30. KESRA, said to be a royal prince, put to death.

31. FEROKHZAD, said to be a son of Khosrew Purwiz, put to death.

32. YESDIJIRD or JESDIGERD III., the last king, and said to be a grandson of Chosroes, reigned from A. D. 632 till 651. Having declined to adopt the Mohammedan religion, as he was summoned to do by the khalif Abu-Bekr, his kingdom was invaded by the Arabic general Kaleb. In the battle of Cadesia (636), and other engagements, the Persians were worsted; their fortified towns and royal cities were taken one after the other; and, in 651, Jesdigerd was an abandoned fugitive in the tract watered by the Oxus and the Jaxartes, whence he solicited and, perhaps, obtained the assistance of Tait-Song, emperor of China. He was thus enabled to raise an army of Turks, with whom he marched against the Arabs; but he was betrayed by his allies, by whom he was cut to pieces on his flight from them to the north. He left a son, Firuz, or Peroses, who entered the service of the Chinese emperor; and his son, the last of the Sassanidae, was raised by the same to the rank of a vassal king of Bokhara. A daughter of Jesdigerd married Hassan, the son of Ali; and another married Mohammed, the son of Abu-Bekr; important events for the later history of Persia, which was henceforth a Mohammedan country.

We observe here that the Persian historians are respectable sources for the history of the Sassanidae, and that their chronology differs but little from that of the Western writers.

(The Greek and Roman writers, who speak of the Sassanidae, are referred to in the lives of the contemporary emperors; comp. Malcom, History of Persia, vol. i.; Richter, Hist. kritischer Versuch über die Arsaciden und Sassaniden-Dynastie, Leipzig, 1804.) [W. P.]

SA'SSIA, the mother of the younger Cluentius, married after the death of her husband her own son-in-law, A. Aurius Melinus, and subsequently Oppianicus. Cicero describes her as a monster of guilt. (Cic. pro Cluent. 5, 9, 62, 63, 70.) [CLUENTIUS.]

SATACES or SATHACES. [SABACES.] SATASPES (Σaτάσпns), a Persian and an Achaemenid, son of Teaspes. Having offered violence to a daughter of Zopyrus, the son of Megabyzus, he was condemned by Xerxes to be impaled; but at the request of his mother, the king's aunt, this punishment was remitted on condition of his effecting the circumnavigation of Africa. He set sail accordingly from Egypt, passed through the Straits of Gibraltar, and continued his voyage towards the south for a considerable distance, but at length turned back again, being discouraged apparently by adverse winds and currents. Xerxes, however, did not accept his excuses, and inflicted on him the penalty to which he had been originally sentenced. (Herod. iv. 43.) [E. E.] SATIBARZANES (Σατιβαρζάνης), a Persian, was satrap of Aria under Dareius III. In B. C. 330, Alexander the Great, marching through the borders of Aria on his way from Hyrcania against the Parthians, was met at a city named Susia by Satibarzanes, who made submission to him, and was rewarded for it by the restoration of his satrapy. Alexander also, in order to prevent the commission of any hostilities against the Arians by the Macedonian troops which were following from

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the west, left behind with Satibarzanes forty horse-dartmen, under the command of Anaxippus. These, however, together with their commander, were soon after murdered by the satrap, who excited the Arians to rebellion, and gathered his forces together at the city of Aretoana. Hence, on the approach of Alexander, he fled to join the traitor Bessus; and the city, after a short siege, was captured by the Macedonians. Towards the end of the same year (B. c. 330), Alexander, hearing that Satibarzanes had again entered Aria with 2000 horse, supplied by Bessus, and had excited the Arians to another revolt, sent a force against him under Artabazus, Erigyius, and Caranus, according to Arrian. In a battle which ensued, and of which the issue was yet doubtful, Satibarzanes came forward and defied any one of the enemy's generals to single combat. The challenge was accepted by Erigyius, and Satibarzanes was slain. (Arr. Anab. iii. 25, 28; Diod. xvii. 78, 81, 83; Curt. vi. 6, vii. 3, 4.) [E. E.]

P. SATRIENUS, a name which occurs only on coins, probably derived from Satrius, like Nasidienus from Nasidius, &c. It is disputed whether the head on the obverse of the annexed coin is that of Pallas or of Mars: the features are in favour of its being Pallas, but the she-wolf on the reverse points rather to Mars. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 300.)

ROMA

COIN OF P. SATRIENUS.

