and ecclesiastical, No. 30], and was printed under | Ptolemaïs. His writings have been objects of adthe name of the real author, with the grammatical miration both to ancient and modern scholars, and treatise of Alexander Maurocordatos. 8vo. Venice, have obtained for him the surname of Philosopher. 1745. 5. Βίος καὶ πολιτεία τοῦ ὁσίου πατρὸς ἡμῶν Those of them still extant are the following:-1. καὶ ὁμολογήτου τοῦ Θεοδώρου τοῦ τῶν Στουδίων. Εἰς τὸν αὐτοκράτορα Αρκάδιον περὶ βασιλείας, the ἡγουμένου συγγραφείς προς Μιχαήλου μοναχοῦ. | oration already referred to. 2. Δίων, ἢ περὶ τῆς Vita et Mores S. Patris nostri et Confessoris Theo-kať čavтdy diaywyns, Dio, sive de suo ipsius Indori Praepositi Studitarum conscripta a Michaele stituto, a work in which he professes his intention, Monacho. It is with some hesitation that we class after the example of Dio Chrysostom, to devote his this biography, which is given with a Latin version life to true philosophy. It appears to have been in the fifth volume of the Opera Varia of the Je-written about A. D. 404, soon after his marriage. suit Sirmond, among the works of Michael Syncel- 3. Paλápas èyкúшov, Encomium calvitii, a sort of lus. It is elsewhere [MICHAEL, Byzantine writers, exercise of wit, in which he defends the condition No. 9] given among the works of Michael, monk of baldness in opposition to the Kóμns kúμiov of and Syncellus of Constantinople, who lived some- Dio Chrysostom. (See Tzetz. Chil. xi. 725.) The what later than our Michael. The authorship is a work of Chrysostom is now lost. 4. Αἰγύπτιος ἢ question on which critics are divided; the work, Teрl прovoias, Aegyptius sive de Providentia, in however, bears marks of being written by a con- two books, in which he gives an allegorical detemporary of Theodore, which our Michael was, but scription of the evils of the time, under the guise which the other Michael could hardly be. Several of the fable of Osiris and Typhon. 5. Nepì èvvæviwy, other works of Michael Syncellus, including Carmina De Insomniis, on Dreams, a work which Cave and varia, are extant in MS. (Fabric. Biblioth. Graec. others have supposed, from internal evidence, to vol. vi. pp. 133, 298, 333, 345, 382, vol. x. pp. have been written before he became a Christian. 199, 220, vol. xi. pp. 186, &c. 205; Bandini, 6. 'EmiσTOλaí, a collection of 156 (not 155) LetCatalog. Codd. MStorum, &c. l. c.; Ittigius, De ters, which form by far the most interesting portion Biblioth. Patrum; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 830, of his extant works. 7. 'Ouxía, a short discourse vol. ii. p. 19, ed. Oxford, 1740-43; Oudin, on Psalm lxxv. 8. 8. 'Ouixía, another short disComment. de Scriptorib. Eccles. vol. ii. col. 43, course on the Eve of the Nativity of Christ. 9. &c.) [J. C. M.] Κατάστασις ῥηθεῖσα ἐπὶ τῇ μεγίστῃ τῶν βαρβάρων ἐφόδῳ, ἡγεμονεύοντος Γενναδίου καὶ Δουκὸς ὄντος IVVOKEVTíov, an oration describing the calamities suffered by the Pentapolis from the great incursion of the barbarians in A. D. 412. 10. KaráσтаWIS, an oration in praise of Aysius, the prefect of Libya. 11. Пpòs Пaιóviov vπèp тoû đúpov λóyos, de dono Astrolabii ad Paconium dissertatio. 12. Ὕμνοι, ten Hymns; which appear to have been only a small portion of his poetical compositions. The Greek Anthology contains three epigrams ascribed to him, two of which consist each of a single hexameter verse (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 449; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. iii. p. 155, vol. xiii. p. 956), and he himself refers to tragedies and comedies of his own composition. (Dion, p. 62, c.; Welcker, die Griech. Tragöd. p. 1323.)

