4. STATIUS, a tribune of the soldiers in the reign of Nero. (Tac. Ann. xv. 60.) STATIUS ACHILLES. [ACHILLES TATIUS.] STATIUS AʼLBIUS OPPIA'NICUS. [OPPIANICUS.] STATIUS ANNAEUS, a friend of the philosopher Seneca, and well skilled in the art of medicine, provided Seneca with hemlock in order to hasten his death, when the blood did not flow in sufficient abundance from his veins; but the poison took no effect. (Tac. Ann. xv. 64.) STATIUS CAECILIUS. [CAECILIUS.] STATIUS, DOMITIUS, tribune of the soldiers in the reign of Nero, was deprived of his office on the detection of Piso's conspiracy. (Tac. Ann. xv. 71.) STATIUS GELLIUS, a general of the Samnites, was defeated by the Romans and taken prisoner in B. c. 305. (Liv. ix. 44.) STATIUS METIUS, held Casilinum for Hannibal in B. C. 214. (Liv. xxiv. 19.) STA/TIUS MURCUS. [MURCUS.] STATIUS, P. PAPI'NIUS, a distinguished grammarian, who, after having carried off the palm in several public literary contests, opened a school at Naples, about the year A. D. 39, according to the calculations of Dodwell. He subsequently re- | moved to Rome, and at one period acted as the preceptor of Domitian, who held him in high honour, and presented him with various marks of favour. He was the author of many works in prose and verse, of which no trace remains, and died probably in A. D. 86. By his wife Agellina, who survived him, he had a son P. PAPINIUS STATIUS, the celebrated poet. Our information with regard to his personal history is miserably defective. He is named by no ancient author, except Juvenal, so that any knowledge we possess of his family or career has been gleaned from incidental notices in his own writings, and many of these are couched in very ambiguous language. It appears that under the skilful tuition of his father he speedily rose to fame, and became peculiarly renowned for the brilliancy of his extemporaneous effusions, so that he gained the prize three times in the Alban contests (see Sueton. Dom. 4); but having, after a long career of popularity, been vanquished in the quinquennial games (Suet. Dom. l. c.) he retired to Naples, the place of his nativity, along with his wife Claudia whom he married in early life, to whom he was tenderly attached, and whose virtues he frequently commemorates. From the well-known lines of Juvenal, s. vii. 82, — Curritur ad vocem jucundam et carmen amicae Thebaidos, laetam fecit quum Statius Urbem Promisitque diem: tanta dulcedine captos Afficit ille animos, tantaque libidine vulgi Auditur, sed, quum fregit subsellia versu, Esurit, intactam Paridi nisi vendat Agavem,we should infer that Statius, in his earlier years at least, was forced to struggle with poverty, but he appears to have profited by the patronage of Domitian (Silv. iv. 2), whom in common with Martial and other contemporary bards he addresses in strains of the most fulsome adulation. The tale that the emperor, in a fit of passion, stabbed him with a stilus, seems to be as completely destitute of foundation as the notion that he was a Chris tian. Dodwell fixes upon A. D. 61 and A. D. 96, as the epoch of his birth and of his death, but these conclusions are drawn from very uncertain premises. Those dates, which can be ascertained with precision, will be noted as we review his productions in succession. The extant works of Statius are: I. Silvarum Libri V., a collection of thirty-two occasional poems, many of them of considerable length, divided into five books. To each book is prefixed a dedication in prose, addressed to some friend. The metre chiefly employed is the heroic hexameter, but four of the pieces (i. 6, ii. 7, iv. 3, 9), are in Phalaecian hendecasyllabics, one (iv. 5) in the Alcaic, and one (iv. 7) in the Sapphic stanza. The first book was written about A. D. 90 (i. 4. 91), the third after the commencement of A.D. 94 (iii. 3. 