penses to which the provincials were put in sending | embassies to Rome to praise the administration of their governors. (Cic. ad Fam. iii. 8, 10.) With respect to the magistrates, Sulla renewed the old law, that no one should hold the praetorship before he had been quaestor, nor the consulship before he had been praetor (Appian, B. C. i. 100; Cic. Phil. xi. 5); nor did he allow of any deviation from this law in favour of his own party, for when Q. Lucretius Ofella, who had taken Praeneste, presuming upon his services, offered himself as a candidate for the consulship, without having previously held the offices of quaestor and praetor, he was assassinated in the forum by the order of the dictator. Sulla also re-established the ancient law, that no one should be elected to the same magistracy till after the expiration of ten years. (Appian, B. C. i. 101; comp. Liv. vii. 42, x. 31.) Sulla increased .the number of Quaestors from eight to twenty (Tac. Ann. xi. 22), and that of the Praetors from six to eight. Pomponius says (De Orig. Juris, Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 32) that Sulla added four new praetors, but this appears to be a mistake, since Julius Caesar was the first who increased their number to ten. (Suet. Caes. 41; Dion Cass. xlii. 51.) This increase in the number of the praetors was necessary on account of the new quaestiones, established by Sulla, of which we shall speak below. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 290). To degrade the tribunate One of the most important of Sulla's reforms related to the tribunate. It is stated in general by the ancient writers, that Sulla deprived the tribunes of the plebs of all real power (Vell. Pat. III. Laws relating to the Administration of Jusii. 30; Appian, B. C. i. 100; Cic. de Leg. iii. 9; tice. Sulla established permanent courts for the Liv. Epit. 89); but the exact nature of his altera- trial of particular offences, in each of which a tions is not accurately stated. It appears certain, praetor presided. A precedent for this had been however, that he deprived the tribunes of the right given by the Lex Calpurnia of the tribune L. of proposing a rogation of any kind whatsoever to Calpurnius Piso, in B. C. 149, by which it was the tribes (Liv. Epit. 89), or of impeaching any enacted that a praetor should preside at all trials person before them, inasmuch as he abolished al- for repetundae during his year of office. This was together the legislative and judicial functions of called a Quaestio Perpetua, and nine such Quaesthe tribes, as has been previously stated. The tiones Perpetuae were established by Sulla, namely, tribunes also lost the right of holding conciones De Repetundis, Majestatis, De Sicariis et Vene(Cic. pro Cluent. 40), as has likewise been shown, ficis, De Parricidio, Peculatus, Ambitus, De Numand thus could not influence the tribes by any mis Adulterinis, De Falsis or Testamentaria, and speeches. The only right left to them was the De Vi Publica. Jurisdiction in civil cases was Intercessio. It is, however, uncertain to what left to the praetor peregrinus and the praetor urextent the right of Intercessio extended. It is banus as before, and the other six praetors presided hardly conceivable that Sulla would have left the in the Quaestiones; but as the latter were more tribunes to exercise this the most formidable of all in number than the praetors, some of the praetors their powers without any limitation; and that he took more than one quaestio, or a judex quaes did not do so is clear from the case of Q. Opimius, tionis was appointed. The praetors, after their who was brought to trial, because, when tribune of election, had to draw lots for their several juristhe plebs, he had used his intercessio in violation dictions. Sulla enacted that the judices should be of the Lex Cornelia (Cic. Verr. i. 60). Cicero taken exclusively from the senators, and not from says (de Leg. iii. 9) that Sulla left the tribunes only the equites, the latter of whom had possessed this the potestas auxilii ferendi; and from this we may privilege, with a few interruptions, from the law infer, in connection with the case of Opimius, that of C. Gracchus, in B. c. 123. This was a great the Intercessio was confined to giving their protec- gain for the aristocracy; since the offences for tion to private