Some have identified the subject of the present SICULUS, CALPURNIUS. NIUS.] [L. S.] SICULUS, CLOE'LIUS, the name of a patrician family of high rank in the early history of the republic. prefect in the Gaulish provinces. Gifted by nature with great quickness, Sidonius devoted himself with ardour to literary pursuits, and by assiduous application rapidly acquired such high fame, that while still very young he was ranked among the most learned and eloquent of his contemporaries. At an early age he married Papianilla, the child of Flavius Avitus, and upon the elevation of his father-in-law to the imperial dignity (A. D. 456), accompanied him to Rome, and celebrated his consulship in a poetical effusion still extant. The grateful prince raised the husband of his daughter to the rank of a senator, nominated him prefect of the city, and caused his statue to be placed among the effigies which graced the library of Trajan. The downfal of Avitus threw a cloud over the fortunes of the courtly bard, who having been shut up in Lyons, and having endured the hardships 1. Q. CLOELIUS SICULUS, consul B. c. 498, with and perils of the siege, resolved, after the capture T. Larcius. According to Dionysius, Cloelius ap- of the city by Egidius, to purchase pardon for the pointed his colleague Larcius dictator, and fought past and security for the future by a complimentary under him in the battle against the Latins; but address to the victorious Majorian, whose exploits Livy and other authorities make Larcius dictator and virtues were extolled in strains still more three years earlier, namely in B. c. 501. (Liv. ii.hyperbolical than those inscribed to his predecessor. 21; Dionys. v. 59, 71, 72, 75, 76.) The propitiatory offering was graciously accepted; 2. T. CLOELIUS SICULUS, one of the first con- the author was not only forgiven, but was resular tribunes elected in B. C. 444. The manu-warded with a laurelled bust, and with the title scripts of Livy have Caecilius; but as Dionysius of count. After having passed some years in rehas TÍTOV KAUMLOV ZIKEλÓ, and the Caecilii were tirement during the reign of Severus, Sidonius was plebeians, Sigonius changed Caecilius into Cloelius, despatched to Rome (A. D. 467) in the character which alteration Alschefski retains in the text. In of ambassador from the Arverni to Anthemius, B. C. 442 Cloelius was one of the triumvirs for and on this occasion delivered a third panegyric in founding a colony at Ardea. (Dionys. xi. 61, 62; honour of a third prince, which proved not less Liv. iv. 7, 11.) successful than his former efforts, for he was now raised to the rank of a patrician, again appointed prefect of the city, and once more honoured with a statue. But a still more remarkable tribute was soon afterwards rendered to his talents; for although in no way connected with the clerical profession, the vacant see of Clermont in Auvergne was forced upon his reluctant acceptance (A. D. 472) at the death of the bishop Eparchius. The task at first undertaken unwillingly, was faithfully performed. During the remainder of his life he devoted himself conscientiously to the duties of his sacred office, and especially resisted with energy the progress of Arianism, which was rapidly extending its influence. Although generally respected and beloved, his career was by no means tranquil; for when the Goths became masters of his diocese, he was compelled to withdraw for a season, and at a subsequent period, after his restoration, in consequence of the calumnious representations of two factious priests, he was for a time suspended from the exercise of his episcopal functions. The malice of his enemies, however, having been speedily exposed, he was triumphantly reinstated, and died not long afterwards on the 21st of August, A. D. 482, or, according to others, A. D. 484. 3. P. CLOELIUS SICULUS, one of the consular tribunes B. c. 378. (Liv. vi. 31.) 4. Q. CLOELIUS SICULUS, censor B. c. 378, with Sp. Servilius Priscus. (Liv. vi. 31.) 