. Calpurnius Bestia, which Sallustius declares to be the genuine speech of Memmius; and it is, in fact, very different from those which he composed himself.

Sallustius, also, is said to have written Historiarum Libri Quinque, which were dedicated to Lucullus, a son of L. Licinius Lucullus. The work is supposed to have comprised the period from the consulship of M. Aemilius Lepidus and Q. Lutatius Catulus, B. c. 78, the year of Sulla's death, to the consulship of L. Vulcatius Tullus and M. Aemilius Lepidus, B c. 66, the year in which Cicero was praetor. If this is so, Sallust began his history where that of Sisenna on the Civil Wars of Sulla ended. This work is lost, with the exception of fragments which have been collected and arranged. The fragments contain, among other things, several orations and letters. Some fragments belonging to the third book, and relating to the war with Spartacus, have been published from a Vatican MS. in the present century. (C. Sallustü Cr. Histor. lib. iii. Fragmenta e Cod. Vat. ed, ab Angelo Maio; edit. auctior et emendatior, curante J. Th. Kreysig, Misen. 1830, 8vo.)

a

| early period. Plutarch (Lucullus, 10, 33) twice
refers to Sallustius in his history of the campaigns
A passage in the Pompeius
of Lucullus in Asia.
of Plutarch (c. 2) is apparently founded on
fragment, which is arranged in the third book.
The fragments themselves are too meagre to allow
the plan of the supposed history of Sallust to be
reconstructed, though this has been attempted
several times. But the more probable conclusion
is that he did not write one history, but wrote
several histories, all of which, except the Catilina
and Jugurtha, were arranged either by himself or
others, under the title of Histories. Gellius fre-
quently quotes the Histories of Sallustius.

Duae Epistolae de Re Publica ordinanda, which appear to be addressed to Caesar at the time when he was engaged in his Spanish campaign (B. c. 49) against Petreius and Afranius, and are attributed to Sallustius; but the opinions of critics on their authenticity are divided. The rhetorical character of them is in itself no ground for supposing that they are not by Sallustius.

The Declamatio in Sallustium, which is attributed to Cicero, is generally admitted to be the work of some rhetorician, the matter of which is the well-known hostility between the orator and the historian. The same opinion is generally maintained as to the Declamatio in Ciceronem, which is attributed to Sallustius; but Quintilianus (Inst. Or. iv. 1. 68) quotes the very words of the commencement of this declamatio; and (ix. 3, 89) the words "O Romule Arpinas." (Declam. in Cic. c. 4.)

Some of the Roman writers considered that Sallustius imitated the style of Thucydides. (Vell. Pat. ii. 36.) His language is generally concise and perspicuous: perhaps his love of brevity may have caused the ambiguity that is sometimes found in his sen

The ground for stating that the history of Sallustius began with B. c. 78, is the authority of the fragment in Donatus. (Res Populi Romani, &c). But Ausonius (Id. iv. ad Nepotem), seems to speak of some historical work which, as Le Clerc supposes, comprised a period of twelve years before the Tumultus Lepidi in B. c. 78. The commencement of such a work would coincide with B. c. 90, or the outbreak of the Social War, but the twelve years may be referred with equal probability to the period from B. c. 78 to B. c. 66. However, Sallust seems to have treated of the period of Sulla (Plutarch, Comparison of Sulla and Ly-tences. sander, c. 3); though it is possible that this was done only by way of introduction to his historical work. The opusculum of Julius Exsuperantius may, with great probability, be assumed to be an epitome from the works of Sallustius, It commences with speaking of Metellus, the proconsul, taking C. Marius with him to the Jugurthine war; and it terminates with the capture of Calagurris in Spain (Calahorra) by Pompeius, the erection of his trophies on the Pyrenees, and his return to Rome from Spain, B. C. 72. It does not, therefore, comprise the whole of the period comprehended in the historical works of Sallustius; but Exsuperantius certainly followed some work which treated of the wars of Marius and Sulla.