persons against the unjust decisions which they were usually brought to trial, such as of magistrates, as, for instance, in the enlisting of bribery, malversation, and the like, were so comsoldiers. Caesar, it is true, states, in general, that monly practised by the whole order, that they Sulla left to the tribunes the right of intercessio, were, in most cases, nearly certain of acquittal from and he leaves it to be inferred in particular that men who required similar indulgence themselves. Sulla allowed them to use their intercessio in re- (Tac. Ann. xi. 22; Vell. Pat. ii. 32; Cic. Verr. ference to senatusconsulta (Caes. B. C. i. 5, 7); Act. i. 13, 16; comp. Dictionary of Antiquities, art. but it is not impossible, as Becker has suggested, Judex.) that Caesar may have given a false interpretation of the right of intercessio granted by Sulla, in order to justify the course he was himself adopt ing. (Becker, Handbuch der Röm. Alterthümer, Sulla's reform in the criminal law, the greatest and most enduring part of his legislation, belongs to a history of Roman law, and cannot be given here. For further information on this subject the reader is referred to the Dict. of Antiq. art. Leges Corneliae. IV. Laws relating to the Improvement of public Morals. Of these we have very little information. One of them was a Lex Sumtuaria, which enacted that not more than a certain sum of money should be spent upon entertainments, and also restrained extravagance in funerals. (Gell. ii. 24; Macrob. Sat. ii. 13; Plut. Sull. 35). There was likewise a law of Sulla respecting marriage (Plut. 1.c.; comp. Lyc. c. Sull. 3), the provisions of which are quite unknown, as it was probably abrogated by the Julian law. The most important modern works on Sulla's legislation are-Vockestaert, De L. Cornelio Sulla legislatore, Lugd. Bat. 1816; Zachariae, L. Cornelius Sulla, &c., Heidelb. 1834, 2 vols., the second volume of which treats of the legislation; Wittich, De Reipublicae Romanae ea forma, qua L. Cornelius Sulla totam rem Romanam commutavit, Lips. 1834; Ramshorn, De Reip. Rom. ea forma, qua L. C. S. totam rem Rom. commutavit, Lips. 1835; Göttling, Geschichte der Römischen Staatsverfassung, pp. 459 -474; Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. ii. pp. 478-494. 7. FAUSTUS CORNELIUS SULLA, a son of the There are several coins of the dictator Sulla, a dictator by his fourth wife Caecilia Metella, and a few specimens of which are annexed. The first twin brother of Fausta, was born not long before coin contains on the obverse the head of the dicB. C. 88, the year in which his father obtained his tator, and on the reverse that of his colleague first consulship. He and his sister received the in his first consulship, Q. Pompeius Rufus. The names of Faustus and Fausta respectively on accoin was probably struck by the son of Q. Pom- count of the good fortune of their father. (Plut. peius Rufus, who was tribune of the plebs in Sull. 22, 34, 37.) At the death of his father in B. C. 52 [POMPEIUS, No. 9], in honour of his B. C. 78, Faustus and his sister were left under the grandfather and father. The second coin was also guardianship of L. Lucullus. The enemies of Sulla's probably struck by the tribune of B. c. 52. The constitution constantly threatened Faustus with a third and fourth coins were struck in the lifetime prosecution to compel him to restore the public of the dictator. The third has on the obverse the money which his father had received or taken out head of Pallas, with MANLL. PROQ., and on the re- of the treasury; but the senate always offered a verse Sulla in a quadriga, with L. SULLA IMP., strong opposition to such an investigation. When probably with reference to his splendid triumph the attempt was renewed in B. c. 66 by one of the over Mithridates. The fourth coin has on the ob- tribunes, Cicero, who was then praetor, spoke verse the head of Venus, before which Cupid stands against the proposal. (Ascon. in Cornel. p. 72, ed. holding in his hand the branch of a palm tree, and Orelli; Cic. pro Cluent. 34, de Leg. Agr. i. 4.) on the reverse a guttus and a lituus between two Soon after this Faustus accompanied Pompey into trophies, with IMPER. ITERV(M). The head of Venus Asia, and was the first who mounted the walls of is placed on the obverse, because Sulla attributed the temple of Jerusalem in B. c. 63, for which exmuch of his success to the protection of this god-ploit he was richly rewarded. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. dess. Thus we are told by Plutarch (Sull. 34) that when he wrote to Greeks he called himself Epaphroditus, or the favourite of Aphrodite or Venus, and also that he inscribed on his trophies the names of Mars and Victory, and Venus (Sull. 19). (Comp. Eckhel, vol. v. pp. 190, 191.) 4. § 4, B. J. i. 7. § 4.) In B. c. 60 he exhibited the gladiatorial games which his father in his last will had enjoined upon him, and at the same time he treated the people in the most sumptuous manner. In B. C. 54 he was quaestor, having been elected augur a few years before. In B. c. 52 he received from the senate the commission to rebuild the Curia Hostilia, which had been burnt down in the tumults following the murder of Clodius, and which was henceforward to be called the Curia Cornelia, in honour of Faustus and his father. The breaking out of the civil war prevented him from obtaining any of the higher dignities of the state. As the son of the dictator Sulla, and the son-in-law of Pompey, whose daughter he had married, he joined the aristocratical party. At the beginning of B. c. 49, Pompey wished to send him to Mauritania with the title of propraetor, but was prevented by Philippus, tribune of the plebs. He crossed over to Greece with Pompey, was present at the battle of Pharsalia, and subsequently joined the leaders of his party in Africa. After the battle of Thapsus, in B. C. 46, he attempted to escape into Mauritania, with the intention of sailing to Spain, [No. 11], and also a step-son Memmius. (Cic. but he was intercepted in his journey by P. Sittius, taken prisoner, and carried to Caesar [SIT-ad Q. Fr. iii. 3.) TIUS]. He was accompanied in his flight by his 10. SERV. CORNELIUS SULLA, also a son of No. wife Pompeia and his children, as well as by Afra- 8, took part in both of Catiline's conspiracies. His nius, and they were all captured along with him. guilt was so evident, that no one was willing to Upon their arrival in Caesar's camp, Faustus and defend him; but we do not read that he was put Afranius were murdered by the soldiers in a tumult, to death along with the other conspirators. (Sall probably not without Caesar's connivance; but | Cat. 17, 47; Cic. pro Sull. 2.) Pompeia and her children were dismissed uninjured by Caesar. Faustus seems only to have resembled his father in his extravagance. We know from Cicero (ad Att. ix. 11) that he was overwhelmed with debt at the breaking out of the civil war. (Dion Cass. xxxvii. 51, xxxix. 17, xl. 50, xlii. 13; Cic. pro Sull. 19; Caes. B. C. i. 6; Hirt. B. Afr. | 87, 95; Appian, B. C. ii. 100; Flor. iv. 2. § 90; 12. L. CORNELIUS P. F. P. N. SULLA, the son Oros. vi. 16.) of No. 11, was consul B. c. 5 with Augustus. (Plin. H. N. vii. 11. s. 13; Dion Cass. index, lib. lv.) 8. SERV. CORNELIUS SULLA, known only as the brother of the dictator, and the father of the two following persons. (Sall. Cat. 17; Dion Cass. xxxvi. 27.) 9. P. CORNELIUS SULLA, a son of No. 8, and a nephew of the dictator. He was grown up in the lifetime of his uncle, from whom he received as presents several estates of those who had been proscribed. In the consular comitia of B. c. 66 he was elected consul along with P. Autronius Paetus, but neither he nor his colleague entered upon the office, as they were accused of bribery by L. Torquatus the younger, and were condemned. L. Cotta and L. Torquatus, the father of their accuser, received the consulship in their stead. It was currently believed that Sulla was privy to both of Catiline's conspiracies, and he was accordingly accused of this crime by his former accuser, L. Torquatus, and by C. Cornelius. He was defended by Hortensius and Cicero, and the speech of the latter on his behalf is still extant. He was acquitted; but, independent of the testimony of Sallust (Cat. 17), his guilt may almost be inferred from the embarrassment of his advocate. According to A. Gellius (xii. 12) Cicero had borrowed a sum of money from Sulla for the purchase of his house on the Palatine. Cicero afterwards quarrelled with Sulla, because the latter had taken part in the proceedings of Clodius against him during his banishment. (Cic. ad Att. iv. 3.) In the civil war Sulla espoused Caesar's