5. P. CLOELIUS SICULUS, was consecrated rex sacrificus in B. c. 180. (Liv. xl. 42.) SI CULUS FLACCUS. [FLACCUS.] SICYON (ZIKUv), a son of Marathon, Metion, Erechtheus or Pelops, was the husband of Zeuxippe and the father of Chthonophyle. The town of Sicyon, which before him was called Mecone or Aegialoe, was said to have received its subsequent name from him. (Paus. ii. 1. § 1, vi. 2. § 3; Strab. viii. p. 382.) [L. S.] SIDA (lon). 1. The wife of Orion, who was sent by Hera into Hades, because she pretended to be more beautiful than the goddess. (Apollod. i. 4. § 3.) 2. A daughter of Danaus, from whom a town of Laconia was believed to have derived its name. (Paus. iii. 22. § 9.) [L. S.] SIDE'RO (Zone), the wife of Salmoneus, and step-mother of Tyro, was killed by Pelias at the altar of Hera. (Apollod. i. 9. § 8; Soph. Fragm. 573; comp. PELIAS.) [L. S.] SIDO'NIUS (Židovios), a grammarian quoted in the Etymologicum Magnum (p. 124), and by the scholiasts on Homer and Pindar (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vi. p. 379). There was an Athenian sophist of this name, a contemporary of Demonax. (Lucian, Demon. 14.) The works of Sidonius transmitted to modern times consist of Poems and Letters. I. Carmina. Twenty-four pieces, composed in various measures upon various subjects. Of these the most important are:-1. Panegyricus Avito Augusto socero dictus, extending to 602 hexameters SIDONIUS, C. SO'LLIUS APOLLINA'- with a prologue (praefatio) in eighteen and an RIS, to whom some authorities give the additional epilogue (editio) in eight elegiac couplets. Deappellation of Modestus, was born, in all proba- livered A. D. 456. 2. Panegyricus Julio Valerio bility, at Lyons, about the year A. D. 431. His Maioriano Augusto dictus, extending to 603 hexfather and grandfather both bore the name Apol-ameters, with a prologue in nine elegiac couplets. linaris, and both filled the office of praetorian Delivered a. D. 458. 3. Panegyricus dictus Anthemio VOL. III. 3 G is described by Tacitus as distinguished by her birth, her beauty, and her wantonness. She had formerly been an intimate friend of Agrippina, but Augusto bis consuli, extending to 548 hexameters, with a prologue in fifteen and an epilogue in five elegiac couplets. Delivered A. D. 468. The plan in each of these complimentary harangues is pre-afterwards quarrelled with her, because Agrippina cisely the same. Each contains an account of the ancestors of the personage whom it celebrates, of his education and early career, of the feats which he had performed, and of the honours which he had won. Besides the above, we have two Epithalamia; a description in 235 hexameters of the town of Burgus (Bourg sur mer), situated on the Dronne, near its confluence with the Garonne ; 512 hendecasyllabics in praise of Narbo (Narbonne); Excusatorium ad V. C. Felicem in 350 hendecasyllabics; Eucharisticum ad Faustum Reiensem episcopum in 128 hexameters ; Propempticon ad Libellum in 101 hendecasyllabics, and several short | epigrams. II. Epistolarum Libri IX., containing 147 letters, many of them interspersed with pieces of poetry. They are addressed to a wide circle of relatives and friends upon topics connected with politics, literature, and domestic occurrences, but seldom touch upon ecclesiastical matters. | had prevented Sextius Africanus from marrying her. Accordingly when Agrippina displeased her son Nero in A. D. 55, Silana endeavoured to have her revenge by accusing Agrippina of having intended to marry Rubellius Plautus, and then to raise him to the throne in the place of Nero. But Agrippina had not yet lost all her influence over her son; and Silana, in consequence of her accusation, was driven into exile. She returned to Italy when the power of Agrippina was declining, but died at Tarentum before the murder of the latter in A. D. 59 (Tac. Ann. xi. 12, xiii. 19, 22, xiv. 12). Tacitus does not mention the father of this Junia Silana. She may, however, have been the daughter of M. Silanus, consul A. D. 19 [SILANUS, JUNIUS, No. 8], and the sister of Junia Claudilla, who married the emperor Caligula. SILA'NION (Z^avíwv), a distinguished Greek statuary in bronze, is mentioned by Pliny among the contemporaries of Lysippus at Ol. 