therefore the sixth in that series of seven artists, Orelli, ad Philom. Byz. de Sept. Mirac. 1, p. 73; of whom Aristocles of Sicyon was the first, and Hirt, Gesch. d. Baukunst, vol. ii. p. 160; R. RoPantias the last. (Paus. vi. 9. § 1; comp. ARIS-chette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 406, 2d ed.) TOCLES). There is some difficulty in fixing the times of these artists; but, on the whole, the most probable date for Sostratus is that assigned to him by Müller, namely, about Ol. 95, B. c. 400. Pausanias (1. c.) only mentions his name, saying nothing of any of his works; but Polybius (iv. 78) informs us that Sostratus, in conjunction with Hecatodorus, made a bronze statue of Athena, which was dedicated at Aliphera in Arcadia. The name of Hecatodorus does not occur elsewhere; but Pausanias (viii. 26. § 4. s. 7) mentions this same statue as the work of Hypatodorus, an artist who flourished between Ol. 90 and Ol. 102, and whose name might easily be corrupted into Hecatodorus. Pausanias does not mention Sostratus in connection with Hypatodorus; and Polybius does not identify him with the teacher of Pantias; but, from a comparison of the two passages with the one first quoted from Pausanias, the inference is at least probable that they refer to the same artist.

among Greek churchmen Arius was accused by Athanasius of writing in a style approaching to the Sotadean poems." (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. pp. 495, 496; Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. s. a. 280, p. 500.)

3. An Athenian philosopher, who wrote a book on the mysteries. (Suid. s. v.)

numerous coins of Histiaea in Euboea. Raoul Rochette remarks, that it is very curious to find the artist's name thus engraved on one of a class which are perhaps the most abundant of any of the Greek medals, and that, too, in a part of Greece which had before furnished no other example of such an usage. (R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 97, 2d ed.) [P.S.] 4. A philosopher of Byzantium, of whom we SO'TADES (Zrádns). 1. An Athenian comic know nothing but his name. (Suid. s. v.) [P. S.] poet of the Middle Comedy (Suid. s. v.), of SOTEIRA (ZTEɩpa), i. e. “the saving goddess" whose plays we have the two following titles, (Lat. Sospita), occurs as a surname of several female 'Eykλeióμevaι or 'Eyλeloμevot (Ath. vii. p. divinities in Greece, e. g. 1. of Artemis at Pegae in 293, a.; Antiatt. p. 102), and Пaрaλvтроúμevos Megaris (Paus. i. 40. § 2, 44. § 7), at Troezene (Ath. ix. p. 368, a.) Both these are erroneously (ii. 31. § 1), at Boeae in Laconia (iii. 22. § 9), ascribed by Suidas and Eudocia to the more cele- near Pellene (vii. 27. § 1); 2. of Persephone in brated poet of Maroneia, with whom, indeed, the Laconia (iii. 13. § 2), in Arcadia (viii. 31. § 1); comic poet was so frequently confounded, even in 3. of Athena (Schol. ad Plat. p. 90, ed. Ruhnken; ancient times, that Athenaeus (vii. p. 293, a.) ex- Aristot. Rhet. iii. 18); and 4. of Eunomia (Pind. pressly distinguishes them from one another. (Fa- | Ol. ix. 25.) (L. S.] bric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 495; Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. i. p. 426, vol. iii. p. 585.)

SOTER (Zúrηp), i. e. "the Saviour" (Lat. Servator or Sospes), occurs as the surname of several divinities:-1. of Zeus in Argos (Paus. ii. 20. § 5), at Troezene (ii. 31. § 14), in Laconia (iii. 23. § 6), at Messene (iv. 31. § 5), at Mantineia (viii. 9. § 1), at Megalopolis (viii. 30. § 5; comp. Aristoph. Ran. 1433; Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8). The sacrifices offered to him were called owra, (Plut. Arat. 53.) 2. Of Helios (Paus. viii. 31. § 4), and 3. of Bacchus. (Lycoph. 206.) [L. S.]