SA'TRIUS. 1. M. SATRIUS, the son of the sister of L. Minucius Basilus, was adopted by the latter, whose name he assumed (Cic. de Off. iii. 18). He is spoken of under BASILIUS, No. 5.

2. A. CANINIUS SATRIUS, is mentioned by Cicero in B. c. 65 (ad Att. i. 1. § 3).

3. SATRIUS, a legate of Trebonius, B. c. 43. (Pseudo-Brut. ad Cic. i. 6.)

SATRIUS RUFUS. [RUFUS.] SA'TRIUS SECUNDUS. [SECUNDUS.] SATURE'IUS (Zarupnïos), an artist, whose portrait of Arsinoë in glass is highly praised by Diodorus, in an epigram in the Greek Anthology. (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 185, No. 3; Anth. Pal. ix. 776, vol. ii. p. 261, ed. Jacobs). The artist's age is determined by the subject; but there is a difficulty respecting the form of his work. It has been commonly supposed that it was in relief, like the Portland vase, and this is the interpretation given in the lemma prefixed to the epigram in the Palatine Codex, εἰς κρύσταλλον γεγλυμμένον, but the use of the word γράψας (not γλύψας) in the epigram itself, and the comparison of the work to one of Zeuxis, for colour and grace, would seem to show that it was nothing but a painting on glass. (Jacobs, Animadv. in Anth. Graec. vol. ii. pt. 2. p. 78.) Some writers on art mention the name under the form Satyrius. (Winckelmann, Gesch. d. Kunst, b. x. c. 2. § 24.) [P.S.]

P. SATU'RIUS, is mentioned by Cicero in terms of great respect as one of the judices in

the case of Cluentius (pro Cluentio, 38, 65). He pleaded for Chaerea against Cicero's client, Q. Roscius, the comic actor (pro Rosc. Com. 1, 6, 8).

SATU'RNIA, that is, a daughter of Saturnus, and accordingly used as a surname of Juno and Vesta. (Virg. Aen. i. 23, xii. 156; Ov. Fast. i. 265, vi. 383.) [L. S.] SATURNINUS, artists. 1. One of the great gem-engravers of the age of Augustus. There is a beautiful cameo by him, engraved with the portrait of the younger Antonia, the wife of Drusus, and inscribed with the word CATOPNEINOT, in very fine characters. The gem formerly belonged to the Arcieri family at Rome, and afterwards to the late queen of Naples, Caroline Murat. (R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 153, 2d ed.).

2. Among the artists of the age of the Antonines, Müller mentions, on the authority of Appuleius (de Magia, p. 66, ed. Bipont.), a skilful wood-carver, named Saturninus, of Oea, in Africa. (Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, § 204, n. 5.)

3. P. Lucretius, a silver-chaser, only known by a Roman inscription. (Doni, Inscript. p. 319, No. 12; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 401, 2d ed.)

[P.S.] SATURNINUS I., one of the thirty tyrants enumerated by Trebellius Pollio [see AUREOLUS], by whom we are told that he was the best of all the generals of his day, and much beloved by Valerian, that disgusted by the debauchery of Gallienus, he accepted from the soldiers the title of emperor, and that, after having displayed much energy during the period of his sway, he was put to death by the troops, who could not endure the sternness of his discipline. Not one word, however, is said of the country in which these events took place. (Trebell. Poll. Trig. Tyr. 22.) [W. R.]

SATURNINUS II., a native of Gaul, whose biography has been written by Vopiscus, distinguished himself so highly by military achievements in his native country, in Spain and Africa, that he was regarded as one of the most able officers in the empire, and was appointed by Aurelian commander of the Eastern frontier, with express orders that he should never visit Egypt, for it was feared that the presence of an active and ambitious Gaul among a population notorious for turbulence and violence might lead to disorder or insurrection. The far-seeing sagacity of this injunction was fully proved, for when, at a later period, during the reign of Probus, Saturninus entered Alexandria, the crowd at once saluted him as Augustus. Flying from such a dangerous compliment, he returned to Syria; but concluding, upon reflection, that his safety was already compromised, with great reluctance he permitted himself to be invested with a purple robe stripped from a statue of Venus, and in that attire, surrounded by his troops, received the adoration of the crowd. He was eventually slain by the soldiers of Probus, although the emperor would willingly have spared his life. (Vopiscus, Saturn.) [W. R.] SATURNINUS III. A medal in third brass has been described by Banduri, which, if genuine, cannot, according to the most skilful numismatologists, be ascribed to an epoch earlier than the age of the sons of Constantine, and must therefore commemorate the usurpation of some pretender with

regard to whom history is altogether silent. The piece in question exhibits on the obverse a rayed head with the words IMP. CAE. SATVRNINVS AV.; on the reverse a soldier stabbing an enemy who has fallen from his horse, with FEL. TEM. REPARATIO, a legend which appears for the first time on the coins of Constans and Constantius. (Eckhel, vol. viii. pp. 111-113.) [W. R.]