cause. He served under him as legate in Greece, and commanded along with Caesar himself the right wing at the battle of Pharsalia, B. c. 48. In the following year he was ordered by Caesar to carry over from Italy to Sicily the legions which were destined for the African war; but the soldiers of the twelfth legion rose in mutiny, and drove him away with a shower of stones, demanding to receive, before they quitted Italy, the rewards which they had been promised in Greece. At the conclusion of the civil war Sulla purchased at a small sum some of the confiscated estates of the Pompeian party, and appears in consequence to have incurred no small degree of obloquy. He died during a journey in B. c. 45; and, according to Cicero (ad Fam. ix. 10, xv. 17), people were too glad to hear of his death to trouble themselves about the inquiry whether he had perished by the hands of robbers, or had fallen a victim to excessive indulgence in the pleasures of the table. (Cic. pro Sulla, passim; Sall. Cat. 17, 18; Dion Cass. xxxvi. 27; Cic. de Fin. ii. 19; Caes. B. C. iii. 51, 89; Appian, B. C. ii. 76; Cic. ad Att. xi. 21, 22, de Off. ii. 8.) Sulla left behind him a son P. Sulla 11. P. CORNELIUS SULLA, the son of No. 9. Nothing is recorded respecting him. He was alive at the time of his father's death in B. C. 45. (“P. Sullam patrem mortuum habebamus," Cic. ad Fam. xv. 17, pro Sulla, 31.) Respecting the preceding Sullae see Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. ii. pp. 425–524. 13. L. CORNELIUS (L. f. P. n.) SULLA FELIX, son of No. 12, was consul in the reign of Tiberius, A. D. 33, with Serv. Sulpicius Galba. (Dion Cass. lviii. 20; Tac. Ann. vi. 15.) He is probably the same as the "L. Sulla, nobilis juvenis," mentioned by Tacitus, in A. d. 21 (Ann. iii. 31), and as the L. Sulla, whose advanced age in the reign of Claudius is spoken of by Dion Cassius (lx. 12). 14. L. CORNELIUS SULLA, probably son of No. 13, was consul suffectus under Claudius in A. D. 52. (Fasti.) 15. FAUSTUS CORNELIUS SULLA, consul under Claudius, in A. D. 52, with L. Salvius Otho Titianus. He was the son-in-law of Claudius, having married his daughter Antonia. Soon after the accession of Nero, Paetus accused Pallas and Burrus of the design of placing Sulla upon the throne; and although the accusation was declared to be false, Nero became jealous of Sulla. One of the emperor's freedmen accordingly invented a plot which was falsely ascribed to Sulla, who was thereupon ordered by Nero to go into exile to Massilia, A. D. 59. But as Nero feared that Sulla from his proximity to the German legions might induce them to revolt, he was put to death by order of the emperor in a. D. 63. (Suet. Claud. 27 ; Tac. Ann. xii. 52, xiii. 23, 47, xiv. 57.) 16. CORNELIUS SULLA, governor of Cappadocia, was put to death by Elagabalus. (Dion Cass. lxxix. 4.) SULPICIA. 1. The mother-in-law (socrus) of Sp. Postumius Albinus, by whose instrumentality the latter, in his consulship, B. c. 168, became acquainted with the crimes perpetrated in connection with the worship of Bacchus. (Liv. xxxix. 11—13.) 2. The daughter of Ser. Sulpicius Paterculus, and the wife of Q. Fulvius Flaccus. She was declared to be the chastest woman in Rome, and was therefore selected, in B. c. 113, to dedicate the statue of Venus Verticordia, who was believed to turn the minds of women from vice to virtue. (Val. Max. viii. 15. § 12; Plin. H. N. vii. 35.) 3. The wife of Lentulus Cruscellio. Her husband was proscribed by the triumvirs in B. C. 43, and fled to Sex. Pompeius in Sicily, whither Sulpicia followed him, against the wish of her mother Julia. (Val. Max. vi. 7. § 3; Appian, B. C. iv. 39.) 4. SULPICIA PRAETEXTATA, the wife of Crassus, is mentioned at the commencement of the reign of Vespasian, A. D. 70. (Tac. Hist. iv. 42.) SULPICIA. [TIBULLUS.] SULPICIA, a Roman poetess who flourished towards the close of the first century, celebrated for sundry gay amatory effusions, addressed to her husband Calenus. Their general character may be gathered from the expressions of Martial, Ausonius, and Sidonius Apollinaris, by all of whom they are noticed. Two lines from one of these productions have been preserved by the scholiast upon Juvenal, Sat. vi. 536. (Martial. Ep. x. 35–38; Auson. Epilog. Cent. Nupt.; Sidon. Apollin. Carm. ix. 260; Anthol. Lat. iii. 251, ed. Burmann, or No. 198, ed. Meyer.) We find in the collected works of Ausonius, as first published by Ugoletus (4to. Parm. 1499, Venet. 