SOTER (WTP), the Preserver, a surname of Ptolemaeus Ì. king of Egypt, as well as of several of the other later Greek kings.

SOTER, JULIUS, is supposed, on the authority of an inscription, to have been an artist in the fine species of mosaic, which was practised under the Roman emperors; but the matter is open to con

2. A native of Maroneia in Thrace (or, according to others, of Crete, but he is generally called Mapwveirns), flourished at Alexandria about B. C. 280. He wrote lascivious poems, called pλúakes or | Kivado, in the Ionic dialect, whence they were also called 'Iwvikol Xóʻyoı. (Suid. s. v. ; Ath. xiv. p. 620, e.) They were also called Zwrádeia doμara. (Socrat. H. E. i. 9.) As other examples of this species of composition, Athenaeus and Suidas mention the works of Alexander the Aetolian, Pyres (or Pyrrhus) the Milesian, Alexas, Theodorus, Timocharidas and Xenarchus. Strabo (xiv. p. 648) ascribes the beginning of this species to Sotades, who, as well as his successor, Alexander the Aetolian, wrote in prose, while Lysis and Simus wrote in metre; but there is some error in this state-troversy. The inscription (Orelli, Inser. Lat. No. ment, for we have express information respecting the kind of metre which Sotades employed. It would seem that Sotades carried his lascivious and abusive satire to the utmost lengths; this appears to be what Suidas means by calling him dauoνισθείς. The freedoms which he took at last brought him into trouble. According to Plutarch (Op. Mor. p. 11, a.) he made a vehement and gross attack on Ptolemy Philadelphus, on the occasion of his marriage with his sister Arsinoë, and the king threw him into prison, where he rotted for a long time. According to Athenaeus (l. c.), the poet attacked both Lysimachus and Ptolemy, and, having fled from Alexandria, he was overtaken at Caunus by Ptolemy's general Patroclus, who shut him up in a leaden chest and cast him into the sea. Of his works, we possess a few lines, and the following titles: Adwvis (Hephaest. p. 8, ed. Gaisford); 'Αμαζών (Suid.) εἰς ᾅδου κατάβασις (Suid.); εἰς Βελεστίχην (Suid.); Ἰλίας (Hephaest. p. 21); Пpinos (Suid.).

4262), mentions the name of Soter as PICTORIS QUADRIGULARI, which Welcker and others have explained in the above manner; but Raoul-Rochette, with more ingenuity than sound judgment, brings forward various arguments for reading Pistoris, and so turning the artist into a baker! (Welcker, Rhein. Mus. vol. i. p. 289; Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, § 322, n. 4 ; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 443-445, 2d ed.) [P. S.]

SOTERIA (ZwTnpía), i. e., the personification of safety or recovery (Lat. Salus) was worshipped as a divinity in Greece, and had a Temple and a statue at Patrae (Paus. vii. 21. § 2, 24. § 2). [L.S.]

SOTERICHUS (ZwThρixos). 1. Of Alexandria, a distinguished musician. (Plut. de Mus. 2.) 2. Of the Oasis, an epic poet of the time of Diocletian. Suidas (s. v.) mentions, as his works, an Encomium on Diocletian, a poem entitled Baoσαρικὰ ἤτοι Διονυσιακά, in four books, one on Pantheia of Babylon (τὰ κατὰ Πάνθειαν τὴν Βαβυλωνίαν), another on Ariadne (τὰ κατὰ ̓Αριάδνην), a life of Apollonius of Tyana, a poetical history of the taking of Thebes by Alexander the Great, entitled Πύθων ἢ ̓Αλεξανδριακόν, and others. scholiast on Lycophron (486) quotes a passage from his Kalvowviakά. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec, vol. iii. p. 52; Vossius, de Hist. Graec. pp. 293, 294, ed. Westermann.) [P.S.]

