into a fire which was already lighted for a sacrifice, | and held it there without flinching. The king, who was amazed at his firmness, ordered him to be removed from the altar, and bade him go away, free and uninjured. To make some return to the king for his generous behaviour, Mucius told him that there were three hundred of the first youths of Rome who had agreed with one another to kill the king, that the lot fell on him to make the first attempt, and that the rest would do the same when their turn came. Mucius received the name of Scaevola, or lefthanded, from the circumstance of the loss of his right hand. Porsenna being alarmed for his life, which he could not secure against so many desperate men, made proposals of peace to the Romans, and evacuated the territory. The patricians or the senate, for it is impossible to say which hody Livy means (ii. 13, comp. ii. 12), gave Mucius a tract of land beyond the Tiber, which was thenceforward called Mucia Prata. Such is the substance of Livy's story. Dionysius tells it with tedious prolixity, as usual; but he omits all mention of the king's threat to burn Mucius, and of Mucius burning his right hand. (See Niebuhr's Remarks on the story of C. Mucius Scaevola, Lectures, "Earliest Times to the First Punic War," 1848; and Niebuhr, Roman Hist. vol. i., "The War with Porsenna." The Mucius of this story is called a patrician; and the Mucii of the historical period were plebeians. This is urged as an objection to assuming the descent of the historical Mucii from the Mucius of B. c. 509. But independent of this minor difficulty, we do not concern ourselves about the descent of the illustrious Mucii of the later Republie from the half-fabulous man with the left hand who assisted at its birth. According to Varro (de Ling. Lat. vi. 5) the surname of the Mucii (scaevola) signified an amulet. The word scaevola is a diminutive. (See Facciol. Lex. s. v. Scaeva.) The following appear to be the only Mucii of whom any thing worth knowing is recorded. 2. Q. MUCIUS SCAEVOLA, the son of Publius, was praetor in B. c. 215, in the consulship of C. Postumius Albinus III. and T. Sempronius Gracchus he had Sardinia for his province (Liv. xxiii. 24, 30), where he fell sick (c. 34, 40). His command in Sardinia was prolonged for the two following years (Liv. xxiv. 9, 44), and again for another year (Liv. xxv. 3): nothing is recorded of his operations. This appears to be the Mucius who is mentioned by Pomponius (Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 2. § 37), if Mucius is the right reading there (comp. Liv. xxi. 18; Gellius, x. 27; Florus, ii. 6). | Quintus was decemvir sacrorum, and died in B. C. 209. (Liv. xxvii. 8.) consul in B. c. 175, with Aemilius Lepidus II. Publius had the Ligures for his province (Liv. xli. 19). He fought a battle with some tribes which had ravaged Luna and Pisae, gained a victory, and was honoured with a triumph, which is recorded in a fragment of the Capitoline marbles, where he is named [P. Mu] Q. F. P. N. (Clinton, Fusti, B. C. 175.) en 5. P. MUCIUS SCAEVOLA, was probably the son of P. Mucius Scaevola [No. 3]. Publius Mucius, Manilius, and Brutus, are called by Pomponius (Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 2. § 9) the founders of the Jus Civile. Publius was tribunus plebis, B. c. 141, in which year he brought L. Hostilius Tubulus to trial for mal-administration as praetor (Rein, Criminalrecht der Römer, p. 602): he was praetor urbanus in B. c. 136. In B. c. 133, Publius was consul with L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, the year in which Tib. Gracchus lost his life. In B. C. 131, he succeeded his brother Mucianus [MUCIANUS] as Pontifex Maximus. Plutarch (Tib. Gracchus, c. 9) says, that Tib. Gracchus consulted P. Scaevola about the provisions of his Agrarian Law, When Tiberius was a candidate for a second tri buneship, and the opposite faction had resolved to put him down, Scipio Nasica in the senate treated the consul (Mucius) to protect the state, and put down the tyrant. The consul, however, answered mildly, that he would not be the first to use violence, and that he would not take any citizen's life without a regular trial: if, however, he said, the people should come to an illegal vote at the instigation of Tiberius, or from compulsion, he would not respect any such decision." The colleague of Mucius was absent in Sicily, where he was conducting the war against the slaves. After the death of Tib. Gracchus, Scaevola is said to have approved of the