country. Accordingly, when the troops of Marius and Cinna began to march into the city, he stationed himself on the Janiculum, with the soldiers that still remained faithful to him, and there, seated on his curule throne, was killed by Censorinus, who had been sent for that purpose by the victorious party. His head was cut off and suspended on the rostra. This is the account of Appian, but the manner of his death is related somewhat differently by Plutarch. Octavius seems, upon the whole, to have been an upright man, but he was very superstitious, slow in action and in council, and did not possess remarkable abilities of any kind. (Appian, B. C. i. 64, 68—71; Plut. Mar. 41, 42; Val. Max. i. 6. § 10; Dion Cass. Fragm. 117, 118, ed. Reimarus; Liv. Epit. 79, 80; Flor. iii. 21. § 9; Cic. in Cat. iii. 10, de Harusp. Resp. 24, Philipp. xiii. 1, xiv. 8, Tuscul. v. 19, pro Sest. 36, de Divin. i. 2, de Nat. Deor. ii. 5.)

was the colleague of Tib. Gracchus in the tribunate | claring that being consul he would not abandon his of the plebs, B. c. 133, and opposed his tribunitian veto to the passing of the agrarian law. The history of his opposition, and the way in which he was in consequence deposed from his office by Tib. Gracchus, are fully detailed in the life of the latter. [Vol. II. p. 292, a.] Octavius is naturally either praised or blamed according to the different views entertained by persons of the laws of Gracchus. Cicero (Brut. 25) calls Octavius civis in rebus optimis constantissimus, and praises him for his skill in speaking. We learn from Plutarch that Octavius was a personal friend of Gracchus, and that it was with considerable reluctance that the nobles persuaded him to oppose his friend, but to this course he was probably also prompted by possessing a large tract of public land. Plutarch likewise adds that though Octavius and Gracchus opposed one another with great earnestness and rivalry, | yet they are said never to have uttered a disparaging word against one another. (Plut. Tib. Gracch. 10.) Dion Cassius, on the contrary, says (Fragm. 87, ed. Reimarus) that Octavius opposed Gracchus of his own accord, through jealousy springing from their relationship to one another: and that they were related in some way may also be inferred from another passage of Plutarch (C. Gracch. 4), from which we learn that C. Gracchus dropped a measure directed against Octavius at the request of his mother Octavia.

6. CN. OCTAVIUS, son of No. 4. He was one of the staunch supporters of the aristocratical party, which was perhaps the reason that he failed in obtaining the aedileship. (Cic. pro Planc. 21.) He was consul in B. c. 87 with L. Cornelius Cinna, the year after the consulship of Sulla and the banishment of Marius and his leading partisans. Sulla was now absent in Greece, engaged in the war against Mithridates, and upon Octavius, therefore, devolved the support of the interests of his party. Immediately after Sulla's departure from Italy, Cinna attempted to obtain the power for the Marian party by incorporating the new Italian citizens among the thirty-five tribes. Octavius offered the most vehement resistance, and, in the contentions which ensued, he displayed an amount of eloquence for which previously credit had not been given him. (Cic. Brut. 47.) But from words the two parties soon came to blows. A dreadful conflict took place in the forum, and Cinna was driven out of the city with great slaughter. The senate followed up their victory by depriving Cinna of his consulship, and appointing L. Cornelius Merula in his stead. But Cinna soon collected a considerable army, with which he marched against Rome, and Marius, as soon as he heard of these changes, returned from Africa and levied some troops, with which he likewise proceeded against the city. The soldiers of Octavius seem to have had no confidence in their general, and therefore offered to place themselves under the command of Metellus Pius, who had been summoned to Rome by the senate. [METELLUS, No. 19.] But when Metellus refused to take the command, and numbers of the soldiers therefore deserted to the enemy, the senate had no other course left them but submission. Metellus fled from the city, and the friends of Octavius begged him to do the same; but, trusting to the promises of Marius and Cinna, and still more to the assurances of the diviners, that he would suffer no harm, he remained in Rome, de

7. M. OCTAVIUS, described by Cicero as Cn. f., must be the younger son of No. 4. In his tribunate of the plebs, the year of which is not stated, he brought forward a law for raising the price at which corn was sold to the people by the Frumentaria lex of C. Gracchus, since it was found that the treasury was quite drained by the law of Gracchus. Cicero attributes the enactment of the law to the influence and eloquence of Octavius, although he adds that he was, properly speaking, not an orator. (Cic. de Off. ii. 21, Brut. 62.) This M. Octavius should be carefully distinguished from the M. Octavius who was the colleague of Tib. Gracchus. [See No. 5.]