A

SOTE RICUS, MAʼRCIUS, a freedman, from whom L. Crassus purchased his Tusculan villa (Cic. pro Balb. 25). A. Gellius (xii. 2) makes mention of an inferior workman of the name of Sotericus, who must, however, have been a different person from the preceding.

pp. 52, 505, 576.)

́SOTE'RIDAS (Ewrnpidas), a grammarian of | 641; Fabric. Bibl. Gruec. vol. i. p. 874, vol. iii. Epidaurus, the husband of Pamphila, under whose name he published an historical work in three books. He also wrote a work on Orthography (optoypapíav), Homeric questions (thσeis 'Ounρικάς), a Commentary on Menander (ὑπόμνημα εἰς Μένανδρον), on Metres (περὶ μέτρων), on Comedy (TEP) Kwμwdías), and on Euripides (els Εὐριπίδην).

Suidas has two articles on Soteridas, which so nearly resemble each other, that there can be no doubt of their referring to one and the same person, especially when we bear in mind the constant practice of Suidas to make different articles out of the statements of different writers concerning one person, without troubling himself much about their consistency. The above account is taken from the one of Suidas's articles which appears to be copied from the better authority. In the other (and s. v. Пaupiλn) he makes Soteridas the father, instead of the husband, of Pamphila; but the fact of his writing under her name appears more consistent with his being her husband than her father. Also, the Commentary on Menander called, in the second article, a Commentary on Homer and Menander; a curious conjunction, unless the Homer referred to be the poet of the Tragic Pleiad. These variations are of little consequence in themselves; but they furnish a good example of the sort of materials out of which much of the minor Greek literary history has to be constructed. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 496, vol. vi. p. 379.) [P.S.]

[C. P. M.] SOZO'MENUS, HERMEIAS, SALAMANES, or SALAMINIUS (Zaλaμávns 'Epμeías Zwłóuevos, Phot. Bibl. Cod. 30; comp. Sozomen, H.E. lib. vi. c. 32: Ερμείας Σωζόμενος, ὁ καὶ Zaλauivios, Niceph. Callist. H. E. lib. i. c. i.), with the additional epithet SCHOLASTICUS; usually called in English SOZOMEN; a Greek ecclesiastical historian of the fifth century. He was probably a native of Bethelia or Bethel, a populous village in His grandthe territory of Gaza in Palestine. father was the first of his family who embraced the Christian religion, being influenced thereto by the wonderful recovery of Alaphion, a person of property in the same village, and a demoniac, who had been relieved by the prayers of the monk Hilarion, after he had resorted in vain to Jewish and Heathen exorcists. The grandfather of Sozomen, with some of his kindred, fled from Bethelia during the reign of Julian, fearing the violence of the heathen multitude: but they appear to have returned; and the grandfather being a person of some education, and skilled in the exposition of the Scriptures, and especially in solving difficulties, was much esteemed by the Christians of Ascalon, Gaza, and the neighbouring parts (Sozom. H. E. lib. v. c. 15). That Sozomen was born and educated at Bethelia is inferred from his familiarity with the locality (ibid.), and from his intimacy, when quite young, with some persons of the family of Alaphion, who were the first to build churches and monasteries near Bethelia, and were pre-eminent in sanctity (ibid.); a description which, as Valesius notices, appears to identify them with the four brothers, Salamanes, Physcon, Malachion or Mal1. A native of Alexandria, who flourished at chion, and Crispion, mentioned by him in another the close of the third century B. C. (Clinton, Fasti place (lib. vi. c. 32). Valesius supposes Sozomen Hellen. vol. iii. p. 526.) Nothing is known of his to have derived that great admiration of the mopersonal history. He is chiefly remarkable as the nastic life which he shows in various parts of his author of a work, entitled Aiadoxaí, on the suc- work from his early intercourse with these monks; cessive teachers in the different philosophical and it was perhaps from the first-mentioned of them schools. It is quoted very frequently by Diogenes that he derived his own name of Salamanes. That Laërtius (ii. 12, 26. v. 86, &c.), and Athenaeus (iv. the early life of Sozomen was spent in the neighp. 162, e., &c.) It consisted of at least 23 books bourhood of Gaza, appears also from his familiar (Diog. Laert. prooem. 1.7). He was also, appa-acquaintance with the deportment of Zeno, the rently, the author of a work, wept Tv Tiuwvos oiλAv (Athen. viii. p. 336, d.), and of a work entitled Διόκλειοι ἔλεγχοι (Diog. Laërt. x. 4).