conduct of Scipio Nasica, who was the chief mover in the affray in which Tiberius lost his life (Cic. pro Cn. Plancio, c. 36); and even to have declared his approbation by moving or drawing up various Senatusconsulta (Cic. pro Dom. c. 34). Scaevola must have lived till after the death of C. Gracchus, B. c. 121, for he gave his opinion that as the res dotales of Licinia, the wife of C. Gracchus, had been lost in the disturbance caused by her husband, they ought to be made good to her. (Dig. 24. tit. 3. s. 66.) Cicero (de Or. ii. 12) states that from the earliest period of Roman history to the time of P. Mucius Pontifex Maximus, it was the custom for the Pontifex Maximus to put in writing on a tablet all the events of each year, and to expose it at his house for public inspection: these, he says, are now called the Annales Maximi. Mucius was distinguished for his knowledge of the Jus Pontifi cium; and he was also famed for his skill in playing at ball, as well as at the game called Duodecim Scripta. (Cic. de Or. i. 50; see Scriptum, Facciolati, Lex.) The passage of Cicero shows that Valerius Maximus (viii. 8, 2) means P. Mucius 3. Q. MUCIUS SCAEVOLA, probably the son of No. 2, was praetor in B. c. 179, and had Sicily for his province (Liv. xl. 44). He was consul in B. C. 174, with Sp. Postumius Albinus for his col-Scaevola, the Pontifex Maximus, when he is league. Scaevola accompanied the consul P. Licinius Crassus, as tribunus militum, in B. c. 171, when the consul went against Perseus, king of Macedonia. Liv. xlii. 49, and 67.) 4. P. MUCIUS SCAEVOLA, the son of Quintus, was elected a praetor, with his brother Quintus, B. C. 179. (Liv. xl. 44). Publius had the urbana provincia, and the quaestio de veneficiis in the city, and within ten miles of the city. He was speaking of the relaxations of Scaevola from his severe labours. Quintilian (Inst. Or. xi. 2) in speaking of the same thing, gives an anecdote of the strong memory of Scaevola. He expressed (Cic. Brut. c. 28) himself well but rather diffusely. His fame as a lawyer is recorded by Cicero in several passages (de Or. i. 56); and Cicero twice quotes his words (Top. c. 4, 6). The latter of the two passages in the Topica contains Scaevola's definition of Gentilis According to Pomponius he wrote ten books (libelli) on some legal subject. There is no excerpt from the writings of Scaevola in the Digest, but he is cited several times by the jurists whose works were used for that compilation (Dig. 24. tit. 3. s. 66; 50. tit. 7. s. 17; and 49. tit. 15. s. 4.) It is conjectured that the Scaevola mentioned in the Digest (47. tit. 4. s. 1. §15) is this Publius, because Cicero (ad Fam. vii. 22) cites his name in connection with the same question that is put in the Digest; but this is only conjecture. Most of the ancient authorities that relate to Scaevola are cited by Zimmern, Geschichte des Röm. Privatrechts, vol. i. p. 277. As to P. Licinius Crassus Mucianus, the brother of P. Mucius Scaevola, see MUCIANUS. Q. Mocius Scaevola, the pontifex maximus (Valer. Max. viii. 8; Cic. de Orat. 1. 7); whence it appears that the Q. Mucius who is one of the speakers in the treatise de Oratore, is not the pontifex and the colleague of Crassus, but the Augur, the father-in-law of Crassus. He is also one of the speakers in the Laelius sive de Amicitia (c. 1), and in the de Republica (i. 12). 7. Q. MUCIUS SCAEVOLA, was the son of Publius, consul, B. c. 133, and pontifex maximus (Cic. Off. i. 32, iii. 15), and an example whom Cicero quotes, of a son who aimed at excellence in that which had given his father distinction. He was tribunus plebis in B. c. 106, the year in which Cicero was born, aedilis curulis in B. c. 104, and consul in B. c. 95, with L. Licinius Crassus, the orator, as his colleague. In their consulate was enacted the Lex Mucia Licinia de Civitate (Cic. Off. iii. 11), a measure which appears to have contributed to bring on the Marsic or Social War. After his consulship Scaevola was the governor (proconsul) of the province Asia, in which capacity he gained the esteem of the people who were under his government; and, to show their gratitude, the Greeks of Asia instituted a festival day (dies Mucia) to commemorate the virtues of their governor (comp. Valer. Max. viii. 15). Subsequently he was made pontifex maximus, by which title he is often distinguished from Quintus Mucius the Augur. He lost his life in the consulship of C. Marius the younger and Cn. Papirius Carbo (B. C. His body was 6. Q. MUCIUS SCAEVOLA, called