8. L. OCTAVIUS CN. F. CN. N. (Fasti Capit.), the son of No. 6, was consul B. c. 75 with C. Aurelius Cotta. He died in B. c. 74, as proconsul of Cilicia, and was succeeded in the command of the province by L. Lucullus. (Cic. Verr. i. 50, iii. 7 ; Obsequ. 121; Plut. Lucull. 6.) Many writers confound this L. Octavius with L. Octavius Balbus, the jurist. [BALBUS, p. 458.]

9. CN. OCTAVIUS M. F. CN. N. (Fasti Capit.), son of No. 7, was consul B. c. 76, with C. Scribonius Curio. He is described as a man of a mild temper, although he was a martyr to the gout, in consequence of which he appears to have lost the use of his feet. As an orator he was of little account. (Cic. Brut. 60, 62, de Fin. ii. 28; Sall. Hist. ii. p. 205, ed. Gerl. min.; Obseq. 121.)

10. M. OCTAVIUS CN. F. M. N. (Cic. ad Fam. viii. 2. §2), the son of No. 9. He was a friend of Ap. Claudius Pulcher, consul B. c. 54, and accompanied the latter into Cilicia, but left the province before Claudius in order to become a candidate for the aedileship. He was curule aedile B. c. 50 along with M. Caelius; and as both of them were friends of Cicero, they begged the orator, as he was then in Cilicia, to send them panthers for the games they had to exhibit. (Cic. ad Fam. iii. 4, ad Att. v. 21, vi. 1. § 21.) On the breaking out of the civil war in B. c. 49, Octavius, true to the hereditary principles of his family, espoused the aristocratical party. He was appointed, along with L. Scribonius Libo, to the command of the Liburnian and Achaean fleets, serving as legate to M. Bibulus, who had the supreme command of the Pompeian fleet. He and Libo did good service to the cause; they defeated Dolabella on the Illyrian coast, and compelled C. Antonius to surrender at the island of Coricta (Caes. B. C. iii. 5; Dion Cass.

OCTAVIUS.

xli. 40; Florus, iv. 2. § 31; Oros. vi. 15.) Octavius afterwards proceeded to attack the town of Salonae in Dalmatia, but was repulsed with considerable loss, and thereupon joined Pompey at Dyrrhachium. After the battle of Pharsalia, Octavius, who still possessed a considerable fleet, set sail for Illyricum with the hope of securing it for the Pompeian party. At first he met with great success, and defeated Gabinius, who had been sent by Caesar into Illyricum with reinforcements for the army, which was already there; but he was soon afterwards driven out of the country (B. C. 47) by Cornificius and Vatinius, and compelled to fly to Africa, where the Pompeian party were making a stand. (Hirt, B. Alex. 42— 46; Dion Cass. xlii. 11.) After the battle of Thapsus (B. c. 46), Octavius was in the neighcommand of two legions, and bourhood of Utica claimed to have the supreme command with Cato. (Plut. Cat. min. 65.) He is not mentioned again till the battle of Actium (B. c. 31), when he commanded along with M. Insteius the middle of Antony's fleet. (Plut. Ant. 65.)

11. C. OCTAVIUS, the younger son of No. 1, and the ancestor of Augustus, remained a simple Roman eques, without attempting to rise any higher in the state. (Suet. Aug. 2; Vell. Pat. ii. 59.)