SATURNINUS, AELIUS, composed some poems disrespectful to the emperor Tiberius, and was in consequence condemned by the senate, and hurled down from the Capitol. (Dion Cass. Ivii. 22.)

SATURNINUS, AEMILIUS, praefectus praetorio under Septimius Severus, was slain by Plautianus, the all-powerful favourite of the emperor. (Dion Cass. lxxv. 14.)

SATURNINUS, AʼNNIUS, mentioned in a letter of Cicero (ad Att. v. 1. § 2).

SATURNINUS, L. ANTONIUS, governor of Upper Germany in the reign of Domitian, raised a rebellion against that emperor from motives of personal hatred, A. D. 91. A sudden inundation of the Rhine prevented Saturninus from receiving the assistance of the barbarians which had been promised him, and he was in consequence conquered without difficulty by L. Appius Maximus, the general of Domitian. Maximus burnt all the letters of Antonius, that others might not be implicated in the revolt; but Domitian did not imitate the magnanimity of his general, for he seized the pretext to put various persons to death along with Saturninus, and sent their heads to be exposed on the Rostra at Rome. It is related that the victory over Antonius was announced at Rome on the same day on which it was fought. As to the variations in the name of L. Appius Maximus in the different writers see MAXIMUS, p. 986, b. (Dion Cass. lxvii. 11; Suet. Dom. 6, 7; Aurel. Vict. Epit. 11; Mart. iv. 11, ix. 85; Plut. Aemil. Paul. 25.)

SATURNINUS, APO'NIUS, the governor of Moesia at the death of Nero, repulsed the Sarmatians, who had invaded the province, and was in consequence rewarded by a triumphal statue at the commencement of Otho's reign. In the struggle between Vitellius and Vespasian for the empire, he first espoused the cause of the former, but afterwards declared himself in favour of the latter, and crossed the Alps to join Antonius Primus in northern Italy. But Primus, who was anxious to obtain the supreme command, excited a mutiny of the soldiers against Saturninus, and compelled him to fly from the camp. Tacitus calls him a consular, which we might infer from his being Legatus of Moesia, but his name does not occur in the Fasti. (Tac. Hist. i. 79, ii. 85, 96, iii. 5, 9, 11.)

SATURNINUS, APPULEIUS. 1. C. APPULEIUS SATURNINUS, was one of the commissioners sent by the senate in B. c. 168 to inquire into and settle the disputes between the Pisani and Lunenses. (Liv. xlv. 13.)

2. APPULEIUS SATURNINUS, praetor B. c. 166, is probably the same person as the L. Appuleius who was appointed in B. C. 173 one of the commissioners for dividing certain lands in Liguria and Gaul among the citizens and Latins. (Liv. xlv. 44, comp. xlii. 4.)