171), the first piece in the fourth book was composed expressly to celebrate the kalends of January, A. D. 95, when Domitian entered upon his 17th consulship, and the fifth book appears to have been brought to a close in the following year. II. Thebaidos Libri XII., an heroic poem in twelve books, embodying the ancient legends with regard to the expedition of the Seven against Thebes. It occupied the author for twelve years (xii. 811), and was not finished until after the Dacian war, which commenced in A. D. 86 (i. 20), but had been published before the completion of the first book of the Silvae (Silv. i. prooem.; comp. iii. 2. 143, iv. 4. 86, &c.). III. Achilleidos Libri II., an heroic poem breaking off abruptly. According to the original plan, it would have comprised a complete history of the exploits of Achilles, but was probably never finished. It was commenced after the completion of the Thebais (Achill. i. 10), and is alluded to in the last book of the Silvae (v. 2. 163, v. 5. 37). In some manuscripts this fragment is comprised within a single book, in others is divided into five. Statius may justly claim the praise of standing in the foremost rank among the heroic poets of the Silver Age, and when we remember how few of the extant specimens of the Roman muse belong to this department, we do not feel surprised that Dante and Scaliger should have assigned to him a place immediately after Virgil, provided always we regard them as separated by a wide impassable gulph. While by no means deficient in dignity, and not unfrequently essaying lofty flights, he is in a great measure free from extravagance and pompous pretensions; but, on the other hand, in no portion of his works do we find the impress of high natural talent and imposing power. Those passages which have been most frequently quoted, and most generally admired, display a great command of graceful and appropriate language, a liveliness of imagination which occasionally oversteps the limits of correct taste, brilliant imagery, pictures designed with artistic skill, and glowing with the richest colours, a skilful development of character, and a complete knowledge of the mechanism of verse; but they are not vivified and lighted up by a single spark of true inspiration. The rules of art are observed with undeviating accuracy, and the most intricate combinations are formed without the introduction of a disturbing element; but there is a total absence of that simple energy which is the surest mark of true genius. The pieces which form the Silvae, although evidently thrown off in haste, and probably regarded by their author as trifles of comparatively little importance, produce a much more pleasing effect than either the Thebaid or the Achilleid, in which the original strength of expression seems to have been worn away by repeated polishing, and the native freedom of the verse to have been shackled and cramped by a laborious process of correction. STATORIUS, a centurion in the army of P. and Cn. Scipio in Spain, in B. c. 213, was sent by these generals as an ambassador to Syphax, the king of the Numidians, with whom he remained in order to train foot-soldiers in the Roman tactics (Liv. xxiv. 48, xxx. 28). He appears to be the same as the L. Statorius, who afterwards accompanied C. Laelius, when he went on an embassy to Syphax. (Frontin. i. 1. § 3). STATO'RIUS VICTOR, a rhetorician mentioned by the elder Seneca, was, like him, a native of Corduba (Cordova) in Spain. (Senec. Suas. 2.) The Editio Princeps of the Silvae is a quarto volume, without date and without name of place or printer, not later probably than 1470. The Silvae will be found also in the editions of Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius, which appeared in STAURA'CIUS (Eravρários), Emperor of 1472, 1475, and 1481, and in the edition of Constantinople, son of the Emperor Nicephorus I. Catullus of 1473. The text was revised and pub-[NICEPHORUS I.], first the colleague of his father, lished with a commentary by Domitius Calderinus, and after his death for a short time sole emperor. in a volume containing also remarks upon Ovid He was solemnly crowned as emperor in the and Propertius, fol. Rom. Arnold Pannartz, 1475. month of December A. D. 803 in the second year The best editions are those of Markland, whose of his father's reign in the ambo or pulpit of the critical notes evince remarkable sagacity, 4to. great Church (St. Sophia) at Constantinople, by Lond. 1728, and of Sillig, 4to. Dresd. 