12. C. OCTAVIUS, son of the preceding, and great-grandfather of Augustus, lived in the time of the second Punic war, in which he served as tribune of the soldiers. He was present at the fatal battle of Cannae (B. c. 216), and was one of the When the few who survived the engagement. Carthaginians were forcing into the lesser Roman camp, Octavius and another tribune, Sempronius Tuditanus, cut their way through the enemy, with a few soldiers, and arrived in safety at Canusium. (Frontin. Strat. iv. 5. §7; comp. Liv. xxii. 52.) Octavius also served in Sicily under the praetor L. Aemilius Papus (B. c. 205), but what part he took in the other campaigns in the war is not mentioned. When M. Antonius wished to throw contempt upon Augustus, he called this C. Octavius a freedman and a rope-maker (restio), but whether be or his family ever had any thing to do with a manufactory of ropes, is quite uncertain. (Suet. Aug. 2.)

13. C. OCTAVIUS, son of the preceding, and grandfather of Augustus, lived quietly at his villa at Velitrae, content with the municipal honours of his native town, and not aspiring to the dignities of the Roman state. He possessed considerable property, which he probably augmented by moneylending, since Antonius and Cassius Parmensis called Augustus the grandson of a banker or money-lender. (Suet. Aug. 2, 4, 6.)

14. C. OCTAVIUS, son of the preceding and father of Augustus, was likewise said by the enemies of Augustus to have been a money-lender, and to have been employed in the Campus Martius as one of the agents for bribing the electors. But there is probably no truth in these reports. The riches left him by his father enabled him, without difficulty, to obtain the public offices at Rome, although he was the first of his family who had aspired to them. We learn from an inscription, which is given below, that he was successively tribune of the soldiers twice, quaestor, plebeian aedile with C. Toranius, judex quaestionum, and praetor. Of his history up to the time of his

OCTAVIUS.

praetorship we have no further information; we
are only told that he filled the previous dignities
with great credit to himself and obtained a repu-
tation for integrity, ability, and uprightness.
Velleius Paterculus characterizes him (ii. 59) as
gravis, sanctus, innocens, and dives, and adds that
the estimation in which he was held gained for
him, in marriage, Atia, the daughter of Julia, who
was the sister of Julius Caesar. Thus, although
a novus homo, he was chosen first praetor in B. C.
61, and discharged the duties of his office in so
admirable a manner that Cicero recommends him
as a model to his brother Quintus. (Cic. ad Qu. F.
i. 1. § 7.) In the following year he succeeded C.
Antonius in the government of Macedonia, with
the title of proconsul, and on his way to his pro-
vince he cut to pieces, in the Thurine district, in
consequence of orders from the senate, a body of
runaway slaves, who had been gathered together
for Catiline, and had previously belonged to the
army of Spartacus. He administered the affairs of
his province with equal integrity and energy. The
manner in which he treated the provincials was
again recommended by Cicero as an example to his
brother Quintus. He routed the Bessi and some
other Thracian tribes, who had disturbed the peace
of the province, and received in consequence the
title of imperator from his troops. He returned to
Italy at the latter end of B. c. 59, in full expectation
of being elected to the consulship, but he died
suddenly at the beginning of the following year,
B. C. 58, at Nola, in Campania, in the very same
room in which Augustus afterwards breathed his
last. Octavius was married twice, first to An-
charia, by whom he had one daughter [ANCHARIA],
and secondly to Atia, by whom he had a daughter
and a son [ATIA]. His second wife, and his three
children, survived him. (Suet. Aug. 3, 4; Nicol.
Damasc. Vit. August. c. 2, ed. Orelli; Vell. Pat. ii.
59; Cic. ad Att. ii. 1, ad Qu. F. i. 1. § 7, ii. 2. § 7,
Philipp. iii. 6; Tac. Ann. i. 9.). The following is
the inscription which has been above referred to :-
C. OCTAVIVS. C. F. C. N. C. P. R(VFVS). PATER
AVGVSTI. TR. MIL. BIS. Q. AED. PL. CVM. C. TORANIO.
IVDEX QVAESTIONVM. PR. PROCOS. IMPERATOR

APPELLATVS EX PROVINCIA MACEDONIA.