114, B. C. 324 (H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19). He probably belonged, however, not to the school of Lysippus, but to the later Attic school; for we learn from Pausanias (vi. 4. § 3) that he was an Athenian. The passage of Pliny, as commonly understood, represents Silanion as a wonderful instance of a selftaught artist; but perhaps the words “in hoe mirabile, quod mullo doctore nobilis fuit," may be referred to Lysippus, rather than to Silanion. So, also, in the next clause, ipse discipulum habuit Zeuxiadem," there is a doubt left, whether Zeuxiades was the disciple of Silanion or of Lysippus. It should here be observed that the word Zeuxiadem, which is the reading of all the best MSS., is corrupted, in the inferior MSS. and the common editions, into Zeuxin et Iadem. (See Sillig, Cat. Artif. s. v. and edition of Pliny: the reading Zeusiadem, which some of the best MSS. give, is the same thing, for it is extremely common to find s for the Greek .) 66 The writings of Sidonius are characterised by great subtlety of thought, expressed in phraseology abounding with harsh and violent metaphors. Hence he is generally obscure, and not unfrequently unintelligible; but his works throughout bear the impress of an acute, vigorous, and highly cultivated intellect. In poetry Claudian appears to have been the object of his imitation, but he is immeasurably inferior to his model, while in his epistles he avowedly strove to tread in the footsteps of the younger Pliny and Symmachus. In so far as Latinity is concerned, his verse, although deformed by numerous metrical solecisms, is far superior to his prose, which probably approached much more nearly to the language of ordinary life, and abounds in barbarisms. On the other hand, his frigid poems are totally destitute of interest, except in so far as the panegyrics afford some data for the historical events of an epoch regarding which trustworthy sources of information are singularly deficient, while his letters are frequently very The statues of Silanion belong to two classes, amusing and instructive from the glimpses which ideal and actual portraits; the former again inthey afford of domestic usages and social habits including heroes and men. Of these the most celethe fifth century among persons in the upper ranks of life. The editio Princeps of Sidonius was published at Milan fol. 1498, with notes by Joannes Baptista Pius; the best edition is that of Sirmond, 4to. Paris, 1652. See also the collected works of Sirmond, vol. i. p. 464, ed. Venet.; the Bibliotheca Patrum Max. Lugdun. fol. 1677, vol. vi. p. 1075, and the Bibliotheca Patrum of Galland, fol. Venet. 1788, tom. x. p. 463. (The materials for the life of Sidonius are derived chiefly from his own writings. In consequence of the ambiguous nature of the expressions employed, some of the minor details are doubtful. See Gregor. Turonensis, Histor. Franc. ii. 21; Gennad. de Viris Illustr. c. 92; Trithem. de Script. Eccles. c. 179; Alex. Germain, Essai littéraire et historique sur Apollinaire Sudoine, 8vo. Montpell. 1840.) [W. R.] SIDONIUS CITE RIUS. [CITERIUS.] SIGOVE'SUS. [AMBIGATUS.] SILA'NA, JU'NIA, the husband of C. Silius, whom the latter was obliged to put away in A. D, 47, when Messalina fell in love with him. Silana brated was his dying Jocasta, in which a deadly paleness was given to the face by the mixture of silver with the bronze; a remarkable example of the technical refinement, and of the principle of actual imitation which characterised the art of this period. We cannot conceive of Pheidias or Polycleitus descending to such an artifice (Plut. de Aud. Poet. 3, Quaest. Conv. v. 1; comp. de Pyth. Or. 2; respecting the general subject of the colouring of bronze statues, see Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, § 306. n. 3, ed. Welcker). He also made a fine statue of Achilles (Plin. l. c. § 21), and one of Theseus (Plut. Thes. 4). Tatian ascribes to him statues of the lyric poetesses Sappho and Corinna (Tatian. ad Graec. 