the AUGUR, was the son of Q. Mucius SCAEVOLA, consul B. C. 174. He married the daughter of C. Laelius, the friend of Scipio Africanus the younger (Cic. Lael. 8, Brut. c. 26). He was tribunus plebis B. c. 128, plebeian aedile B. c. 125. and as praetor was governor of the province of Asia in B. c. 121, the year in which C. Gracchus lost his life. He was prosecuted after his return from his province for the offence of Repetundae, in B. c. 120, by T. Albucius, probably on mere personal grounds; but he was acquitted (Cic. de Fin. i. 3, Brutus, 26, 35, de Or. i. 17, ii. 70). Scaevola was consul B. c. 117, with L. Caecilius Metellus. It appears from the Laelius of Cicero (c. 1), that he lived at least to the tri-82), having been proscribed by the Marian party, bunate of P. Sulpicius Rufus, B. c. 88. Cicero, who was born B. C. 106, informs us, that after he had put on the toga virilis, his father took him to Scaevola, who was then an old man, and that he kept as close to him as he could, in order to profit by his remarks (Lael. c. 1). It does not appear how long the Augur survived B. c. 88, the year in which the quarrel of Marius and Sulla began. After his death Cicero became a hearer of Q. Mucius Scaevola, the pontifex. The Augur was distinguished for his knowledge of the law, and his activity was continued to the latest period of his life. Cicero (Philipp. viii. 10) says, that during the Marsic war (B. c. 90), though he was a very old man, and in bad health, he was ready to give his opinion to those who wished to hear it as soon it was light, and during that time no one ever saw him in bed, and he was the first man to come to the curia. Valerius Maximus (iii. 8) records, that when L. Cornelius Sulla, after driving Marius out of the city (B. C. 88), proposed that the senate should declare him an enemy, Scaevola affirmed that he would never consent to declare him an enemy who had saved Rome. Probably all the following passages in Valerius Maximus (iv. 1. § 11, iv. 5. § 4, viii. 12. §1) may refer to this Scaevola, but Valerius has not always distinguished the two pontifices and the Augur. The Augur showed his modesty, his good sense, and his confidence in his own knowledge, by not hesitating to refer his clients to others who knew certain branches of law better than himself (Val. Max. viii. 12. § 1). That this passage of Valerius refers to the Augur, is proved by the passage of Cicero (Pro Balbo. c. 20), which may have been the authority of Valerius. No writings of the Augur are recorded, nor is he mentioned by Pomponius. (Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 2.) Mucia, the Augur's daughter, married L. Licinius Crassus, the orator, who was consul B. c. 95, with from which we may conclude that he was of the The virtues of Scaevola are recorded by Cicero, who, after the death of the Augur, became an attendant (auditor) of the pontifex. His political opinions probably attached him to the party of the nobiles, but he was a man of moderation, and averse to all violence. The purity of his moral character, his exalted notions of equity and fair dealing (Cic. Off. iii. 15, gives a rare instance), his abilities as an administrator, an orator, and a jurist place him among the first of the illustrious men of all ages and countries. He was, says Cicero (de Or. i. 39), the most eloquent of jurists, and the most learned jurist among orators. cording to Cicero's expression (Brutus, 89), he did not offer himself as an instructor to any one, yet by allowing persons to be present when he gave his Responsa, he did in fact instruct those who made it their business to attend him (consulentibus respondendo studiosos audiendi docebat). Cicero mentions an important case (causa curiana), Ac in which Scaevola was opposed to L. Licinius! Crassus, his former colleague (de Or. i. 39, Brutus, 39, 52; CRASSUS, No. 23). Q. Scaevola the pontifex is the first Roman to whom we can attribute a scientific and systematic handling of the Jus Civile, which he accomplished in a work in eighteen books (Jus civile primus constituit generatim in libros decem et octo redigendo; Pomponius). This work had doubtless a great effect both on his contemporaries and on the writings of subsequent jurists, who frequently cited it, and probably followed it as a model. Another work of his is also mentioned by Pomponius, Liber Singularis, repl öpwv, a work on Definitions, or perhaps rather, short rules of law, from which there are four excerpts in the Digest (Dig. 41. tit. 1. s. 64; 43. tit. 20. s. 8; 