1501), a satirical poem, in seventy hexameters, on the edict of Domitian, by which philosophers were banished from Rome and from Italy (Suet. Dom. 10; Gell. xv. 11). It has been frequently reprinted, and generally bears the title Satyricon Carmen s. Ecloga de edicto Domitiani, or Satyra de corrupto reipublicae stati temporibus Domitiani. When closely examined it soon appeared manifest that it could not belong to the rhetorician of Bordeaux, but that it must have been written by some one who lived at the period to which the theme refers, that the author was a female (v. 8), and that she had previously composed a multitude of sportive pieces in a great variety of measures. Hence many critics, struck by these coincidences, have not hesitated to ascribe the lines in question to the Sulpicia mentioned above, the contemporary of Martial, and in almost all the more recent collections of the minor Latin poets they bear her name. In a literary point of view they possess little interest, being weak, pointless, and destitute of spirit. (Wernsdorf, Poet. Lat. Min. vol. iii. p. lx. and p. 83.) The satire is generally appended to editions of Juvenal and Persius. [W. R.] SULPICIA GENS, originally patrician, and afterwards plebeian likewise. It was one of the most ancient Roman gentes, and produced a succession of distinguished men, from the foundation of the republic to the imperial period. The first member of it who obtained the consulship was Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus, in B. c. 500, only nine years after the expulsion of the Tarquins, and the last of the name who appears on the consular Fasti was Sex. Sulpicius Tertullus in A. D. 158. The family names of the Sulpicii during the republican period are- CAMERINUS CORNUTUS, GALBA, GALLUS, LONGUS, PATERCULUS, PETICUS, PRAETEXTATUS, QUIRINUS, RUFUS (given below), SAVERRIO. Besides these cognomens, we meet with some other surnames belonging to freedmen and to other persons under the empire, which are given below. On coins we find the surnames Galba, Platorinus, Proclus, Rufus. SULPICIA'NUS, FLA'VIUS, the father-inlaw of the emperor Pertinax, was appointed upon the death of Commodus praefectus urbi. After the murder of his son he became one of the candidates for the vacant throne, when it was exposed for sale by the praetorians. He was outbid by Didius Julianus, who stripped him of his office but spared his life at the request of the soldiers. He was subsequently put to death by Septimius Severus, on the charge of having favoured the pretensions of Clodius Albinus. (Dion Cass. Ixxiii. 7, 11, lxxv. 8.) [W. R.] SULPICIUS APOLLINA'RIS, a contemporary of A. Gellius, was a learned grammarian, whom Gellius frequently cites with the greatest VOL. III. respect. He calls him, on one occasion "vir praestanti literarum scientia," and on another, homo memoriae nostrae doctissimus." (Gell. ii. 16, iv. 17, xiii. 17, xv. 5.) There are two poems in the Latin Anthology, purporting to be written by Sulpicius of Carthage, whom some writers identify with the above-named Sulpicius Apollinaris. One of these poems consists of seventy-two lines, giving the argument of the twelve books of Virgil's Aeneid, six lines being devoted to each book (Anthol. Lat. Nos. 222, 223, ed. Meyer; Donatus, Vita Virgilii). The contemporary of Gellius is probably the same person as the Sulpicius Apollinaris who taught the emperor Pertinax in his youth. (Capitol. Pertin. 1.) SULPICIUS ASPER. [ASPER.] SULPICIUS FLAVUS. [FLAVUS.] SULPICIUS LUPERCUS SERVASTUS, a Latin poet, of whom two poems are extant; an elegy, De Cupiditate, in forty-two lines, and a sapphic ode, De Vetustate, in twelve lines. Both poems are printed in Wernsdorf's Poetae Latini Minores, vol. iii. pp. 235, &c. 408. Nothing is known of the author. SULPICIUS RUFUS. 1. SER. SULPICIUS RUFUS, was consular tribune three times, namely in B. C. 388, 384, and 383. (Liv. vi. 4, 18, 21.) 