SYNESIUS (Συνέσιος), one of the most elegant of the ancient Christian writers, was a native of Cyrene, and traced his descent from the Spartan king Eurysthenes. He devoted himself to the study of all branches of Greek literature, first in his own city, and afterwards at Alexandria, where he heard Hypatia; and became celebrated for his skill in eloquence and poetry, as well as in philosophy, in which he was a follower of Plato. About A. D. 397, he was sent by his fellow-citizens of Cyrene on an embassy to Constantinople, to present the emperor Arcadius with a crown of gold; on which occasion he delivered an oration on the government of a kingdom (repi Bariλeías), which is still extant. Soon after this he embraced Christianity, and was baptized by Theophilus, the patriarch of Alexandria, who had such a sense of his merits that, in the year 410, he ordained him as bishop of Ptolemaïs, the chief city of the Libyan Pentapolis, although Synesius was very unwilling to accept the office, and enforced his nolo episcopari by declaring that he would not put away his wife, that he disbelieved the resurrection of the body, and that in other respects his studies and opinions and pursuits were of a nature not quite consistent with the notions of the strictly orthodox. Theophilus, however, overruled these objections: Synesius was permitted to retain his wife; and he very soon made a public profession of his belief in the resurrection of the body. He presided over his diocese with energy and success for about twenty years. Among his most remarkable acts were the conversion to Christianity of the philosopher Eva grius, and the humiliation of Andronicus, the tyrannical president of Libya, whom he brought, by the combined effect of the terrors of excommunication, and a complaint to the emperor, to supplicate the pardon of the church. The time of his SYNE'SIUS (Zvréσios). Under this name a death is not stated; but he cannot have lived short Greek treatise on Fevers was published in beyond A. D. 430 or 431, since in the latter year 1749, 8vo. Amstel. et Lugd. Bat., with the title, his younger brother and successor Euoptius ap-Synesius de Febribus, quem nunc primum ex peared at the council of Ephesus as bishop of Codice MS. Bibliothecae Lugduno-Batavae edidit,

The Editio Princeps of his whole works is that of Turnebus, Paris, 1553, fol.: the next is that of Cl. Morell, with the Latin version of Petavius, Lutet. (Paris), 1612, fol.; much improved and enlarged, Lutet. (Paris), 1633, fol. ; reprinted, 1640, fol. There are also numerous editions of the separate works, and of collections of several of them. (Tillemont, Mém. Eccles. vol. xii. pp. 499, foll.; Cave, Hist. Litt. s. a. 410, vol. i. pp. 389, 390, ed. Basil.; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ix. pp. 190, foll.; Hoffmann, Lex. Bibl. Script. Graec.)

A few other writers of this name, none of whom deserve special notice, are mentioned by Fabricius (l. c. p. 204). In the Greek Anthology, besides the epigrams of the celebrated Synesius, there is one, on a statue of Hippocrates, ascribed to a certain Synesius Scholasticus, who appears to have flourished shortly before the destruction of Berytus by an earthquake in A. D. 551. (Brunck, Anal. Grace. vol. iii. p. 11; Jacobs, Anth. Graec, vol. iii. p. 232, vol. xiii. p. 956.) [P.S.]

vertit, Notisque illustravit Jo. Steph. Bernard. |
Accedit Viatici Constantino Africano interprete
lib. vii. pars." The medical contents of this little
work do not require any particular notice here. It
is probably the earliest Greek medical work con-
taining a distinct account of the Small Pox and
Measles (c. 9, p. 288, Пepi τns λUKтavoúσns
λοιμικῆς, καὶ τῆς ἑτέρας λεπτῆς καὶ πυκνῆς λοιμι-
Ks), and the author's description of these diseases |
and his directions respecting their treatment, agree
upon the whole very nearly with those given by
Rhazes. [RHAZES.] There are several questions
respecting the date and authorship of this work
which have never hitherto been completely and sa-
tisfactorily settled, and which therefore require to
be discussed here. Bernard published the work
under the name of Synesius, because the author is
so called in the Leyden Catalogue (p. 394. § 65),
and also at the back of the MS. (Bernard's Pref. p.
xviii.); but, as there appears to be no good autho-
rity for attributing it to a physician of this name,
we must first try to determine who was the author
of this Greek fragment, for the very first lines
show that it is not a complete work in itself. There
exists in MS. in several European libraries rather
a long Greek medical work, divided into seven
books, and entitled, Βίβλος λεγομένη Τὰ Ἐφόδια |
τοῦ ̓Αποδημοῦντος, συντεθειμένη παρὰ Ἔπρου
Βγζαφὰρ τοῦ Ἔβη Ελζηζαρ, μεταβληθεῖσα εἰς
τὴν Ἑλλάδα γλῶσσαν παρὰ Κωνσταντίνου πρωτα-
σnkрhroυ TO 'Pnyívov, a full account of which
may be found in Lambecii Catal. Biblioth. Vindob.
vi. p. 284 &c. ed. Kollar, and Bandinii Catal.
Biblioth. Laurent. vol. iii. p. 142. There is a
MS. of this work in the Bodleian Library at
Oxford (Laud, Gr. 59), which the Writer has had
an opportunity of examining, and he finds that the
printed work corresponds to the commencement of
the seventh book of the MS. He has collated the
printed book partially with the MS. from beginning
to end, and finds that two of the chapters are trans-
posed, and that the differences of reading are very
numerous; but that the substance, and in general
the words also, are so exactly the same that there
can be no doubt about the identity of the two
works, unless (which is just possible,) they should
turn out to be two different (but very literal) trans-
lations of the same original treatise.
fore tolerably certain that the Pseudo-Synesius is,
in fact, the writer commonly known by the de-
signation of Constantinus Africanus, of whom it is
necessary to say a few words here, as he is not men.
tioned in the first volume of this work, because
all his published works are written in the Latin
language, and he himself lived later than the date
fixed on for the admission of Roman writers. He
was a native of Carthage in the eleventh century,
who spent nearly forty years in travelling in dif-
ferent parts of Asia, where he acquired a knowledge
of many useful sciences, and also of several Eastern
languages. Upon his return to Africa he was
forced, apparently by the jealousy of his country-
men, to leave once more his native land, and settled
in Calabria, where he was taken into the service of
the Duke Robert Guiscard, and whence he is some-
times called in Greek MSS. KwvσT. & 'Pryivos.
Hence also his title of Πρωτασηκρήτις or Πρωταση-
Kphτns, that is, Protosecretarius, a word whose
meaning may be found in the glossaries of Duwritten euoueXXe, that is,