SO'TION (wriwv). There appear to have been three or four philosophers of this name. The following alone are worth noticing:

2. Also a native of Alexandria, who lived in the age of Tiberius. He was the instructor of Seneca, who derived from him his admiration of Pythagoras (Seneca, Epist. 108). It was perhaps this Sotion who was the author of a treatise on anger, quoted by Stobaeus (Floril. xiv. 10, xx. 53, xxxiv. 6-8, 17, 18, cviii. 59, exiii. 15). Plutarch also quotes him (Alex. c. 61), as the authority for certain statements respecting towns founded by Alexander the Great in India, which he had heard from his contemporary Potamon the Lesbian. Vossius conjectures that it is the same Sotion who is quoted by Tzetzes (Chiliad. vii. 144) as the authority for some other statements relating to India, which he probably drew from the same

Source.

3. The Peripatetic philosopher, mentioned by A. Gellius (N. A. i. 8) as the author of a miscellaneous work entitled Képas 'Auaλbeías, is probably a different person from either of the preceding. (Vossius, de Hist. Graec. p. 233, &c.; Schöll, Gesch, der griech. Lit. vol. ii. pp. 221, 576, |

aged bishop of Maiuma, the port of that city (lib. vii. c. 28). The statement of some writers that Sozomen was a native of Cyprus is an error, arising apparently from the corrupt form Zaλaulvios, Salaminius, in which Nicephorus has given his name. According to Valesius, whom Cave follows, Sozomen studied civil law at Berytus; but we have not been able to trace any reference to this circumstance in Sozomen's history: he practised at the bar at Constantinople, and was still engaged in his profession when he wrote his history (lib. ii. c. 3). Of his subsequent life nothing appears to be known. As he mentions, in the prefatory epistle to his history, an incident which probably occurred in A. D. 443, he must have survived that year; and Ceillier thinks that, from the manner in which he speaks of Proclus of Constantinople (lib. ix. c. 2, ad fin., Πρόκλου ἐπιτροπεύοντος τὴν Κωνσταντινουπόλεως ἐκκλησίαν, " in the episcopate of Proclus of Constantinople "), he must have written after the death of that prelate in A. D. 446; but we think the words do not necessarily lead to that conclusion.

The only work of Sozomen which has come down to our time is his 'EkKAŋolastiký lotopia,

salem to Constantinople, by the empress Eudocia, the wife of Theodosius (Marcellin. Chron.). The discovery, or asserted discovery of the relics, was quite a different event, and took place in a. D. 415 [LUCIANUS, No. 3], long before their removal.

Sozomen is admitted to excel Socrates in style. This was the judgment of Photius, which is con

superiority of Socrates in soundness of judgment. Valesius says, "In writing history, Sozomen adopted a style neither tame nor turgid, but of a medium character; which style, indeed, is most suitable for a writer on ecclesiastical affairs. And indeed Photius, in his Bibliotheca, prefers the style of Sozomen to that of Socrates; an opinion to which we readily subscribe. But Socrates excels Sozomen in judgment as much as he falls short of him in elegance of diction; for Socrates, indeed, judges exceedingly well, both of men and of ecclesiastical events and transactions; nor does his history contain any thing except what is of gravity and importance: there is nothing that you can expunge as superfluous. On the other hand there are in Sozomen things of a trifling and puerile character; such as the digression in the first book