52, pp. 113, 114, ed. Worth; where by Zanoŵ τǹy éτaíрav Tatian undoubtedly means the poetess and not, as some fancy, another person, a courtezan of Eresos, of whose existence there is no proof; see SAPPHO, p. 708, a.). His statue of Sappho stood in the prytaneium at Syracuse in the time of Verres, who carried it off; and Cicero alludes to it in terms of the highest praise (Verr. iv. 57). Silanion also made a statue of Plato, which Mithridates, the son of Rhodobatus, set up in the Academy. (Diog. Laërt. iii. 2.) Among the actual portraits of Silanion, the most celebrated appears to have been that of the statuary Apollodorus, who was so habitually dissatisfied with his own works, that he frequently broke them in pieces. The vexation of the disappointed artist was so vividly expressed in Silanion's statue, that Pliny says "nec hominem ex aere fecit, sed iracundiam" (1.c. § 21). Pliny also mentions his statue of a superintendent of the palaestra exercising the athletes. He made also three statues of Olympic victors; namely Satyrus of Elis, and Telestes and Demaratus of Messene. (Paus. vi. 4. § 3, 14. §§ 1, 3.) Probably this Silanion was the same as the one whom Vitruvius (vii. praef. § 14) mentions among those who wrote praecepta symmetriarum; for, although that phrase no doubt refers especially to the proportions of the architectural orders, yet it must also be understood as including the wider subject of proportion in art generally, as is evident both from the mention of Euphranor in the list, and also from the manner in which Vitruvius discusses the subject of architectural proportions in connection with the laws of proportion derived from the human figure (i. 2, iii. 1). [P.S.] SILA'NUS (λavós), an Ambracian soothsayer, who accompanied Cyrus the Younger in his expedition against his brother Artaxerxes, in B. C. 401. For a successful prediction Cyrus rewarded him with 3000 darics, or 10 talents. This money Silanus carefully preserved throughout the campaign and subsequent retreat, and was very anxious to return with it to his country. Accordingly, when Xenophon consulted him at Cotyora, on the plan which he had formed of founding a Greek colony on the coast of the Euxine, he revealed the project to the Cyreans, and did all in his power to thwart it. On this Xenophon publicly professed to have abandoned the design, and proposed that no one should be permitted to remain behind the rest of the army, or to sail away before it. The latter part of this proposition was most disagreeable to Silanus, who loudly remonstrated against it, but to no purpose, the soldiers threatening to punish him, should they catch him in any attempt to depart by himself. Not long after, however, he contrived to make his escape in a ship which he hired at Heracleia. (Xen. Anab. i. 7. $ 18, v. 6. S$ 16, 18, 29, 34, vi. 4. § 13.) [E. E.] SILA'NUS, the name of several Roman families, appears to be merely a lengthened form of Silus, which occurs as a cognomen in the Sergia and Terentia gentes [SILUS], and is not connected with the Greek name Silanus. Instead of the Roman name Silanus we frequently find in manuscripts Syllanus and Sillanus. SILA'NUS, A'PPIUS. [SILANUS, JUNIUS, No. 11.] SILA'NUS, CA'SSIUS, the avunculus of Germanicus Caesar (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 7. s. 18). SILA'NUS, CRE/TICUS, as he is called by Tacitus, is mentioned as governor of Syria in A. D. 16, but was removed from the government by Tiberius in the following year on account of the connection of his family with Germanicus, inasmuch as a daughter of Silanus had been betrothed to Nero, the eldest of the children of Germanicus (Tac. Ann. ii. 4, 43). From his names Creticus Silanus it has been conjectured that he originally | belonged to the Junia gens, but was adopted into the Caecilia gens. It has been further sup posed that he is the same person as the consul of A. D. 9 (Dion Cass. lv. 30). [METELLUS, No. 29.] In that case his full name would have been Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silanus. SILA'NUS, JU'NIUS. 1. M. JUNIUS SILANUS, took the command of Neapolis, at the wish of the inhabitants, in the second Punic war, B. C. 216, in order to defend it against Hannibal. In B. C. 212 he was praetor, and obtained Etruria as his province, where he was chiefly employed in purchasing corn. In B. C. 210 he accompanied P. Scipio to Spain, and served under him with great distinction during the whole of the war in that country. His most brilliant exploit was the defeat of Hanno and Mago in Celtiberia in B. C. 207. When Scipio quitted Spain in the following year, he left Silanus in command of the army till the arrival of his successor. In B. c. 196 Silanus fell in battle against the Boii, where he fought under the consul M. Marcellus. (Liv. xxiii. 