2. P. SULPICIUS RUFUS, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 88. He was born in B. c. 124, as he was ten years older than Hortensius. (Cic. Brut. 88.) He was one of the most distinguished orators of his time. Cicero, who had heard him, frequently speaks of him in terms of the highest admiration. He says that Sulpicius and Cotta were, beyond comparison, the greatest orators of their age. 66 Sulpicius," he states, "was, of all the orators I ever heard, the most dignified, and, so to speak, the most tragic. His voice was powerful, and at the same time sweet and clear; the gestures and movements of his body were graceful; but he appeared, nevertheless, to have been trained for the forum and not for the stage; his language was rapid and flowing, and yet not redundant or diffuse." (Brut. 55.) He commenced public life as a supporter of the aristocratical party, and soon acquired great influence in the state by his splendid talents, while he was still young. He was an intimate friend of M. Livius Drusus, the celebrated tribune of the plebs, and the aristocracy placed great hopes in him. (Cic. de Orat. i. 7.) In B. C. 94, he accused of majestas C. Norbanus, the turbulent tribune of the plebs, who was defended by M. Antonius and was acquitted. [NORBANUS, No. 1.] In B. c. 93 he was quaestor, and in B. C. 89 he served as legate of the consul Cn. Pompeius Strabo in the Marsic war. In the following year, B. C. 88, he was elected to the tribunate through the influence of the aristocratical party. The consuls of the year were L. Cornelius Sulla and Q. Pompeius Rufus, the latter of whom was a personal friend of Sulpicius. (Cic. Lael. 1.) At first Sulpicius did not disappoint the expectations of his party. In conjunction with his colleague, P. Antistius, he resisted the attempt of C. Julius Caesar to become a candidate for the consulship before he had filled the office of praetor, and he also opposed the return from exile of those who had been banished. (Cic. Brut. 63, de Harusp. Resp. 20; Ascon. in Scaur. p. 20, ed. Orelli; Cic. ad Herenn. ii. 28.) But Sulpicius shortly afterwards joined Marius, and placed himself at the head of 3 P the popular party. The causes of this sudden | Cicero was born B. c. 106. The name Lemonia is change are not expressly stated by the ancient writers; but we are told that he was overwhelmed with debt; and there can be little doubt that he was bought by Marius, and that the latter promised him great wealth as soon as he obtained the command of the war against Mithridates. The history of the rogations which Sulpicius brought forward in favour of Marius and his party, and against Sulla, is fully related in the lives of those persons. [MARIUS, p. 957; SULLA, p. 936.] It is only necessary to state here, that when the law was passed which conferred upon Marius the command of the Mithridatic war, Sulla, who was then at Nola, marched upon Rome at the head of his army. Marius and Sulpicius had no means of resisting him, and were obliged to fly from the city. They were both declared public enemies by the senate, at the command of Sulla, along with ten others of their party. Marius succeeded in making his escape to Africa, but Sulpicius was discovered in a villa, and put to death. The slave who betrayed him was rewarded with his freedom, and then hurled down from the Tarpeian rock. (Appian, B. C. i. 58, 60; Plut. Sull. 10; Cic. de Orat. iii. 3, Brut. 63; Liv. | Epit. 77; Vell. Pat. ii. 18.) Although Sulpicius was such a distinguished orator, he left no orations behind him. Cicero says that he had often heard Sulpicius declare that he was not accustomed, and was unable, to write. It is true there were some speeches extant under his name, but they were written after his death by P. Canutius. (Cic. Brut. 56.) [CANUTIUS.] Sulpicius is one of the speakers in Cicero's dialogue, De Oratore. (Ahrens, Die Drei Volkstribunen, Tib. Gracchus, M. Drusus, und P. Sulpicius, Leipzig, 1836; Meyer, Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta, pp. 343-347, 2d ed.; Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. ii. pp. 435, 436.) 3. P. SULPICIUS RUFUS, probably a son or grandson of No. 2, was one of Caesar's legates in Gaul. He also served under Caesar as one of his legates in the campaign in Spain against Afranius and Petreius, in B. C. 49; and in the following year, B. C. 48, he was rewarded for his services by the praetorship. In the latter year he commanded Caesar's fleet at Vibo, when it was attacked by C. Cassius. Cicero addresses him in B. c. 45 as imperator. It appears that he was at that time in Illyricum, along with Vatinius. (Caes. B. G. iv. 22, B. C. i. 74, iii. 101; Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 77.) 