1827, the hand of the patriarch Tarasius: being altowhich is a reprint of Markland, with some ad-gether unfitted, according to Theophanes, either ditional matter. The Editio Princeps of the Thebais and Achilleis is a folio volume, without date and without name of place or printer, but belonging probably to the year 1470. Besides this there are a considerable number of editions of these poems, either together or separately, printed in the 15th century, a sure indication of the estimation in which they were held. in personal appearance, bodily strength, or judgment, for such a dignity. Possibly this unfitness arose from his youth, for it was not until Dec. 807, four years after his coronation, that Stauracius was married. His bride was Theophano, an Athenian lady, kinswoman of the late Empress Irene [IRENE], who was selected by Nicephorus for his son after a careful search among the unmarried ladies of the empire, notwithstanding she was already betrothed to a husband, with whom, though not fully married to him, her union had been consummated. The choice of so contaminated a partner dishonoured the unhappy prince to whom she was given as a wife, and the unbridled lust of Nicephorus cast additional contempt on his son by the seduction about the time of the marriage of two young ladies more beautiful than Theophano, and who had been selected as competitors with her for the hand of the young emperor. In May A.D. 811 Stauracius left Constantinople with his father to take the field against the Bulgarians at The first five books of the Thebaid were trans- the head of an army, the number of which struck lated into English verse by Thomas Stephens, 8vo. terror into the heart of the Bulgarian king and Lond. 1648, and the whole poem by W. L. Lewis, induced him to sue for peace, which was refused. 2 vols. 8vo. Oxford, 1767 and 1773. The trans-The first encounters, which were favourable to the lation of the first book by Pope will be found in The Editio Princeps of the collected works is a folio volume, without date, and without name of place or printer. It contains the commentary of Calderinus on the Silvae, and must therefore have been published after the year 1475. No really good edition of Statius has yet appeared. That of Hurd, which was a work of great promise, was never carried beyond the first volume, which contains the Silvae only, 8vo. Leips. 1817. The best for all practical purposes is that which forms one of the series of Latin Classics by Lemaire. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1825-1830. all editions of his works. The Achilleid was translated into English verse by Howard. 8vo. Lond. 1660. Of translations into other languages, the only one of any note is the version into Italian of the Thebaid by Cardinal Bentivoglio, 4to. Rom. 1729, and 8vo. Milan, 1821. [W. R.] STATIUS PRISCUS. [FRISCUS.] STATIUS PRO'XIMUS. [PROXIMUS.] STATIUS QUADRATUS. [QUADRATUS.] STATIUS SEBO'SUS. [SEBOSUS.] STATIUS TREBIUS delivered Compsa, a town of the Hirpini, to Hannibal after the battle of Cannae, B. c. 216. (Liv. xxiii. 1.) Greeks, appear to have been directed by Stauracius, for his father ascribed them to his skill and good fortune. The Bulgarians again sued for peace and again their suit was rejected. In the following fatal battle, in which Nicephorus was killed and the Greek army almost annihilated, Stauracius received a wound in or near the spine, under the torture of which he escaped with difficulty to Adrianople. Here he was proclaimed autocrator, sole emperor, by the officers who surrounded him, and this announcement was received by those who had escaped with him from the slaughter with a delight which evidenced his personal popularity. Michael the Curopalata, who had married Procopia, daughter of Nicephorus, and who had also escaped from the slaughter, but unwounded, was solicited by some of his friends to assume the purple; but he declined, proSTATOR, a Roman surname of Jupiter, de fessedly out of regard to the oaths of fealty which scribing him as staying the Romans in their flight he had taken to Nicephorus and Stauracius, perhaps from an enemy, and generally as preserving the ex- from a conviction that the attempt would not sucisting order of things. (Liv. i. 12, x. 37; Cic. Cat.i. ceed. Stauracius was conveyed in a litter to Con13; Flor. i. 1; Senec. De Benef. iv. 7; Plin. stantinople, where he was exhorted by the patriarch H. N. ii. 53; August. De Civ. Dei, iii. 13.) [L. S.] | Nicephorus [NICEPHORUS, Byzantine writers, STATIUS VALENS wrote the life of the emperor Trajan. (Lamprid. Alex. Sever. 