15, XXV. 2, 3, xxvi. 1, 19, xxviii. 1, 2; Polyb. x. 6, xi, 20, 23, 26, 33; Appian, Hisp. 28, 32). 2. D. JUNIUS SILANUS, was commissioned by the senate about B. c. 146, in consequence of his knowledge of the Punic language, to translate into Latin the twenty-eight books of Mago on Agriculture. (Plin. H. Ñ. xviii. 3. s. 5.) 3. D. JUNIUS SILANUS MANLIANUS, a son of the jurist T. Manlius Torquatus, consul B. c. 165, but adopted by a D. Junius Silanus. He was praetor B. C. 142, and obtained Macedonia as his province, where he was guilty of so many acts of robbery and oppression, that the inhabitants accused him before the senate on his return to Rome in B. C. 140. The senate referred the investigation of the charges to his own father Torquatus at the request of the latter. Torquatus condemned his son, and banished him from his presence; and when Silanus hanged himself in grief, his father would not attend his funeral. (Cic. de Fin. i. 7; Liv. Epit. 54; Val. Max. v. 8. § 3.) 4. M. JUNIUS SILANUS, consul B. c. 109, with M. Caecilius Metellus, fought in this year against the Cimbri in Transalpine Gaul, and was defeated. He was accused in B. C. 104, by the tribune Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, out of revenge, because he had injured an hereditary friend of Ahenobarbus. The latter charged him with having fought without any commission from the people (injussu populi), and with having thus been the principal cause of the calamities which the Romans had experienced in this war; but he was acquitted almost unanimously, as only two tribes out of the thirtyfive voted for his condemnation. Cicero (Brut. 35) praises his oratorical powers. (Liv. Ep. 65; Sall. Jug. 43; Eutrop. iv. 11. s. 27; Flor. iii. 3. § 4; Cic. Div. in Caecil. 20, Verr. ii. 47; Ascon. in Cornel. pp. 68, 80, ed. Orelli.) 5. D. JUNIUS SILANUS, probably a younger son of No. 4, was the step-father of M. Brutus, the murderer of Caesar, having married his mother Servilia. He was aedile about B. c. 70, when he exhibited very magnificent games, and notwithstanding was unsuccessful in his application for the consulship for the year B. C. 64. He was elected consul in the comitia held in the summer of B. C. 63, and in consequence of his being consul designatus was first asked for his opinion by Cicero in the debate in the senate on the 12. M. Silanus, abnepos Augusti, COS. A. D. 46. 10. C. Silanus, cos. A. D. 10. Junia Silana, m. C. Silius, A. D. 47. [SILANA.] 11. Ap. Silanus, cos. A. D. 28, m. Aemilia Lepida, the proneptis Augusti. punishment of the Catilinarian conspirators. He de- | clared himself in favour of inflicting the extreme punishment upon the conspirators; but after the speech of Caesar, he said that he should vote in favour of the proposition of Tib. Nero, who had recommended that they should be kept in prison till Catiline was conquered, affirming that he had not recommended that they should be put to death, but that they should be imprisoned, as this was the extreme of punishment to a Roman senator. (Cic. de Off. ii. 16, ad Att. i. 1; Sall. Cat. 50; Cic. in Cat. iv. 4, ad Att. xii. 21. § 7; Appian, B. C. ii. 5; Suet. Caes. 14; Plut. Cic. 20, 21, Cat. 22). Silanus was consul B. C. 62, with L. Licinius Murena, along with whom he proposed the Lex Licinia Junia, which enacted that a rogatio must be promulgated three nundines before the people voted upon it. It confirmed the Lex Caecilia Didia (Cic. pro Sest. 64, in Vatin. 