on the Argonauts, who carried the ship Argo on their shoulders for several stadia; also that description of the suburb of Daphne (at Antioch) which is contained in the fifth book (c. 19); also that observation on beauty of person, when speak ing of the virgin in whose house Saint Athanasius was for some time concealed (lib. v. c. 6); and lastly, the ninth book contains scarcely any thing else than warlike incidents which have nothing in common with ecclesiastical history." But it may be observed, that however the last remark of Valesius may be intrinsically just, the very fault of which he complains (and the complaint will apply to other parts of the work as well as the ninth book, and, though in a less degree, to Socrates also) makes the work more valuable, as furnishing materials for an interesting but obscure period of Roman history.

Historia Ecclesiastica. His first design was to comprehend in this work the whole period from the ascension of Christ; but considering that the earlier period, to the overthrow of Licinius by Constantine the Great, A. D. 323, had been already treated of by other writers, among whom he enumerates Clemens (apparently meaning the PseudoClemens, author of the Recognitiones or the Clemen-firmed by later critics: but these contend for the tina), Hegesippus, Africanus, and Eusebius, he contracted his plan so far as related to that period, and comprehended it in a separate work, a compendium in two books, which is now lost (H. E. lib. i. 1). His longer history is in nine books, but is imperfect; for though he proposed to bring it down to the seventeenth consulship of the younger Theodosius, a. D. 439, the year in which the history of Socrates ends (comp. Oratio ad Imp. Theodos, mentioned just below), the work, as now extant, comes down only a little later than the decease of the emperor Honorius, A. D. 423. Whether it was ever finished according to the author's design, or whether some portion of it has been lost, cannot now be ascertained. It breaks off at the end of a sentence, but in the middle of a chapter; for, while the title of the last chapter promises an account of the discovery of the relics of the prophet Zacharias (or Zachariah) | (c. 6) on the building of the city of Hemona, and and of the Proto-Martyr Stephen, the chapter itself gives an account only of the former. The work was divided by the author into nine books, and has prefixed to it a dedication to the emperor Theodosius II., Aóуos πρòs τòν aυтоKράторa OEоdóolor, Oratio ad Imperatorem Theodosium. The first two books contain the events of the reign of Constantine the Great; the first book ending with the Council of Nice, and the second beginning with the discovery of the cross of Christ, and the visit to Jerusalem of Helena, the emperor's mother. The next two books comprehend the reigns of the sons of Constantine; the events which preceded the death of Constans being in the third book, and later events in the fourth. The revolt of Julian, the death of Constantius, and the greater part of the events of the reign of Julian, occupy the fifth book; the invasion of Persia by Julian and the death of that emperor, and the reigns of Jovian, Valentinian, and Valens, are included in the sixth; the reign of Theodosius the Great is given in the seventh, that of Arcadius in the eighth, and that of the younger Theodosius in the ninth, which last book, as already noticed, is imperfect. It may be here observed that Fabricius denies that the work is incomplete, urging that the discovery of the relics of the prophet Zacharias, which is the closing incident of the history, occurred, according to the authority of Marcellinus, in the seventeenth consulship of Theodosius II., A. D. 439, the year to which Sozomen proposed to bring down his history. Even were this statement accurate, the authority of Marcellinus could not be permitted to overbalance that of Sozomen himself, who distinctly places the discovery of the relics among the incidents of the minority of Theodosius, whereas Theodosius, in his seventeenth consulship, was nearly forty years of age. Marcellinus, however, does not mention the finding of the relics either of the prophet Zacharias, which Sozomen has actually related, or of the proto-martyr Stephen, which Sozomen proposed to relate in his last extant chapter. What Marcellinus does mention as an incident of the seventeenth consulship of Theodosius, is the translation of the latter relics from Jeru