3. L. APPULEIUS SATURNINUS, the celebrated

demagogue, was probably a grandson of the preceding. He possessed considerable powers of oratory, but was of a loose and dissolute character; and he might probably have passed through life much like most other Roman nobles, had he not received an insult from the senate at the commencement of his public career, which rankled in his breast and made him a furious opponent of the aristocratical party. In his quaestorship, B. c. 104, he was stationed at Ostia, and as Rome was suffering at that time from a scarcity of corn, and the senate thought that Saturninus did not make sufficient exertions to supply the city, they superseded him and entrusted the provisioning of the capital to M. Scaurus (Diod. Exc. xxxvi. p. 608, ed. Wess.; Cic. pro Sext. 17, de Harusp. Resp. 20). Saturninus forth with threw himself into the foremost ranks of the democratical party, and entered into a close alliance with Marius and his friends. He soon acquired great popularity, and was elected tribune of the plebs for the year B. C. 102. We have scarcely any accounts of his conduct in his first tribunate; but he did enough to earn the hatred of the aristocracy, and accordingly Metellus Numidicus, who was at that time censor, endeavoured to expel him from the senate on the ground of immorality, but was prevented from carrying his purpose into execution by the opposition of his colleague. Saturninus vowed vengeance against Metellus, which he was soon able to gratify by the assistance of Marius, who was also a personal enemy of Metellus. He resolved to become a candidate for the tribunate for the year B. c. 100. At the same time Glaucia, who next to Saturninus was the greatest demagogue of the day, offered himself as a candidate for the praetorship, and Marius for the consulship. If they all three carried their elections, the power of the state, they thought, would be in their hands; they might easily ruin Metellus, and crush the aristocracy. But in the midst of these projects Saturninus was nearly ruined by a skilful movement of his enemies. In the course of B. c. 101, and before the comitia for the election of the magistrates for the ensuing year were held, the ambassadors of Mithridates appeared at Rome, bringing with them large sums of money for the purpose of bribing the leading senators. As soon as this became known to Saturninus, he not only attacked the senators with the utmost vehemence, but heaped the greatest insults upon the ambassadors. Upon the latter complaining of this violation of the law of nations, the senate eagerly availed themselves of the opportunity, and brought Saturninus to trial for the offence he had committed. As the judices at that time consisted exclusively of senators, his condemnation appeared certain. Saturninus in the utmost alarm put on the dress of a suppliant, and endeavoured by his appearance, as well as by his words, to excite the commiseration of the people. In this he completely succeeded; the people regarded him as a martyr to their cause, and on the day of his trial assembled in such crowds around the court, that the judices were overawed, and contrary to general expectation pronounced a verdict of acquittal (Diod. Exc. p. 631, ed. Wess). In the comitia which soon followed, Marius was elected consul and Glaucia praetor, but Saturninus was not equally successful. He lost his election chiefly through the exertions of A. Nonius, who distinguished himself by his ve

hement attacks upon Glaucia and Saturninus, and was chosen in his stead. But Nonius paid dearly for his honour, for in the same evening he was murdered by the emissaries of Glaucia and Saturninus; and early the following morning before the forum was full, Saturninus was chosen to fill up the vacancy. As soon as he had entered upon his tribunate (B. c. 100), he brought forward an agrarian law for dividing the lands in Gaul, which had been lately occupied by the Cimbri, and added to the law a clause, that, if it was enacted by the people, the senate should swear obedience to it within five days, and that whoever refused to do so should be expelled from the senate, and pay a fine of twenty talents. This clause was specially aimed at Metellus, who, it was well known, would refuse to obey the requisition. But in order to make sure of a refusal on the part of Metellus, Marius rose in the senate and declared that he would never take the oath, and Metellus made the same declaration; but when the law had been passed, and Saturninus summoned the senators to the rostra to comply with the demands of the law, Marius, to the astonishment of all, immediately took the oath, and advised the senate to follow his example. Metellus alone refused compliance; and on the following day Saturninus sent his viator to drag the ex-censor out of the senate-house. Not content with his victory, he brought forward a bill to punish him with exile. The friends of Metellus were ready to take up arms in his defence; but Metellus declined their assistance, and withdrew privately from the city. Saturninus brought forward other popular measures, of which our information is very scanty. He proposed a Lex Frumentaria, by which the state was to sell corn to the people at 5-6ths of an as for the modius (Auctor, ad Herenn. i. 12), and also a law for founding new colonies in Sicily, Achaia, and Macedonia (Aurel. Vict. de Vir. Ill. 73; comp. Cic. pro Balb. 21). In the comitia for the election of the magistrates for the following year, Saturninus obtained the tribunate for the third time, and along with him there was chosen a certain Equitius, a runaway slave, who pretended to be a son of Tib. Gracchus. Glaucia was at the same time a candidate for the consulship; the two other candidates were M. Antonius and C. Memmius. The election of Antonius was certain, and the struggle lay between Glaucia and Memmius. As the latter seemed likely to carry his election, Saturninus and Glaucia hired some ruffians who murdered him openly in the comitia. All sensible people had previously become alarmed at the mad conduct of Saturninus and his associates; and this last act produced a complete reaction against him. The senate felt themselves now sufficiently strong to declare them public enemies, and ordered the consuls to put them down by force. Marius was unwilling to act against his associates, but he had no alternative, and his backwardness was compensated by the zeal of others. Driven out of the forum, Saturninus, Glaucia, and the quaestor Saufeius took refuge in the Capitol, but the partisans of the senate cut off the pipes which supplied the Capitol with water, before Marius began to move against them. Unable to hold out any longer, they surrendered to Marius. The latter did all he could to save their lives: as soon as they descended from the Capitol, he placed them for security in the Curia Hostilia, but the mob pulled off the tiles of the senate-house, and pelted them with the tiles