50. tit. 16. s. 241; and tit. 17. s. 73). This is the oldest work from which there are any excerpts in the Digest, and even these may have been taken at second-hand. The work on the Jus Civile was commented on by Servius Sulpicius, Laelius Felix (Gell. xv. 27), Pomponius, and Modestinus. The chief hearer (auditor) of Scaevola was C. Aquilius Gallus, the colleague of Cicero in the praetorship (B. c. 64). Cicero himself, a diligent attendant on Scaevola, was not, and did not profess to be a jurist. As pontifex maximus Scaevola must also have been skilled in the Jus Pontificium, and Cicero refers to him as his authority on these matters (de Leg. ii. 20). The Cautio Muciana, which is mentioned in the Digest, was devised by this Scaevola. It was a cautio, or security, originally applied to the case of certain conditional legacies; but afterwards to cases when a heres was instituted sub conditione. (Dig. 35. tit. 1. s. 7, 77, 79, &c.) Scaevola is one of those illustrious men whose fame is not preserved by his writings, but in the more enduring monument of the memory of all nations to whom the language of Rome is known. [G. L.] SCAE'VOLA, P. SEPTIMIUS, a Roman senator, condemned in the praetorship of Hortensius, B. C. 72, on a charge of repetundae, but in reality because he had been one of the judices who were bribed by Cluentius, in B.C. 74, to condemn Oppianicus. (Cic. Verr. Act. i. 13, pro Cluent. 41.) SCAEUS (kaos), one of the sons of Hippocoon. (Paus. iii. 14. § 7; Herod. v. 60; Apollod. iii. 10. § 5; comp. HIPPOCOON.) [L. S.] SCAMANDER (Zκáμavôpos), the god of the river Scamander, in Troas, was called by the gods Xanthus. Being insulted by Achilles, he entered into a contest with the Greek hero; but Hera sent out Hephaestus to assist Achilles, and the god of fire dried up the waters of Scamander, and frightened Scamander, until Hera ordered Hephaestus to spare the river-god. (Hom. Il. xx. 74, xxi. 136, &c.; Hes. Theog. 345.) [L. S.] SCAMANDER, the freedman of C. Fabricius, was accused, in B. c. 74, of having attempted to administer poison to Cluentius. He was defended by Cicero in a speech which is lost, but was condemned. (Cic. pro Cluent. 16-20.) SCAMA'NDRIUS (Zкαμάvôрios). 1. The son of Hector and Andromache, whom the people of Troy called Astyanax, because his father was the protector of the city of Troy. (Hom. Il. vi. 402; Plat. Cratyl. p. 392; Strab. xiii. p. 607.) 2. A Trojan, a son of Strophius. (Hom. I. v. 49.) [L. S.] SCAMON (άuwv), of Mytilene, wrote a work on inventions (Пepì Evρnuáτwv), of which the first book is quotod by Athenaeus (xiv. pp. 630, b, 637, b; see also Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 132; Euseb. Praep. Ev. x. 7; Vossius, de Hist. Graec. p. 495, ed. Westermann). P. SCANDI LIUS, a Roman eques, oppressed by Verres at Syracuse. (Cic. Verr. iii. 58—61.) SCA'NTIA. 1. A woman whom Clodius threatened with death, unless she surrendered her gardens to him. (Cic. pro Mil. 27.) 2. A Vestal Virgin, in the reign of Tiberius. (Tac. Ann. iv. 16.) SCANTILLA, MA'NLIA, the wife of the emperor Didius Julianus. She received and enjoyed the title of Augusta during the brief period of her husband's elevation. [JULIANUS.] [W. R.] COIN OF SCANTILLA. SCANTI'NIUS. 1. C. SCANTINIUS CAPITOLINUS, aedile about B. c. 226, was accused by M. Claudius Marcellus, his colleague in the aedileship, of having made infamous proposals to his son Marcus, and was condemned to the payment of a heavy fine. This is the account of Plutarch, which seems preferable to that of Valerius Maximus, who makes Scantinius tribune of the people at the time of his condemnation. (Plut. Marc. 2; Val. Max. vi. 1. § 7.) 2. P. SCANTINIUS, a pontifex, who died in B. C. 216. (Liv. xxiii. 21.) 3. SCANTINIUS, a tribune, but in what year is unknown, proposed a law to suppress unnatural crimes. Some persons suppose that this law derived its name from Scantinius Capitolinus spoken of above [No. 1]; but such a way of naming a lex would be contrary to Roman usage, though it is a curious coincidence that the person condemned on account of this crime should bear the same name as the lex. It was under this lex that M. Caelius Rufus brought an accusation against App. Claudius the censor (Cael. ad Fam. viii. 12, 14). This lex is mentioned by other writers. (Juv. ii. 44; Suet. Dom. 8; Auson. Epigr. 88; Tertullian. de Monogam. 12.) SCA'NTIUS, a learned man cited by Varro in one of his lost works. (Varr. Fragm. p. 275, ed. Bip.) SCA'PTIUS. 