As Socrates and Sozomen were contemporaries, it has been a question which of them first published his history. As they commence at the same point, and profess to terminate at the same point (though the work of Sozomen, as we have observed, is incomplete), it is obvious that one borrowed at least his plan from the other; and as they for the most part agree in their statements, it is probable that the later writer made considerable, though unacknowledged use of his predecessor's work. Valesius, on the ground that the inferior writer is likely to be the plagiarist, assigns the priority to Socrates; and he is probably correct. The ancients, in naming the two, generally put Socrates first. Sozomen has given much which Socrates omits; especially he abounds in notices of anchorets and saints, of whom he seems to have been a great admirer. Why Sozomen, supposing him to be the later of the two writers, should have undertaken to write a second history of a period which had just been treated of by another, is not clear. There are no sharp criticisms or other indications of personal feeling; and no marks of important theological difference. Possibly he may have thought Socrates had not sufficiently recorded the virtues of the ascetics, and therefore published his own history with the view of honouring them.

The work of Sozomen is one of those abridged and combined in the Historia Tripartita of Cassiodorus. [CASSIODORUS, EPIPHANIUS, No. 11.]

years.

2. Began to reign in B. c. 427 and reigned 20 He was succeeded in B. c. 407 by his son Satyrus. (Diod. xiv. 93; Isocrat. Trapezit. p. 370.) 3. Succeeded his father Leucon in B. c. 353, and died, leaving his kingdom to his son Parysades, in B. C. 348. (Diod. xvi. 31, 52.)

4. Son of Eumelus, began to reign in B. c. 304, and reigned 20 years. (Diod. xx. 100; see Clinton, Kings of Bosporus, in Fast. Hellen. vol. ii. pp. [W. B. D.]