It is, then, a probable conjecture that Sallustius treated the following subjects in their chronological order, which may not have been the order in which they were written:- the war of Jugurtha; the period from the commencement of the Marsic war, B. c. 90, to the death of Sulla, B. c. 78; the tumults caused by the consul M. Aemilius Le pidus upon the death of Sulla; the war of Ser torius, which ended B. c. 72, the Mithridatic war, which ended B. c. 63; and the conspiracy of Catiline. It was the fashion of Sallust to choose striking periods and events, and to write in piece

meal.

Some grammarian probably arranged into the form of a history the works which comprised the period from B. c. 90 to B. c. 66, and this arrangement may have been made at a very

He also affected archaic words. Though he has considerable merit as a writer, his art is always apparent. The terms in which some critics speak of him as a writer seem to be very extravagant. Sallustius had no pretensions to great research or precision about facts; and probably the grammarian Atteius Philologus (Sueton. de Illust. Gram. 10) may have helped his indolence by collecting materials for him. His reflections have often something of the same artificial and constrained character as his expressions. One may judge that his object was to obtain distinction as a writer; that style was what he thought of more than matter. We have no means of judging how far Sallustius was superior as a writer to Sulla, L. Lucullus, and Sisenna; but he has probably the merit of being the first Roman who wrote what is usually called history. He was not above his contemporaries as a politician: he was a party man, and there are no indications of any comprehensive views, which had a whole nation for their object. He hated the nobility, as a man may do, without loving the people.

The editions of Sallustius are very numerous. The Editio Princeps was that of Rome, 1470, fol. The edition of G. Corte, Leipzig, 1724, 4to; of Haverkamp, Haag, 1742, 4to, and of F. D. Gerlach, Basel, 1823-1831, 3 vols. 4to.; and of Kritz, Leipzig, 1828-1834, 2 vols. 8vo., are the principal. An edition of the text was published by Orelli, Zürich, 1840. The translations are very nume

rous. The Italian version of Alfieri is as close

and compact as the original. There are many

ander Jannaeus, who, according to this hypothesis, married her, in obedience to the Jewish law, to raise up seed to his brother. Such a conjecture, however, is disproved by the fact, that Hyrcanus II., son of Alexander Jannaeus and Alexandra, was past 80 when he died, in B. c. 30, and therefore must have been born several years before the death of Aristobulus I. (See Joseph. Ant. xv. 6. § 3.)

English versions. The oldest is Barclay's trans-been identified with Alexandra, the wife of Alexlation of the Jugurtha. The latest are by H. Stewart, London, 1806, 2 vols. 4to. and by Arthur Murphy, London, 1807. The Index Editionum Sallustii and Index Versionum, prefixed to Frotscher's edition, show the prodigious labour that has been expended on the works of Sallustius. [G. L.] C. SALLU'STIUS CRISPUS, the grandson of the sister of the historian, was adopted by the latter, and inherited his great wealth. In imitation of Maecenas, he preferred remaining a Roman eques; and without the dignity of a senator, he possessed more influence in the state than those who had been distinguished by consulships and triumphs. Though given to luxury, and affecting to care only for his personal enjoyments, he possessed great vigour of mind, and capacity for public business. For many years he was second only to Maecenas in the confidence of Augustus, and on the fall of that favourite he became the principal adviser of the emperor. He enjoyed the same distinction at first under Tiberius, and having been privy to the murder of Agrippa Postumus, he recommended Livia, when the matter was mentioned in the senate, not to allow the imperial secrets to be discussed in that body. In A. D. 16 he was employed by Tiberius to apprehend the false Agrippa. He died in A. D. 20, at an advanced age, having lost the real confidence of the emperor some time previously, though he continued nominally to be one of his friends (Tac. Ann. i. 6, ii. 40, iii. 30; Senec. de Clem. 10). He possessed valuable copper mines in the Alpine country of the Centrones (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 2). The Sallustius, whom Horace attacked in one of his Satires (Sat. i. 2. 48), is probably the same person as the preceding; but at a later period, when the poet became acquainted with the imperial court, he addressed one of his odes to him. (Carm. ii. 2.)