48.) No. 9] to seek the Divine mercy and to make restitution to those whom his father had oppressed. Being," says Theophanes "the genuine inheritor of his father's disposition," but perhaps influenced by the exhaustion of the imperial finances through an unfortunate war, he replied, that he could not spare for restitution more than three talents. "This," says the irate historian," was but a small part of what he (Nicephorus) had wrongfully taken." The painfulness of his wounds, the suggestions of Theophano, who hoped, like Irene, to grasp the sceptre, and probably the intrigues of the parties themselves, alienated Stauracius from his brother-in-law Michael and several of the great officers of the court, and he is said to have contemplated bequeathing the empire to his wife, or even restoring the ancient forms of the Roman Republic. His courtiers conspired against him, and Stauracius having proposed to put out the eyes of Michael, matters were brought to a crisis; Michael was proclaimed emperor (Oct. 811), and Stauracius having put on the habit of a monk, was deposed, and died soon after his deposition, having reigned only two months and six days after his father's death. His widow Theophano embraced a monastic life, and employed the wealth which the humanity or policy of Michael [MICHAEL I. RHANGABE] allowed her, in converting her palace into a monastery called "Hebraica" (Tà 'Espaïka) and by corruption Braca (Tà Bpaxâ), and at a later period Stauraca (Σтavρaka), because in it the body of Stauracius, and afterwards that of Theophano, were buried. According to some writers his body was deposited in (perhaps transferred to) the monastery of Satyrus. The character of Stauracius is drawn in the most unfavourable colours by Theophanes, Zonaras, and others but it was the misfortune of Nicephorus and his son to come between the two sovereigns, Irene and Michael Rhangabe, whose services to orthodoxy or profusion to the church made them great favourites with the ecclesiastical annalists of the Byzantine empire; and their evanescent dynasty was founded by the deposition of one and overthrown to make way for the elevation of the other of these favourites of the church. It is reasonable therefore to suppose that their characters have been unfairly represented; and, in the case of Stauracius especially, things harmless or unimportant have been described as evidences of the greatest depravity. (Theophanes, Chronog. pp. 405–419, ed. Paris; pp. 322-332, ed. Venice; pp. 745-769, ed. Bonn; Leo Grammaticus, Chronog. pp. 204-206, ed. Bonn; Cedrenus, Compend. pp. 477-482, ed. Paris; vol. ii. pp. 33-43, ed. Bonn; Le Beau, Bas Empire, liv. lxvii, ch. x. xxviii-xxxv.; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ch. xlviii.) [J. C. M.] STELLA, ARRU'NTIUS. 1. The person to whom Nero entrusted the superintendence of the games which he exhibited in A. D. 55. (Tac. Ann. xiii. 22.) 2. A poet and a friend of Statius, who dedicated to him the first book of his Silvae, the second poem in which celebrates the marriage of Stella and Violantilla. This Stella is also mentioned by Martial (vi. 21). STE'LLIO, C. AFRA'NIUS. 1. Praetor B. C. 185, and one of the triumviri for founding a colony B. C. 183. (Liv. xxxix. 23, 25). 2. Son of the preceding, served in B. c. 169 against Perseus, king of Macedonia, and was sta tioned in the Illyrian town of Uscana, which was compelled to surrender to Perseus. (Liv. xliii. 18, 19.) STE'NIUS or STHE'NIUS, a Campanian and Lucanian name. Stenius was one of the leading men at Capua, who entertained Hannibal in B. C. 216, after the battle of Cannae (Liv. xxiii. 