called (by a curious series of errors)" Asyneritus"
and "Asynkitus." (See Lambec. loco cit. p. 295.)
At last he became a monk in the Monastery of
Cassino, A. D. 1072, where he employed part of
his time in writing and translating various medical
works, and where he died at a great age, A. D. 1087.
It is not necessary to mention here all his numerous
works, a list of which may be found in Fabricius,
Bibl. Gr. vol. xiii. p. 124. ed. vet.. and in Chou-
lant's Handb. der Bücherkunde für die Aeltere
Medicin. They were collected and published in
2 vols. fol. Basil. 1536, 1539. The only one of his
writings with which we are at present concerned
is that which consists of seven books, and is entitled,
"De omnium Morborum, qui Homini accidere pos-
sunt, Cognitione et Curatione," or in some other
editions simply "Viaticum." This work is the
same as the 'Epódia тoû 'Añodŋuoûvtos mentioned
above, and consequently contains (at the beginning
of the seventh book) the Pseudo-Synesius "De
Febribus." It appears also that Constantinus is
the author of both works, or, in other words, that
he translated the original work into both Greek
and Latin. The Latin work indeed (at least as
we now possess it,) does not profess to be merely a
translation, and this circumstance, added to a
similar omission in the case of one of his other
works, has exposed Constantinus to the charge of
plagiarism and dishonesty, but whether the ac-
cusation be altogether well-founded or not, the
Writer is unable to decide, as he has never had
occasion to examine the other work alluded to with
sufficient minuteness to enable him to form an
opinion on the subject. (See Russell's Nat. Hist.
of Aleppo, Append. p. xii. &c.) It only remains
to determine the name and author of the original
work; for, even if we had not the title of the
Greek MSS. to aid us, it would be sufficiently
evident from the inspection of the Pseudo-Synesius
that the fragment is translated from the work of
some oriental author; the writer not only making
constant mention of the natural productions of
Eastern countries, but also having preserved two
Arabic words in Greek characters. The name of
the writer so strangely metamorphosed in the titles
of the Greek MSS. of Constantinus is

أبو جعفر احمد بن ابرهيم بن ابي خالد -It is there

Abú Ja'far Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim Ibn Abi Cháled,

الجزار who is also called

Ibnu-l-Jezzár.

Constantinus never gives his author's complete name, but calls him sometimes Abú Ja'far Ibnu1-Jezzár, sometimes Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim Ibn Abi Cháled; which has led Lambecius and Bandini, in their excellent catalogues, to state that the original work "partim ab Epro filio Zaphar nepote Elgzezar,

* As some difference of opinion has existed respecting one of these words, it may he stated that iTeuxe (p. 76) should be written rexe, that is,

Intiká, as appears from Avicenna, Canon,

other word, exμoveex (p. 120), should of course be i. 2, 2. § 7 (vol. i. p. 38, 1. ult. ed. Arab.). The

Cange and Meursius, and which, in the case of muthallath; see Avicenna, ii. 2. 436 (vol. i. p. 200, Constantinus, has occasioned his being sometimes 1. 41, ed. Arab.)