1. P. SCAPTIUS. It is related that the inhabitants of Aricia and Ardea having a dispute about certain land, made the Roman people the arbiters; and that the latter, upon the testimony and advice of P. Scaptius, adjudged that the land belonged to neither of these people, but to themselves, B c. 466 (Liv. iii. 71, 72; Dionys. xi. 52). But as the district in question lay in the region of the Scaptian tribe, Niebuhr observes that it is very doubtful whether such a person as Scaptius ever existed. He also makes some other remarks upon the tale which are worth reading (Hist. of Rome, vol. ii. p. 449, note 985.) SCARPUS, L. PINA'RIUS, was placed by Antonius over Cyrene and the neighbouring country with four legions, shortly before the battle of Actium. After the loss of this battle, Antonius sailed to Libya; but Scarpus, who saw that the affairs of his former patron were desperate, refused to receive him, put to death the messengers he had sent to him, and handed over his troops to Cornelius Gallus, the lieutenant of Augustus (Dion Cass. li. 5, 9; comp. Plut. Ant. 69; Oros. vi. 19). There are several coins of this Scarpus extant, some of them bearing the name of Antonius, and others that of Caesar (Octavianus). From the latter circumstance we may infer that he was re 2. P. SCAPTIUS, a Roman citizen, who carried on the trade of a negotiator, or money-lender, in the province of Cilicia. The town of Salamis in Cyprus owed him a sum of money; and in order to obtain from the Salaminians what was due to him, as well as the usurious interest which he chose to charge, App. Claudius, the predecessor of Cicero in the government of Cilicia, had made Scaptius praefectus in the town, and had also placed some troops of cavalry at his disposal, for the When Cicero purpose of enforcing his claims. succeeded Claudius in the province, M. Brutus, who was a friend of Scaptius, warmly recommended his interests to Cicero ; but the latter very properly declined to be a party to such infamous proceed-appointed by Octavianus to the command of Libya, ings, recalled the cavalry from Cyprus, and refused the praefecture to Scaptius, on the ground that such an appointment ought not to be given to any negotiator. Scaptius is mentioned at a subsequent period in Cicero's correspondence. (Cic. ad Att. v. 21, vi. 1-3, xv. 13, Pseudo-Cic. ad Brut. i. 18.) P. SCA PULA, a usurer, to whom C. Quintius owed money, B. C. 81. (Cic. pro Quint. 4.) SCA PULA, OSTO RIUS. 1. P. SCAPULA OSTORIUS, Succeeded A. Plautius as governor of Britain, about A. D. 50, with the title of propraetor. He had previously held the consulship, and his name is inserted in some of the Fasti as consul suffectus in a. D. 46. He is characterised by Tacitus as bello egregius, and carried on the war with success against several of the British tribes. Among others, he defeated the powerful tribe of the Silures, took prisoner their king Caractacus, and sent him in chains to Rome [CARACTACUS]. In consequence of this success he received the insignia of a triumph, but died soon afterwards in the province, worn out by the toils and anxieties of war. (Tac. Ann. xii. 31-39, 4gr. 14.) 2. P. OSTORIUS SCAPULA, the son of the preceding, fought under his father in Britain, in A. D. 50; and received the reward of a corona civica, for saving the life of a Roman citizen in battle. In A. D. 62, he appeared as a witness in favour of Antistius Sosianus, who was accused of having recited in his house some libellous verses against the emperor Nero; but his services were repaid with ingratitude; for, in A. D. 64, the same Sosianus accused him to the emperor. He was condemned to death, and put an end to his own life. (Tac. Ann. xii. 31, xiv. 48, xvi. 14, 15.) SCA'PULA, QUINTIÚS. 1. T. QUINTIUS SCAPULA, a zealous partisan of the Pompeians, passed over into Spain with Cn. Pompeius the elder, son of the triumvir, and took the most active part in organising the revolt against Caesar in that province. The soldiers elected him and Q. Aponius as their leaders; but on the arrival of Sex. Pompeius, who fled to Spain after the defeat of his party at the battle of Thapsus in Africa, Scapula surrendered the command to him. After the defeat of the Pompeians at Munda, in B. c. 45, Scapula, seeing that all was lost, fled to Corduba, and there burnt himself to death on a pyre which he had erected for the purpose, after partaking of a splendid banquet. (Appian, B. C. ii. 87, 105; Dion Cass. xliii. 29, 30; Cic. ad Fam. ix. 13; Auctor, B. Hisp. 33.) 