8); and Pliny speaks of a Stenius Statilius as a Lucanian general. [STATILIUS, No. 1.] STENTOR (Tévτwp), a herald of the Greeks at Troy, whose voice was as loud as that of fifty other men together. His name has become proverbial for any one who screams or shouts with an unusually loud voice. (Hom. Il. v. 783; Juven. Sat. xiii. 112.) [L. S.] STENYCLE'RUS (Ztevúkλnpos), a Messenian hero, from whom the Stenyclarian plain was believed to have derived its name. (Paus. iv. 33. $ 5.) [L. S.] STEPHANUS (Zrépavos), historical. 1. One of the two sons of Thucydides, whom Plato mentions among the instances of those sons of great men, whom their fathers, though educating them with the utmost care, have been unable to train to excellence (Menon, p. 94, c. d.). He is mentioned by Athenaeus (vi. p. 234, e.) as the scribe of a decree of Alcibiades, engraved on a pillar in the temple of Heracles at Cynosargos. 2. An Athenian orator, son of Menecles of Acharnae, against whom Demosthenes composed two orations, which contain scarcely any particulars of his life deserving notice here. He is also mentioned by Athenaeus (xiii. p. 593, f.). 3. 'Epoidons, the husband of Neaera, several times mentioned by Demosthenes in his Oration against Neaera. [P.S.] STEPHANUS, emperor of Constantinople. [ROMANUS I.; CONSTANTINUS VII.] STEPHANUS (Erépavos), literary. 1. An Athenian comic poet of the New Comedy, was probably the son of Antiphanes, some of whose plays he is said to have exhibited. (Anon. de Com. p. xxx.; Suid, s. v. 'Avtipáns.) The other statement of Suidas (s. v. "Aλeğis), that he was the son of Alexis, seems to arise merely from a confusion of the names of Alexis and Antiphanes. All that remains of his works is a single fragment, quoted by Athenaeus (xi. p. 469, a.), from his oλákwv, a play which was evidently intended to ridicule the imitators of Lacedaemonian manners. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 496; Meineke, Frag. Com. Gracc. vol. i. pp. 304, 376, 485, 486, vol. iv. p. 544.) 2. Of Byzantium, the author of the well-known geographical lexicon, entitled 'Evixá, of which unfortunately we only possess an epitome. There are few ancient writers of any importance of whom we know so little as of Stephanus. All that can be affirmed of him with certainty is that he was a grammarian at Constantinople, and lived after the time of Arcadius and Honorius, and before that of Justinian II. The ancient writers, often as they quote the 'Elviká, give us absolutely no information about its author, except his name. We learn from them, however, that the work was reduced to an epitome by a certain Hermolaus, who dedicated his abridgement to the emperor Justinian. [HERMOLAUS.] Hence, in turning to the few incidental pieces of information which the work contains respecting its author, we are met by the question, whether such passages were written by Stephanus sages proceed from the pen of the original author, there being no proof to the contrary. A more important piece of collateral evidence respecting the time of Stephanus, pointed out by Westermann, is his eulogy of Petrus Patricius (s. v. 'Akóval), who died soon after a. D. 562, and was therefore a contemporary of Stephanus, supposing that the latter flourished at the time above assigned to him. himself, or by the epitomator Hermolaus. The most important of these passages is the following, which occurs in the article 'Avakтópiov Kal Euγένιος δὲ, ὁ πρὸ ἡμῶν τὰς ἐν τῇ βασιλίδι σχολὰς Siakoσuhoas, which cannot refer to any other Eugenius than the eminent grammarian of August opolis in Phrygia, who, as we learn from Suidas, taught at Constantinople, under the emperor Anastasius, at the end of the fifth century or the be- The literary history of the work of Stephanus ginning of the sixth. (Suid. s. v.) This passage is also involved in much obscurity. Even the title was pointed out by Thomas de Pinedo, the trans- has been a subject of dispute. In the Aldine lator of Stephanus, as an indication of the author's edition it is entitled Tepl Tóλewv, which Dindorf has age; but nearly all the editors of Stephanus, as adopted; in the Juntine Tepì róλewv kał dźμwv, well as Isaac Vossius and