15. OCTAVIA, the elder daughter of No. 14, by Ancharia. [OCTAVIA, No. 1.]

16. OCTAVIA, the younger daughter of No. 14, by Atia. [OCTAVIA, No. 2.]

17. C. OCTAVIUS, the son of No. 14, by Atia, was subsequently called C. Julius Caesar Octavianus, in consequence of his adoption by his greatuncle, C. Julius Caesar. The senate, at a later period, conferred upon him the title of Augustus, 18. CN. OCTAVIUS RUFUS, quaestor, B. c. 107, under which name his life is given. [AUGUSTUS.] was sent into Africa with pay for the army of Marius, and returned to Rome, accompanied by the ambassadors, whom Bocchus sent to the senate. (Sall. Jug. 104.) The cognomen in most of the MSS. of Sallust is Ruso, for which, however, we ought probably to read Rufus, as the former cognomen is unknown in the Octavia gens. From the fact that this Cn. Octavius filled the office of quaestor, it is not impossible that he may be the same Cn. Octavius, who was consul B. c. 87. [See above, No. 6.]

19. L. OCTAVIUS, a legate of Pompey in the war against the pirates, B. c. 67, was sent by Pompey into Crete to receive the submission of

the Cretan towns, and to supersede Q. Metellus Creticus in the command of the island. (Dion Cass. xxxvi. 1, 2; Plut. Pomp. 29.) For further details see METELLUS, No. 23, p. 1064.

20. L. OCTAVIUS, detected in adultery by C. Memmius, and punished by him. (Val. Max. vi. 1. § 13.)

21. P. OCTAVIUS, a noted epicure in the reign of Tiberius, who outbid even Apicius in the sum which he gave for a mullet that Tiberius had ordered to be sold. (Senec. Epist. 95.)

22. OCTAVIUS GRAECINUS, one of the generals of Sertorius, in Spain, distinguished himself in the first battle fought between Pompey and Sertorius, near the town of Lauron, B. c. 76. He afterwards joined the conspiracy of M. Perperna, by which Sertorius perished, B. C. 72. (Frontin. Strat. ii. 5. § 31; Plut. Sert. 26.)

23. M. OCTAVIUS LAENAS CURTIANUS, one of the distinguished men who supplicated the judges on behalf of M. Scaurus, B. c. 54. (Ascon. in Scaur. p. 29, ed. Orelli.)

24. C. OCTAVIUS LAENAS, curator of the aquaeducts in Rome, in the reigns of Tiberius and Caligula from A. D. 34 to A. D. 38. (Frontin. Aquaed. § 102.)

25. SER. OCTAVIUS LAENAS PONTIANUS, consul with M. Antonius Rufinus, in the reign of Hadrian, A. D. 131. (Fasti.)

26. OCTAVIUS RUFUS was a friend of the younger Pliny, who addresses two letters to him, in which he presses Octavius to publish the poems he had composed. (Plin. Ep. i. 7, ii. 10.) In another letter (ix. 38) Pliny praises a work of one Rufus, who may, perhaps, be the same as this Octavius Rufus.

OCTA'VIUS FRONTO. [FRONTO.] OCTA'VIUS HERE'NNIUS. [HERENNIUS]. OCTA'VIUS HORATIA'NUS. [PRISCIANUS, THEODORUS.)

OCTA VIUS LAENAS. [OCTAVIUS, No. 22, 23.]

OCTA/VIUS LAMPA'DIO. [LAMPADIO.] OCTA/VIUS MAMI'LIUS. [MAMILIUS.] OCTA/VIUS SAGITTA. [SAGITTA.] ОCY'РETE (KUTÉтη), the name of two mythical beings, one a Danaid, and the other a Harpy. (Apollod. ii. 1. § 5; Hes. Theog. 267.) [L. S.]

OY RHOE. (Ωκύροη.) 1. One of the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys. (Hes. Theog. 360; Hom. Hymn. in Cer. 420; Paus. iv. 30. § 3.)