2. P. QUINTIUS SCAPULA, mentioned by Pliny as an instance of sudden death. (Plin. H. N. vii. 53. s. 54.) when Cornelius Gallus was placed over Egypt shortly afterwards. The following coin of Scarpus was struck when he served under Octavian. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 272.) SCARPE COIN OF L. PINARIUS SCARPUS. SCATO or CATO, VETTIUS, one of the Italian generals in the Marsic war, B. c. 90. He defeated the consul L. Julius Caesar, and then advanced against Aesernia, which was obliged to surrender through failure of provisions. He also defeated the other consul, P. Rutilius Lupus, who fell in the battle (Appian, B. C. i. 40, 41, 43). Cicero speaks of an interview at which he was present, between Vettius and Cn. Pompey (Phil. xii. 11); and it is therefore not improbable that the P. Ventidius, who is said by Appian to have been one of the Italian generals that defeated the army of Cn. Pompey, is the same person as the subject of this article. (Appian, B. C. i. 47, with the note of Schweigh.) We learn from Seneca (de Benef. iii. 23), that Vettius was taken prisoner, and was stabbed to death by his own slave as he was being dragged before the Roman general, and that he was thus delivered from the ignominy and punishment that awaited him. There is some difficulty respecting the orthography of the cognomen of Vettius. Appian calls him Cato, and the Insteius Cato, mentioned by Velleius Paterculus (ii. 16) as one of the Italian generals in this war, is probably the same as this Vettius. In the best MSS. of Cicero (l. c.), however, we find Scato, which is probably the correct form, since Scato occurs as a Marsic cognomen in the oration" Pro Domo (c. 44), and it was natural enough that the obscure name of Scato should be changed into the celebrated one of Cato. The praenomen of Vettius is also given differently. In Cicero (l. c.) it is Publius; in Eutropius (v. 3), Titus; in Seneca (l. c.), Caius: the first of these is probably the most correct. SCAURINUS, a celebrated grammarian, was the instructor of the emperor Alexander Severus. (Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 3.) SCAURUS signified a person who had a defect in his ankles or feet (Scaurum, pravis fultum male talis, Hor. Sut. i. 3. 47), and was used, like many other words of a similar kind, as a cognomen in several Roman gentes. SCAURUS, AEMILIUS. The Scauri were a patrician family of the ancient Aemilia gens, but remained in obscurity to a very late period. The first person of the name who is mentioned is, 1. L. AEMILIUS SCAURUS, who served as one of the officers in the Roman fleet, in the war against Antiochus, B. c. 190. (Liv. xxxvii. 31.) 2. M. AEMILIUS SCAURUS raised his family from obscurity to the highest rank among the Roman nobles. He was born in B. c. 163. His father, notwithstanding his patrician descent, had been obliged, through poverty, to carry on the trade of a coal-merchant, and left his son a very slender patrimony. The latter had thought at first of carrying on the trade of a money-lender; but he finally resolved to devote himself to the study of eloquence, with the hope of rising to the honours of the state. He likewise served in the army, where he appears to have gained some distinction. His first campaign was in Spain, probably in the war against Numantia. He next served under the consul L. Aurelius Orestes, in Sardinia, B. c. 126. He was curule aedile in B. C. 123, but was prevented by his poverty from giving the games with much splendour. Though we have only scanty accounts of his early career, it appears that he had already obtained great influence in the state; and he is mentioned by Sallust as one of the leading men at Rome, when Adherbal came to the city, about B. C. 117, to solicit assistance against Jugurtha. He was one of the few Roman nobles who abstained on that occasion from receiving the bribes of Jugurtha, but more through fear of the odium that was likely to accrue from such an act, than from any abhorrence of the thing itself. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the consulship for B. C. 116, but obtained it for the year B. c. 115, when he had M. Caecilius Metellus as his colleague. In his consulship he brought forward a sumptuary law, and another respecting the manner in which the libertini were to vote in the comitia. He likewise carried on war with success against several of the Alpine tribes, and obtained a triumph for his victories over them. Aurelius Victor says that he triumphed over the Ligures and Gantisci, the Capitoline Fasti make him triumph over the Galli and the Carni. In B. c. 112, he was sent at the head of an embassy to Jugurtha, who had forcibly deprived Adherbal of the dominions which the commissioners of the senate had assigned to him, and was now besieging him in Cirta. But Jugurtha, though he waited upon Scaurus with great respect, did not raise the siege of Cirta, and put Adherbal to death when he obtained possession of the town, towards the end of the year. [JuGURTHA.] Upon this the Romans declared war against Jugurtha, and intrusted the conduct of it to L. Calpurnius Bestia, one of the consuls of the following year (B. c. 111). Bestia chose Scaurus as one of his legates; and upon both of them receiving large sums of money from Jugurtha, the consul granted the king most favourable terms of peace. This disgraceful transaction excited the greatest indignation at Rome; and such was the excitement of the people, that the senate dared not resist the bill of the tribune, C. Mamilius, B. C. 110, by which an inquiry was to be instituted against all those who had received bribes from Jugurtha, or had in any way favoured his designs. Although Scaurus had been one of the most guilty, such was his influence in the state that he contrived to be appointed one of the three quaesitores, who were elected under the bill, for the purpose of prosecuting the criminals. But though he thus secured himself, he was unable to save any of his accomplices. Bestia and many others were con demned. In B. c. 109, Scaurus was censor with M. Livius Drusus. In his censorship he restored the Milvian bridge, and constructed the Aemilian road, which ran by Pisae and Luna as far as Dertona. His colleague Drusus having died, Scaurus ought, according to custom, to have resigned his office immediately; but he continued to retain it till the tribunes compelled him to abdicate by threat of imprisonment. In B. c. 107, he was elected consul a second time, in place of L. Cassius Longinus, who had fallen in battle against the Tigurini. P. Rutilius Rufus, who was a candidate for the office at the same time, accused Scaurus of having gained the election by bribery; but he was acquitted by the judices, and thereupon straightway accused Rutilius of the same offence. In the struggles between the aristocratical and popular parties, he was always a warm supporter of the former. He accordingly took up arms against Saturninus in B. c. 100, whose enmity he had previously incurred by having been appointed by the senate, in R. C. 104, to supersede him in the duty of supplying the city with corn. [SATURNINUS, APPULEIUS.] He was several times accused of different offences, chiefly by his private enemies; but such was his influence in the state, that he was always acquitted. Thus, in consequence of his having refused to elect Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus into the college of augurs, of which he was a member, Ahenobarbus accused him of majestas, in B. c. 104, on the ground that the sacra publica at Lavinium had, through his fault, not been properly observed; but thirty-three tribes out of the thirty-five voted for his acquittal. In B. c. 91, he was accused of repetundae by Q. Servilius Caepio, who alleged that he had appropriated to his own use some public money, during an embassy to Asia; but he secured himself by bringing a counter-accusation against Caepio. The latter, out of revenge, induced Q. Varius, the tribune of the people, to accuse Scaurus in the following year, B. c. 90, of having excited the Italian allies to revolt. Scaurus boldly met the charge; and going into the forum, put it to the people whether they would give credence to Q. Varius, the Spaniard, or M. Scaurus, the princeps senatus; whereupon there was such an unequivocal demonstration of popular feeling in his favour, that the tribune himself withdrew the accusation. Scaurus was then seventy-two years of age, and died soon afterwards; since, in B. c. 88, his widow Caecilia was married to Sulla. [CAECILIA, No. 5.] By his wife Caecilia Scaurus had three children, two sons [see below, Nos. 2 and 3], and a daughter Aemilia, first married to M'. Glabrio, and next to Cn. Pompeius, subsequently the triumvir. Scaurus is frequently praised in the highest terms by Cicero and others, in consequence of his being such a strong supporter of the aristocratical party. But though he distinguished himself throughout the whole of his public life by opposing the popular leaders from the Gracchi downwards, he appears to have been always regarded with some degree of favour by the people, as his |