The Greek text of Sozomen appears to have been first published, with that of Socrates and the other Greek ecclesiastical historians, by Rob. Stephanus, fol. Paris, 1544; and was again printed, with the Latin version of John Christopherson, bishop of Chichester, fol, Geneva, 1612. It was also included with the work of Socrates, in the edition of Va-281-285.) lesius, both in its original publication and in its SPARTACUS, by birth a Thracian, was sucseveral reprints; and in the edition of Reading cessively a shepherd, a soldier, and a chief of ban[SOCRATES, SCHOLASTICUS]. There are Latin ditti. On one of his predatory expeditions he versions by Musculus and Christopherson, which was taken prisoner, and sold to a trainer of gladiahave been repeatedly printed with their versions of tors. In B. C 73 he was a member of the company the other ecclesiastical historians [SOCRATES, of Cn. Lentulus Batiatus, and was detained in his SCHOLASTICUS]. The version of Christopherson school at Capua, in readiness for the games at extended only to the first six books of Sozomen; Rome. Among his fellow prisoners, principally the needful supplement of a version of the last | Gauls and Thracians, were two Gaulish swordsthree having been made by Petrus Suffridus. The men, Crixus and Oenomaus, who joined with Sparabridged English version of the Greek ecclesiastical tacus in urging their comrades rather to die historians by Parker includes Sozomen, as does attempting freedom, than to be "butchered for a also the French version of Cousin, but not the Roman holiday." Of 200 gladiators about 70 English translation of Meredith Hanmer [So- broke out of the school of Lentulus, plundered a CRATES SCHOLASTICUS]. (Valesius, De Vilis et cook's-shop of its spits and cleavers, and, thus Scriptis Socratis et Sozomeni, prefixed to his edition armed, passed through the gates of Capua. On of their works; Vossius, De Historicis Graecis, the high road they met some waggons laden with lib. ii. c. 20; Fabric. Biblioth. Graec. vol. vii. p. gladiators' armour, and, seizing it, took refuge in the 427; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 439, vol. i. p. 427, crater of Vesuvius, where a number of runaway ed. Oxford, 1740-1743; Dupin, Nouv. Biblioth. slaves joined them. Spartacus was chosen leader; des Auteurs Eccles. vol. iv. or vol. iii. partie ii. p. Crixus and Oenomaus were his lieutenants; and 80, ed. Mons, 1691; Ceillier, Auteurs Sacrés, vol. their ravages soon excited the alarm of the Capuan xiii. p. 689; Ittigius, De Bibliothecis Patrum, people. They were blockaded by C. Claudius passim; Watt, Bibliotheca Britannica; Lardner, Pulcher [No. 36], at the head of 3000 men. A Credibility, part ii. vol. xi. p. 453; Waddington, wild vine covered the sides of the old and extinHistory of the Church, part ii. ch. vii. ad fin.) guished crater, and on ladders twisted from its stems, the fugitives descended the least accessible and therefore unguarded side of their place of refuge, attacked their besiegers in the rear, and supplied themselves with better weapons from the slain. Spartacus now proclaimed freedom to slaves, and the numbers that flocked to him proved the impolicy of the Roman land-owners in preferring slave-labour to free, the desolation of Sulla's wars, and the weakness and depopulation of Italy. The eruption of a handful of half-armed men devastated Italy, from the foot of the Alps to the southernmost corner of the peninsula, and was little less dangerous to the empire than the Hannibalic war itself. Spartacus was triumphant for upwards of two years, B. c. 73–71. In 73 he defeated Cossinius, a legatus of the praetor Varinius Glaber; next Glaber himself repeatedly, capturing in one action his war-horse, lictors, and fasces. From this time forward Spartacus was attended with the accompaniments of a Roman proconsul. He ravaged Campania and sacked Cora, Nuceria, and Nola, and perhaps Compsa, in the territory of the Hirpinians. He was absolute master of Lucania and Bruttium, and placed garrisons and magazines in Thurii and Metapontum. Spartacus was as discreet as he was valiant. In the midst of his successes, and with 40,000 men under his command, he saw that in the end Rome would prevail, and he knew that victory, while it swelled, disorganised his bands. His Gaulish followers were jealous of their Thracian comrades, and Crixus and Oenomaus aspired to separate commands. Spartacus, therefore, proposed to his army to make their way to the north of Italy, and, forcing the passes of the Alps, to disperse severally to their respective homes.

ambecius has confounded Hermeias Sozomen with Hermeias, the author of the Irrisio Gentilium Philosophorum [HERMEIAS, No. 3], but there is no doubt that they are different persons. (Fabric. 1. c.)

[J. C. M.] SPARGAPISES (Σñaруanlons), son of Tomyris, queen of the Massagetae, was surprised and taken prisoner by Cyrus, when, according to the account of Herodotus, he invaded that territory in B. C. 529. The young prince, overwhelmed by his calamity, put an end to his own life (Herod. i. 211-213; compare Strab. xi. p. 512; Justin, i. 8.) [E. E.]

SPARSUS, a friend of the younger Pliny, to whom he addressed two of his letters (Ep. iv. 5, viii. 3), but of whom nothing is known.

SPARSUS, FULVIUS, a rhetorician, mentioned both by the elder Seneca (Controv. v. prooëm. p. 322, Exc. i. p. 382), and by Quintilian (vi. 3. § 100).

SPARTA (άpra), a daughter of Eurotas by Clete, and wife of Lacedaemon, by whom she became the mother of Amyclas and Eurydice. (Apollod. iii. 10. § 3). From her the city of Sparta was believed to have derived its name (Paus. iii. 1. § 3; Schol. Eurip. Orest. 615). She was represented on a tripod at Amyclae. (Paus. iii. 18. § 5). [L. S.] SPARTACUS, the name of several kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus.

1. Succeeded the dynasty of the Archeanactidae (Wesseling, ad Diod. xii. 31) [ARCHEANACTIDAE] in B. C. 438, and reigned until B. c. 431. He was succeeded by his son Seleucus. (Diod. xii. 31, 36.)