SALLU'STIUS LUCULLUS, legatus of Britain under Domitian, was slain by that emperor because he had called some lances of a new shape Luculleae, after his own name. (Suet. Dom. 10.) SALMO'NEUS (Zaλuwrevs), a son of Aeolus by Enarete, and a brother of Sisyphus. (Apollod. i. 7. § 3; Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. iv. 252.) He was first married to Alcidice and afterwards to Sidero; by the former wife he was the father of Tyro. (Hom. Od. xi. 235; Apollod. i. 9. § 8; Diod. iv. 68.) He originally lived in Thessaly, but emigrated to Elis, where he built the town of Salmone. (Strab. viii. p. 356.) He there went so far in his presumption and arrogance, that he deemed himself equal to Zeus, and ordered sacrifices to be offered to himself; nay, he even imitated the thunder and lightning of Zeus, but the father of the gods killed the presumptuous man with his thunderbolt, destroyed his town, and punished him in the lower world. (Apollod. i. 9. §7; Lucian, Tim. 2; Virg. Aen. vi. 585, &c.; Hygin. Fab. 60, 61, 250; Claudian, in Rufin. 514.)

[L. S.] SALO'ME (Σαλώμη). 1. Also called Alexandra, was the wife of Aristobulus I., king of the Jews, on whose death, in B. c. 106, she released his brothers, who had been thrown by him into prison, and advanced the eldest of them (Alexander Jannaeus) to the throne (Joseph. Ant. xiii. 12. § 1, Bell, Jud. i. 4. § 1). By some she has

2. Daughter of Antipater, the Idumaean, by his wife Cypros, and sister to Herod the Great. Salome and her mother conceived the bitterest hatred against Herod's wife Mariamne, who, proud of her Asmonaean blood, had overbearingly and imprudently contrasted it with theirs; and accordingly, in B. c. 34, on the return of Herod from Laodiceia, whither he had been summoned by Antony to answer for the murder of his brother-in-law, the young Aristobulus [ARISTOBULUS, No. 3.], they accused Mariamne of adultery with Josephus (the uncle and husband of Salome), to whose care Herod had committed his wife on his departure, and who consequently fell a victim to the jealousy of the king. Nor did many years elapse before, in B. c. 29, the life of Mariamne herself also was sacrificed to the anger of Herod, instigated by the calumnious representations of Salome and Cypros [MARIAMNE, No. 1.] On the death of Josephus, Salome married Costobarus, a noble Idumaean, whom Herod had made governor of Idumaea and Gaza. Soon after his marriage, Costobarus was detected in a treasonable negotiation with Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, to whom he offered to transfer his allegiance, if she could prevail on Antony to add Idumaea to her dominions; and it was only by the entreaties of Cypros and Salome that Herod was induced to spare his life. It was not long, however, before dissensions arose between Salome and her husband, whereupon she divorced him, in defiance of the Jewish law, which gave no such power to the wife, and effected his death by representing to her brother that she had repudiated him because she had discovered that he had abused the royal clemency, and was still guilty of treasonable practices. This occurred in B. c. 26.

Against the sons of Mariamne, Alexander and Aristobulus [ARISTOBULUS, No. 4.], Salome continued to cherish the same hatred with which she had persecuted their mother to her fate; and with this feeling she also strove successfully to infect her own daughter, BERENICE, whom Aristobulus, about B. c. 16, had received in marriage from Herod. The hostility was cordially reciprocated by the princes, who, however, were no match for the arts of Salome, aided too as she was by her brother Pheroras, and her nephew Antipater, and who only played into the hands of their enemies by their indiscreet violence of language. Salome did indeed herself incur for a time the displeasure of Herod, who suspected her, with good reason, of having calumniated him to his son Alexander, as harbouring evil designs towards Glaphyra, the wife of the latter, while his anger against her was further provoked by her undisguised passion for Syllaeus, the minister of Obodas, king of the Nabathaeans, and his ambassador at the Jewish court. Again, when Herod, lending a ready ear to the calumnies against his son Alexander, had thrown him into prison, the young man retaliated with charges of treason against Pheroras and Salome,

NUS], upon the capture of Colonia Agrippina by Postumus, in A. D. 259, she must have been married before A. D. 242, that is, upwards of ten years Zonaras asserts before the elevation of Valerian. that she witnessed with her own eyes the death of her husband before the walls of Milan, in A. D. 268, á statement fully confirmed, as far as dates are concerned, by the numerals found on Alexandrian Hence it is evident that Gibbon is mismedals. taken in supposing that Pipara or Pipa, the daughter of the Suevic Attalus, had any claim to be regarded as the lawful spouse of Gallienus.