2. A daughter of the centaur Cheiron. (Ov. Met. ii. 638; Hygin. Poet. Astr. ii. 18; Eratosth. Catast. 18.) [L. S.]

ODATIS ('Odáris), daughter of Omartes, a Scythian king. According to a story recorded by Chares of Mytilene (ap. Ath. xiii. p. 575), Odatis and Zariadres (king of the country between the Caspian gates and the Tanäis) fell mutually in love from the sight of one another's image in a dream. But Omartes, having no son, wished his daughter to marry one of his own relatives or near friends. He therefore summoned them all to a banquet, whereat he desired Odatis to fill a cup with wine, and present it to whomsoever she chose for her husband. Meanwhile, however, Zariadres had received notice from her of her father's intentions, and, being engaged in a military expedition near the banks of the Tanäis, he set out with only one attendant, and, having travelled a distance of 800 stadia, ar

rived in the banquet-hall of Omartes, disguised in a
Scythian dress, just as Odatis, reluctantly and in
tears, was mixing the wine at the board where the
goblets stood. Advancing close to her side, he
whispered, Odatis, I am here at thy desire, I,
Zariadres." Looking up, she recognised with joy
the beautiful youth of her dream, and placed the
cup in his hands. Immediately he seized and bore
her off to his chariot; and so the lovers escaped,
favoured by the sympathising attendants of the
palace, who, when Omartes ordered them to pursue
the fugitives, professed ignorance of the way they
had taken. This love story, we are told, was most
popular in Asia, and a favourite subject for paint-
ings; and Odatis was a prevalent female name in
noble families.
[E. E.]

ODENA'THUS, the husband of the heroic
Zenobia [ZENOBIA], according to Zosimus, was
of a noble family of Palmyra, according to Proco-
pius (Persic. ii. 5) the prince of a Saracenic tribe
dwelling upon the banks of the Euphrates, accord-
ing to Agathias (lib. iv.) of humble origin. He is
included by Trebellius Pollio in his catalogue of
the thirty tyrants [see AUREOLUS], but unlike
the great majority of these usurpers, deserves to
be considered as the saviour rather than the
destroyer of the Roman power. At the moment
when all seemed lost in the East, in consequence
of the capture of Valerian, and the dispersion of
his army, Odenathus having collected a powerful
force marched boldly against the victorious Sapor,
whom he drove out of Syria, recovered Nisibis,
together with all Mesopotamia, captured the harem
of the Persian monarch, and pursued him up to the
very walls of Ctesiphon. Returning loaded with
plunder, he next turned his arms against Quietus,
son of Macrianus, and shut up the pretender in
Emesa, where he perished upon the capture of the
city. In gratitude for these important services,
Gallienus bestowed upon his ally the title of
Augustus, and acknowledged him as a colleague in
the empire, but Odenathus did not long enjoy his
well-earned dignity, for he was slain by the
domestic treachery of his cousin, or nephew,
Maeonius, not without the consent, it is said, of
Zenobia, about the year A. D. 266. Little is
known with regard to the history of this warlike
Arab, except the naked facts detailed above, and
that from his earliest years he took great delight
in the chase, and willingly endured the severest
hardships. [MAEONIUS.]
[W. R.]

ODITES, the name of two mythical beings, one a centaur, and the other an Ethiopian, who was slain by Clymenus at the wedding of Perseus. (Ov. Met. xii. 457, v. 97.) [L. S.]

O'DIUS. (Odios). 1. The chief of the Halizones, assisted the Trojans against the Greeks, but was slain by Agamemnon. (Hom. Il. ii. 856, v. 38; Strab. xvi. p. 551.)

2. A herald in the camp of the Greeks at Troy. (Hom. Il. ix. 170.) [L. S.]

ODOA'CER ('Odóaкpos), King of Italy, from A. D. 476-493. He was the son of one Edeco, who was undoubtedly the same Edecon who was minister of Attila and his ambassador at Constantinople. Odoacer had a brother, Onulf, who likewise became conspicuous. It appears that Odoacer was by origin a Scyrrus, and that after the dispersion of the Scyrri by the East Goths, he was chosen the chief of the remnants of that broken tribe, but he is also called a Rugian, an Herulian,