Fabricius, have chosen which Berkelius also places at the head of the text, to regard it as an insertion made by Hermolaus, while on his title-page he has repávov Bugavτiov for the following reason; if Eugenius flourished ¿OVIKÀ KAT ÉTITоouhy; and Salmasius prefers the under Anastasius, who died in A. D. 518, his suc- title Στεφάνου Βυζαντίου περὶ ἐθνικῶν καὶ τοπικῶν. cessor in the presidency of the schools would in all All these variations are supported more or less by probability be in office under Justinian I., who the authority of the MSS. The numerous recame to the throne in A. D. 527, which agrees with ferences, however, made to the work by ancient the statement of Suidas, that Hermolaus dedicated writers, especially by Eustathius, make it clear his epitome to Justinian. Plausible as this argu- that the proper title of the original work was ment is, it is far from being conclusive. It evi- Εθνικά, and that of the epitome ἐκ τῶν ἐθνικῶν dently rests in part, if not chiefly, on the tacit repávov kaт' èmitóμnv. The title prefixed to the assumption that, when a personal reference is made important fragment of the original work, which is in an abridged work to the author, without any preserved in the Codex Seguerianus, deserves notice thing to show whether the writer of the passage is on account of its full explanation of the design of the the original author or the epitomator, the presump- work, although it has of course been added by a tion is, that it has been inserted by the latter. grammarian:-тEÓÁVOV YраμμаTIKOû KwvσTaνTINow we believe that the presumption is just | νουπόλεως περὶ πόλεων νήσων τε καὶ ἐθνῶν, δήμων the other way; both on the general principle | τε καὶ τόπων, καὶ ὁμωνυμίας αὐτῶν καὶ μετωνομαthat, in an abridged work, whatever cannot be σίας καὶ τῶν ἐντεῦθεν παρηγμένων ἐθνικῶν τε καὶ proved to be an interpolation should be referred | τοπικῶν καὶ κτητικῶν τε ὀνομάτων. to the original author, and also on account of the According to the title, the chief object of the work well-known habit of compilers and epitomators of was to specify the gentile names derived from the the later period of Greek literature to copy their several names of places and countries in the ancient author almost verbatim, so far as they follow him at world. But, while this is done in every article, the all, and to make their abridgement by the simple amount of information given went far beyond this. omission of whole passages, often in such a manner Nearly every article in the epitome contains a reas even to destroy the grammatical coherence of ference to some ancient writer, as an authority for the what is left, as is frequently the case in this very name of the place; but in the original, as we see from epitome of Stephanus. On this presumption, we the extant fragments, there were considerable quotathink, the question mainly turns. It would be tions from the ancient authors, besides a number of rash to regard it as decided; but it may be safely very interesting particulars, topographical, historical, said that the passage should probably be referred to mythological, and others. Thus the work was not Stephanus, unless some positive and decisive proof merely what it professed to be, a lexicon of a be produced that it was inserted by Hermolaus. special branch of technical grammar, but a valuable The chronological argument stated above is not such dictionary of geography. How great would have a proof; for Suidas does not say to which of the been its value to us, if it had come down to us two Justinians Hermolaus dedicated his epitome; unmutilated, may be seen by any one who comand, even if it was to Justinian I., there is nothing pares the extant fragments of the original with the to prevent our supposing that the work of Stepha- corresponding articles in the epitome. These fragnus was composed under Justin or in the early ments, however, are unfortunately very scanty. part of the reign of Justinian, and that the epitome They consist of: (1) The portion of the work was made very soon afterwards; but, considering from Auun to the end of ▲, contained in a MS. of how little Suidas troubles himself