This

SA'LPION, an Athenian sculptor, of unknown date, whose name is inscribed upon a large vase of Parian marble, beautifully sculptured with figures in high relief, representing Hermes giving the infant Dionysus to the Nymphs to educate. vase was found at Cormia, on the Gulf of Gaeta, and was applied to use as a font in the cathedral of Gaeta, but was afterwards removed to the Neapolitan Museum, where it now is. (Gruter, Thes. Inser. p. lxxvii. No. 7; Spon, Miscellan. vol. ii. 1, p. 25; Mus. Borbon.; Nagler, Künstler-Lexicon, s. v.) [P.S.]

the most plausible is founded upon the supposition that, when left alone in Gaul, he was invested for the time being with the rank of Augustus, in order that he might command more respect during the absence of his father, but that the rank thus conferred being intended to serve a temporary purpose only, was extinguished by his death. Zonaras (xii. 24), when speaking of Gallienus, remarks, in passing, that his son, who was besieged by Postumus, bore the same name with his father, was regarded as heir to the empire, and was a comely and talented youth. (Trebell. Poll. Salonin. Gal- | lien.; Zosim. i. 38; Gruter, Corp. Insc. cclxxv. SA'LTIUS, SEX., conducted with L. Con5; Brequigny, in the Mémoires de l'Academie de sidius a colony to Capua, B. c. 83 (Cic. de Leg. Sciences et Belles Lettres, vol. xxxii. p. 262; Eckhel, 4gr. ii. 34). For details see CONSIDIUS, No. 3. vol. vii. p. 421.) [W.R.]

RIA

COIN OF SALONINUS.

SALONIUS. 1. P. SALONIUS, had been tribune of the soldiers, and first centurion for several alternate years, and was hated by the soldiers because he had been opposed to their mutinous projects in B. c. 342. (Liv. vii. 41.)

2. C. SALONIUS, one of the triumvirs who founded the colony at Tempsa in B. C. 194. He was appointed in B. c. 173 one of the decemvirs for dividing certain lands in Liguria and Cisalpine Gaul among the Roman citizens and the Latins. (Liv. xxxiv. 45, xlii. 4.)

3. Q. SALONIUS SARRA, praetor B. C. 192, obtained Sicily as his province. (Liv. xxxv. 10, 20.) 4. M. SALONIUS, the father of the second wife of Cato the Censor. [SALONIA.]

SALO'NIUS, bishop of Genoa about the middle of the fifth century, was the son of Eucherius, bishop of Lyons, and the pupil of Salvianus [SALVIANUS], who dedicated to him his two works, De Avaritia and De Providentia. He is supposed to have died before A. D. 475, because in the acts of the Council of Arles, held during that year, a certain Theophlastus is spoken of as presiding over the see of Genoa.

SALVIA GENS, was properly speaking no Roman gens. A few insignificant persons of this name are mentioned towards the end of the republic, but the name became of importance in the imperial period from the emperor, M. Salvius Otho, who was descended from an ancient and noble family of the town of Ferentinum in Etruria.

SALVIA TITISCENIA, a Roman female mentioned by M. Antonius in a letter to Octavian. (Suet. Aug. 69.)