14, Phil. v. 3, ad Att. ii. 9, iv. 16). Pliny (H. N. ii. 35) speaks of Silanus as proconsul. As an orator | Silanus owed more to nature than to study. (Cic. Brut. 68.) ing year Lepidus sent him with a detachment of troops into Cisalpine Gaul, as the senate had urgently pressed Lepidus to assist the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, who were advancing against Antony to compel him to raise the siege of Mutina. Lepidus, however, gave Silanus no precise instructions as to his line of conduct; and the latter guessing the real wishes of his general, espoused the side of Antony. After the defeat of Antony Silanus recrossed the Alps and returned to Lepidus, who affected to be displeased with his conduct, and would not at first allow him to come into his presence. Silanus afterwards became obnoxious to the triumvirs, though the reason is not mentioned, and fled to Sex. Pompey in Sicily. At the peace of Misenum, in B. c. 39, he returned to Rome, and eventually won the favour of Octavian so completely that he raised him to the consulship in B. C. 25. (Caes. B. G. vi. 1 ; Dion Cass. xlvi. 38, 51; Cic. ad Fam. x. 30, 34; Vell. Pat. ii. 77; Dion Cass. liii. 25.) Silanus had two sisters, one married to M. Lepidus, the triumvir, and the other to C. Cassius, one of Caesar's murderers. [JUNIA, Nos. 2 and 3.] 7. C. JUNIUS C. F. SILANUS, consul B. c. 19 with C. Furnius, may perhaps have been a cousin of No. 6. (Dion Cass. liv. 18.) 6. M. JUNIUS SILANUS, son of No. 5 and of Servilia, served in Gaul as Caesar's legatus in B. C. 53, but does not appear to have been employed in any undertaking of importance. After Caesar's murder in B. c. 44, he accompanied his brother-in- 8. M.JUNIUS M. F. SILANUS, son of No. 6, consul law M. Lepidus over the Alps; and in the follow-under Tiberius, A. D. 19, with L. Norbanus Balbus. m. M. Agrippa. 3. Julia, neptis, m. L. Aemilius Paulus. 4. Lepida, proneptis, m. App. Junius Silanus. These consuls gave their name to the Lex Junia | appear that App. Silanus married Aemilia Lepida, Norbana, which enacted that slaves manumitted the proneptis or great-granddaughter of Augustus. without the requisite formalities should, in certain The genealogy would therefore stand thus: cases, have the status of Latini: such persons were 1. Augustus. called Latini Juniani (see Dict. of Antiq. p. 693, a, 2. Julia, filia, 2d ed.). Tacitus speaks of Silanus as pre-eminently distinguished by his high nobility and eloquence. In A. D. 20 he obtained from Tiberius the recal of his brother [No. 9] from exile. Like the other senators he endeavoured to gain the favour of the emperor by flattery. He proposed in A. D. 22 that all public and private documents should not bear in future the names of the consuls, but the names of those who possessed the tribunician power, that is, of the emperors. In A. D. 33 his daughter Claudia, or Junia Claudilla, as she is called by Suetonius (Cal. 12), was married to C. Caesar, afterwards the emperor Caligula. Silanus was governor of Africa in the reign of Caligula; but the suspicious tyrant feared his father-in-law, and accordingly first deprived him of all power in the province by compelling him to share the government with an imperial legatus, and afterwards compelled him to put an end to his life. Julius Graecinus, the father of Agricola, had been ordered by Caligula to accuse Silanus, but he declined the odious task. (Tac. Ann. ii. 59, iii. 24, 57, vi. 20, Hist. iv. 48, Agr. 4; Dion Cass. lvii. 18, lix. 8; Suet. Cal. 12, 23.) 9. D. JUNIUS SILANUS, a brother of No. 8, was one of the paramours of Julia, the granddaughter of Augustus, and voluntarily withdrew into exile when the adulteries of Julia were discovered. Tiberius allowed him to return to Rome in A. D. 20 on the intercession of his brother Marcus, but did not advance him to any of the honours of the state. (Tac. Ann. iii. 24.) 