4. SER. SULPICIUS LEMONIA RUFUS, the celebrated jurist. See below. 5. SER. SULPICIUS RUFUS, the son of No. 4, was one of the subscriptores of his father's accusation against Murena in B. c. 63. (Cic. pro Mur. 26, 27.) On the breaking out of the civil war, in B. C. 49, he joined his father in espousing Caesar's side, and is frequently mentioned at that time in Cicero's correspondence. He survived his father, who died in B. c. 43. (Cic. ad Att. ix. 18, 19, x. 14, ad Fam. iv. 2, Philipp. ix. 5.) 6. SULPICIUS RUFUS, who was ludi procurator, that is, the person who had the charge of the public games, was slain by the emperor Claudius because he was privy to the marriage of Silius and Messalina. (Tac. Ann. xi. 35.) SER. SULPICIUS LEMO'NIA RUFUS, the son of Quintus, was a contemporary and friend of Cicero, and of about the same age (Cic. Brut. 40): the ablative case, and indicates the tribe to which Servius belonged. (Cic. Philipp. ix. 7.) According to Cicero, the father of Servius was of the equestrian order. (Cic. pro Mur. 7.) Servius first devoted himself to oratory, and he studied his art with Cicero in his youth, and also at Rhodus B. c. 78, for he accompanied Cicero there (Brut. 41). It is said that he was induced to study law by a reproof of Q. Mucius Scaevola, the pontifex, whose opinion Servius had asked on a legal question, and as the pontifex saw that Servius did not understand his answer, he said that "it was disgraceful for a patrician and a noble, and one who pleaded causes, to be ignorant of the law with which he had to be engaged." (Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 2. § 43.) Henceforth jurisprudence became his study, in which he surpassed his teachers, L. Balbus and Aquillius Gallus, and obtained a reputation in no respect inferior to that of the pontifex who reproved him. As an orator he had hardly a superior, unless it were Cicero himself. Servius was successively quaestor of the district or provincia of Ostia, in B. c. 74 (Cic. pro Mur. 8); aedilis curulis, B. c. 69; and during his praetorship, B. c. 65, he had the quaestio peculatus (pro Mur. 20). In his first candidateship for the consulship, B. c. 63, Servius was rejected, and Servius and Cato joined in prosecuting L. Murena, who was elected. Murena was defended by Cicero, Hortensius, and M. Crassus (Oratio pro Murena). In B. C. 52, as interrex, he named Pompeius Magnus sole consul. In B. c. 51, he was elected consul with M. Claudius Marcellus ; and on this occasion Cato was an unsuccessful candidate. (Plut. Cato, 49.) There is no mention of any decided part that Servius took in the war between Caesar and Pompeius, but he appears to have been a partizan of Caesar, who, after the battle of Pharsalia, made him proconsul of Achaea, B. c. 46 or 45; and Sulpicius held this office at the time when Cicero addressed to him a letter, which is still extant (ad Fam. iv. 3). Marcellus, the former colleague of Servius in the consulship, was murdered at Peiraeeus during the government of Servius, who buried him in the gymnasium of the Academia, where a marble monument to his memory was raised. The death of Marcellus is told in a letter of Servius to Cicero. In B. C. 43 he was sent by the senate, with L. Philippus and L. Calpurnius Piso, on a mission to M. Antonius, who was besieging Decimus Brutus, in Mutina. Servius, who was in bad health, died in the camp of Antonius. Cicero, in the senate, pronounced a panegyric on his distinguished friend, and on his motion a public funeral was decreed, and a bronze statue was erected to the memory of Servius, and appropriately placed in front of the rostra. The statue was still there when Pomponius wrote. (Cic. Philipp. ix. 7; Pomponius, Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 2. § 43.) Servius had a wife named Postumia, and he left a son, Servius. Our chief information about Servius is derived from Cicero, who attributes his great superiority as a lawyer to his study of philosophy, not that philosophy itself made him a distinguished lawyer, but the discipline, to which his mind had been subjected, developed and sharpened his natural talents. In a passage in his Brutus (c. 41) Cicero has, in few words and in a masterly manner, shown in what the excellence of Servius consisted. His |