SALVIA'NUS, an accomplished ecclesiastical writer of the fifth century, who, although never raised to the episcopal dignity, is styled by Gennadius, "the master of bishops." He was born somewhere in the vicinity of Trèves, a city with which he was evidently well acquainted. It is uncertain whether he was educated in the true faith, but he certainly was a Christian at the period of his marriage with Palladia, a pagan lady of Cologne, the daughter of Hypatius and Quieta; for he not only speedily convinced his wife of her errors, but after the birth of a daughter, Auspiciola, persuaded her to adopt some of the leading observances of a monastic life. Having, in consequence of this step, incurred the displeasure of his father-in-law, whom, however, after a lapse of seven years, he succeeded in appeasing, and eventually in converting, he removed to the south of France, and became a presbyter of the Church at Marseilles. Here he passed the remainder of his life, enjoying the friendship of the most distinguished among the holy men of that country, among others of Encherius, bishop of Lyons, to whose sons, Salonius and Veranus, he acted as preceptor. The period of his death is uncertain, but he was still alive when Gen

The following works by this author are still

extant:

There is still extant a work by Salonius, Ex-nadius compiled his biographies, that is, about A. D. positio Mystica in Parabolas Salomonis et Ecclesias- 490. ten, otherwise entitled In Parabolas Salomonis Dialogi II., or In Parabolas et Ecclesiasten Salomonis Dialogi, in the form of a conversation between himself and his brother, Veranus. We have also an Epistola, written in his own name, in that of his brother, and of Ceretus, addressed to Leo he Great.

The Expositio was first printed at Haguenau (Hagenoae), 4to. 1532. It will be found in the Orthodoxographa of Heroldus, Basel, 1550; in the similar collection of Grynaeus, Basel, 1569; and in the Bibliotheca Patrum Maxima, vol. viii. p. 401, fol. Lugd. 1677.

The letter to Leo is included in the editions of that pontiff's works by Quesnell, and by the brothers Ballerini, being numbered lxxvi. in the former, and lxviii. in the latter. (Schönemann, Bibl. Patrum Lat. vol. ii. § 53.) [W.R.]

I. Adversus Avaritiam Libri IV. ad Ecclesiam Catholicam, published under the name of Timotheus, about A. D. 440. It was first printed in the Antidotum contra diversas omnium fere Saeculorum Haereses of Io. Sichardus, fol. Basel, 1528, under the title Timothei Episcopi ad Eclesiam Catholicam toto Orbe diffusam et Sulviani Episcopi Massiliensis in Librum Timothei ad Salonium Episcopum praefutio.

II. De Providentia s. De Gubernatione Dei et de Justo Dei praesentique Judicio Libri. Written during the inroads by the barbarians upon the Roman empire, A. D. 451-455. It was first printed by Frobenius, Basel, fol. 1530, with the title D. Salviani Massyliensis Episcopi de vero Judicio et Providentia Dei ad S. Salonium Episco

pum Viennensem Libri VIII. cura Io. Alexandri | received from Octavian, who had even promised him the consulship, he wrote to M. Antonius, offering Brassicani Jureconsulti editi ac eruditis et cum to induce the troops in his province to desert from primis Utilibus Scholiis illustrati. To this volume is appended a tract by some unknown person, Octavian. His proposal came too late. Antonius, attributed erroneously to Salvianus: "Anticimenon who had just been reconciled to Octavian, be(i. e. ȧvtikelμévwv) Libri III. in quibus Quaes- trayed the treachery of Salvidienus. The latter was forthwith summoned to Rome on some pretiones Veteris ac Novi Testamenti de Locis in text, and on his arrival was accused by Augustus Speciem pugnantibus. in the senate, and condemned to death, B. c. 40. Livy relates that he put an end to his own life. (Appian, B. C. iv. 85, v. 20, 24, 27, 31-35, 66; Dion Cass. xlviii. 13, 18, 33; Liv. Epit. 123, 127; Vell. Pat. ii. 76; Suet. Oct. 66.)

The annexed coin was probably struck by SalIt bears on the obverse the head of vidienus. Octavianus, with C. CAESAR III. VIR. R. P. C., and on the reverse Q. SALVIVS IMP. COS, DESIG. The only difficulty in referring it to the preceding person is that he is here called Q. Salvius, while in the writers his name is always Q. Salvidienus. But, on the other hand, there is no Q. Salvius mentioned by any ancient writer to whom it can belong, while the consul designatus applies to Q. Salvidienus, as well as the time at which the coin was struck, namely, while Octavianus was triumvir. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 299.)