10. C. JUNIUS SILANUS, described as Flamen Martialis in the Capitoline Fasti, was consul A. D. 10, with P. Cornelius Dolabella. Judging from his praenomen we may suppose him to have been a son of No. 7; but this is opposed to the Capitoline Fasti, in which he is described as C. F. M. N. Silanus was afterwards proconsul of Asia, and in A. D 22 was accused of malversation by the provincials. To this crime his accusers in the senate added that of treason (majestas), and it was proposed to banish him to the island of Gyaros; but Tiberius changed the place of his exile to the less inhospitable island of Cynthus, which his sister Torquata had begged might be the place of his punishment. (Tac. Ann. iii. 66-69, iv. 15.) 11. APP. JUNIUS SILANUS, was consul A. D. 28 with P. Silius Nerva. He was accused of majestas in A. D. 32, but was saved by Celsus, one of the informers. Claudius soon after his accession recalled Silanus from Spain, of which he was at that time governor, gave him in marriage Domitia Lepida, the mother of his wife Messalina, and treated him otherwise with the greatest distinction. But shortly afterwards, having refused the embraces of Messalina, he was put to death by Claudius on the accusations of Messalina and Narcissus, both of whom said that they had in their dreams seen Silanus attempting to murder the emperor. (Tac. Ann. iv. 68, vi. 9, xi. 29; Suet. Claud. 29, 37; Dion Cass. lx. 14, who calls him Caius Appius Silanus.) One of the sons of Appius is called by Tacitus (xiii. 1) the abnepos or greatgreat-grandson of Augustus. It would therefore Aemilia Lepida, the wife of App. Silanus, was at an early age betrothed to the emperor Claudius long before his accession to the throne, but was divorced soon afterwards [LEPIDA, No. 3, where her subsequent marriage to App. Silanus ought to have been stated]. By his second wife Domitia Lepida, the mother of Messalina, App. Silanus of course had no children. Suetonius (Claud. 29) calls App. Silanus the consocer of Claudius, because his son L. Silanus was betrothed to Octavia, the daughter of Claudius. 12. M. JUNIUS SILANUS, a son of No. 11, was consul under Claudius A. D. 46 with Valerius Asiaticus. He was born in the same year in which Augustus died, a. D. 14, and it is mentioned by Pliny as a singular fact that Augustus lived to see his great-great-grandson. Silanus was proconsul of Asia at the succession of Nero in A. D. 54, and was poisoned by command of Agrippina, who feared that he might avenge the death of his brother [No. 13], and that his descent from Augustus might lead him to be preferred to the youthful Nero (Dion Cass. Ix. 27; Plin. H. N. vii. 11; Tac. Ann. xiii. 4). Tacitus relates (l. c.) that Silanus was so far from being ambitious, that Caligula used to call him his "pecus aurea," but Dion Cassius (lix. 8) with more probability refers this epithet to the father-in-law of Caligula [No. 8]. 13. L. JUNIUS SILANUS, likewise a son of No. 11, was betrothed to Octavia, the daughter of the emperor Claudius, in A. D. 41. The emperor conferred upon him the triumphal ornaments when he was still a boy, and exhibited in his name magnificent gladiatorial games. But as Agrippina had resolved to marry Octavia to her own son Domitius, afterwards the emperor Nero, it was necessary to put Silanus out of the way. It was easy to persuade the foolish emperor of any thing, and he therefore readily believed the charges brought against Silanus. Accordingly in A. D. 48 Silanus, who was then praetor, though he had not yet attained the legal age for the office, was expelled from the senate by Vitellius, as censor, on the ground of incest with his sister Julia Calvina [CALVINA]; and he was further compelled by Claudius to resign the office of praetor. At the same time the marriage between him and Octavia was dissolved. At the beginning of the following year Octavia was married to Nero; and Silanus, who knew that he would not be allowed to live much longer, put an end to his life on the day of their marriage. (Tac. Ann. xii. 3, 4, 8; Suet. Claud. 24, 29; Dion Cass. Ix. 5, 31.) 14. D. JUNIUS TORQUATUS SILANUS, probably also a son of No. 11, was consul under Claudius A. D. 53 with Q. Haterius Antoninus. He was compelled by Nero in A. D. 64 to put an end to his life, because he had boasted of being descended from Augustus. Tacitus says that he had boasted of Augustus being his atavus; but if he was really |