about minute the Seguerian Library; but, unfortunately, there is distinctions, it is perhaps better to keep to the ex- a large gap even in this portion; (2) The article planation that the Justinian to whom Hermolaus '16npiai duo, which is preserved by Constantinus dedicated his epitome was Justinian II., and that Porphyrogennetus (de Admin. Imp. c. 23); (3) Stephanus himself flourished under Justinian I., in An account of Sicily, quoted by the same author the former part of the sixth century. Wester- from Stephanus (de Them. ii. 10). The first two mann argues further, that it is unlikely that a of these fragments are inserted by Westermann person of so little learning and judgment, as the in the text, in place of the corresponding articles of epitomator of Stephanus appears by his work to the epitome, which he transfers to his preface; have possessed, would have been placed at the the third differs so thoroughly from the article head of the imperial schools of Constantinople, or Zikeλía in the epitome, that Westermann does would have written such a work as the Byzantine not venture to insert it in the text, but prints it in history quoted in the article Tóreot, or as the dis- his preface. There are also some other quotations quisition on the Aethiopians referred to under in the ancient writers, which, from their general, Alloy; but, in these cases also, it appears better but not exact, resemblance to the articles in the to rest on the simple presumption that these pas-epitome, are presumed to be taken from the criginal. They are particularized by Westermann in his | EПOIEI (Marini, Inseriz, d. Villa Albani, p. 174); preface. From a careful examination of the references, it appears that the author of the Etymologicum Magnum, Eustathius, and others of the grammarians, possessed the original work of Stephanus. It also seems probable that the work, as it now exists, is not a fair representation of the epitome of Hermolaus, but that it has been still further abridged by successive copyists. The former part of the work is pretty full; the portion from Пáтpa to the middle of is little more than a list of names; the articles in T and Y become fuller again; and those from X to appear to be copied, almost without abridgement, from the work of Stephanus. The work is arranged in alphabetical order; but it was also originally divided into books, the exact number of which cannot be determined; but they were considerably more numerous than the letters of the alphabet. The following are the chief editions of the Epitome of Stephanus: (1) the Aldine, Venet. 1502, fol.; (2) the Juntine, Florent. 1521, fol. ; (3) the edition of Xylander, with several emendations in the text, and with Indices, Basil. 1568, fol. ; (4) that of Thomas de Pinedo, the first with a Latin version, Amst. 1678, fol.; (5) the text corrected by Salmasius, from a collation of MSS.; various readings collected by Gronovius from the Codex Perusinus, with notes; a Latin Version and Commentary by Abr. Berkelius, Lugd. Bat. 1688, fol., reprinted 1694, fol.; (6) that of the Wetsteins, containing the Greek text, the Latin version and notes of Thomas de Pinedo, and the various readings of Gronovius, with Indices, Amst. 1725, fol.; (7) that of Dindorf, with readings from a newly-found MS., and the notes of L. Holstenius, A. Berkelius, and Thomas de Pinedo, Lips. 1825, &c., 4 vols. 8vo.; (8) that of A. Westermann, containing a thoroughly revised text, with a very valuable preface, Lips. 1839, 8vo.: this is by far the most useful edition for ordinary reference. The chief fragment was published separately, by S. Tennulius, Amst. 1669, 4to.; by A. Berkelius, with the Periplus of Hanno and the Monumentum Adulitanum of Ptolemy Euergetes, Lugd. Bat. 1674, 8vo., reprinted in Montfaucon's Catalogus Bibliothecae Coislinianae, pp. 281, &c., Paris. 1715, fol.; by Jac. Gronovius, Lugd. Bat. 1681, 4to., and in the Thesaurus Antiq. Graec. vol. vii. pp. 269, &c.; and it is contained in all the editions, from that of Thomas de Pinedo downwards. There is a German translation of the fragment, with an Essay on Stephanus, by S. Ch. Schirlitz, in the Ephem. Litter. Scholast. Univ. vol. ii. pp. 385-390, 393-399, 1828, 4to. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. pp. 621-661; Vossius, de Hist. Graec. pp. 324, 325, ed. Westermann; Wellauer, de Extrema Parte Operis Stephaniani de Urbibus, in Friedemann and Seebod's Miscell. Crit. vol. ii. pt. 4, pp. 692, &c.; Westermann, Stephani Byzantini 'Elviкŵv quae supersunt, Praef.; Hoffmann, Lex. Bibl. Script. Graec. s. v.) There are several other Greek writers of this name, but not of sufficient importance to require notice here. (See Fabric. Bibl. Graec. Index.) [P.S.] STEPHANUS, artists. 1. A sculptor, who exercised his art at Rome in the first century B. C., was the disciple of Pasiteles and the instructor of Menelaus, as we learn from two inscriptions ; the one on the trunk of a naked statue in the Villa Albani, CTE ANOC IIACITEAOTC MAOнTHC | and the other on the base of the celebrated group in the Villa Ludovisi, MENEAAOC CTE ANOT MAOHTHC EПOIEI. [MENELAUS.] Stephanus is also mentioned by Pliny (H. N. xxxvi. 5. s. 4. § 10) as the maker of Hippiades in the collection of Asinius Pollio; but what he means by Hippiades is not very clear. From the connection, the word would appear to be a feminine plural. (Thiersch, Epochen, p. 295.) 2. A freedman of Livia, in whose household he practised the art of a worker in gold, as we learn from a Latin inscription, in which he is designated AURIFEX. (Gori, Nos. 114-122; Bianchini, p. 67, No. 220; Welcker, Kunstblatt, 1827, No. 84; Osann, Kunstblatt, 1830, No. 84; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 407, 2d ed.) [P.S.] STEPHANUS, was ordained bishop of Rome A. D. 253, in the place of Lucius, and suffered mar tyrdom four years afterwards. He is known to us solely by the dispute which he maintained with Cyprian upon baptizing heretics, which became so fierce, that Stephanus, not content with refusing audience to the deputies despatched by the African prelate, positively forbad the faithful to exercise towards them the common duties of hospitality. He appears to have published two epistles in connection with this controversy. 1. Ad Cyprianum. 2. Ad Episcopos Orientales contra Helenum et Firmilianum. Neither of these has been preserved, but a short fragment of the former is to be found in the letter of Cyprian Ad Pompeium (lxxiv.), and is printed in the Epistolae Pontificum Romanorum of Constant (fol. Paris, 1721, p. 210). [W. R.] STEPHANUS (Erépavos), the name of several physicians: 1. Probably a native of Tralles in Lydia, as he was the father of Alexander Trallianus. (Alex. Trall. iv. 1, p. 198.) He had four other sons, Anthemius, Dioscorus, Metrodorus, and Olympius, who were all eminent in their several professions. (Agath. Hist. v. p. 149.) He lived in the latter half of the fifth century after Christ. 2. A native of Edessa, who was one of the most eminent physicians of his age. He was of great service to Kobádh (or Cabades) king of Persia, early in the sixth century after Christ, for which he was richly rewarded. During the siege of Edessa by Cosra (or Chosroës) the son of Kobadh, A. D. 544, Stephanus was sent with some of his fellow-citizens to intercede in behalf of the place; and in his address to the king he claims for himself the credit not only of having brought him up, but also of having persuaded his father to nominate him as his succcessor to the throne in place of his elder brother. (Procop. de Bello Pers. ii. 26.) His intercession had no effect, but the king was shortly afterwards forced to raise the siege. 3. A native of Alexandria, author of a short Greek treatise on Alchemy, who must have lived in the early part of the seventh century after, Christ, as part of his work (p. 243) is addressed to the Emperor Heraclius (A. D. 610-641). It consists of nine páteis or Lectures (see Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. xii. p. 694, note, ed. vet.), the first of which is entitled Στεφάνου ̓Αλεξανδρέως οἰκου μενικοῦ φιλοσόφου καὶ διδασκάλου τῆς μεγάλης καὶ ἱερᾶς τέχνης περὶ Χρυσοποιΐας πρᾶξις σὺν Θεῷ porn, where it is not quite clear whether Пepl Xpuσomoitas, De Chrysopocia, is meant to be the |