SY'NTROPHUS, P. RUTILIUS, is desig

at Cadiz, which records the accomplishment of a vow which he had made to erect in the temple of Minerva a Theostasis decorated with marbles, wrought by his own hand (Muratori, Thes. vol. i. p. cxxv. 2; Orelli, Inscrip. Lat. Sel. No. 2507). It is doubtful whether the word Marmorarius signifies a sculptor, or a common worker in marble. Raoul-Rochette quotes a passage from Seneca (Epist. 88), in which it appears to have the former

partim autem ab Achmede filio Abrami, nepote Chaletis medici, primum fuit compositum." Ibnu-nated Marmorarius in an extant inscription, found 1-Jezzar was a pupil of Ishak Ibn Soleiman AlIsráílí (commonly called Isaac Judaeus), and lived at Kairowan in Africa. He died at a great age, A. H. 395 (A. D. 1004). He was a man of considerable eminence, and wrote several works on medicine, metaphysics, history &c., some of which are extant in MS. in different European libraries. The only one of these with which we are here concerned is entitled 'j, Zádu-l-Musáfer, "Viaticum Peregrinantium," and consists of seven books. There is an incomplete Arabic MS. of this work in the Bodleian Library at Oxford (Hunt. 302), which the Writer has examined par tially throughout, more especially the part corresponding with the Pseudo-Synesius; and he finds (as Reiske had done before him,) that it agrees (upon the whole) very exactly with the Greek and Latin translations mentioned above. A more minute examination of the Arabic, Greek, and Latin texts will probably enable some future editor to give some further information respecting the two translations: the Writer can only say of the conjecture that the Latin version was made from the Greek rather than from the original Arabic, that it appears to him to be wholly without foundation, inasmuch as the Latin translation in some places agrees more closely with the Arabic text than with the Greek. Ibnu-l-Jezzár's work was also translated into Hebrew by Rabbi Moshe Ben Tibbon (Uri, Catal. MSS. Hebr. Bibl. Bodl. § 413), and thus enjoys the singular honour of having been translated into no less than three languages during the middle ages. (For further information see Bernard's Preface to Synesius; Nicoll and Pusey's Cutal. MSS. Arab. Bibl. Bodl. p. 587; Wüstenfeld, Gesch. der Arab. Aerzte und Naturforscher, § 120; Choulant, Handb. der Bücherkunde für die Aeltere Medicin, §§ 46, 70, 90.)

[W. A. G.]

SYNNOON (Zuvvoŵv), statuary. [ARISTO

CLES.]

SYNTIPAS, a Persian sage, to whom are attributed two works of which we possess Greek translations, which bear the name of Michael Andreopulus. One of these works is a romance, or collection of stories, very much on the plan of the Thousand and One Nights. By an Arabic author, however, the work is ascribed to one Sendebad, the head of the philosophers of India, who lived somewhere about 100 years before Christ, and wrote a work entitled "The Book of the Seven Counsellors, the Teacher and the Mother of the King." This work was translated into Persian, Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac, and it is from this last translation that the Greek translation was made. The Greek translation seems to belong to about the eleventh century. It appears not unlikely that this work became known to Europe through the crusades. In the form in which we at present possess it, the work has been accommodated to Christian ideas. The Greek text was published by Boissonade (De Syntipa et Cyri Filio Andreopuli Narratio, Paris, 1828).

The other work attributed to Syntipas, and, like the former, translated into Greek from the Syriac, is a collection of fables (mapadelyμarikol Aoyo). An edition of this work was published by F. Matthaei at Leipzig, in 1781. (Schöll, Gesch. der Griech. Litteratur, vol. iii. p. 429, &c.) [C. P. M.]

sense; and, of course, if such be its meaning in this inscription, the name of Syntrophus must be added to the lists of ancient artists. (R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 411, 412, 2d ed.) [P.S.] SYPHAX (Zúpat), a Numidian prince, frequently called king of Numidia, but properly, or at least originally, only king of the Massaesylians, the westernmost tribe of the Numidians. (Polyb. xvi. 23; Liv. xxviii. 17.) The period of his accession is unknown, nor do we learn anything of the relations in which he had stood towards the Carthaginians previous to the year B. C. 213, when we find him engaged in hostilities with that people. This circumstance, together with the successes of the Roman arms in Spain at that juncture, induced the two Scipios to enter into friendly relations with him; they accordingly sent three officers as envoys to him, with promises of assistance from Rome if he persevered in his hostility to their common enemy; and one of these legates, Q. Statorius, even remained in Numidia to instruct him in the art of war. Under his direction Syphax levied a regular army, with which he was able to meet the Carthaginians in the field, and defeat them in a pitched battle. Hereupon they recalled Hasdrubal from Spain to take the command against him, at the same time that they concluded an alliance with Gala, king of the Massylians, who sent his whole forces, under the command of his son Masinissa, to the support of the Carthaginians. Syphax was unable to contend with their united strength; he was totally defeated in a great battle (in which 30,000 men are said to have fallen), and compelled to take refuge in Mauritania. Here he soon gathered a fresh force around him, but was pursued and again defeated by Masinissa. (Liv. xxiv. 48, 49; Appian. Hisp. 15, 16.) Of his subsequent fortunes we know nothing for some time; but he appears to have concluded a treaty of peace with Carthage, by which he apparently regained possession of his dominions. In B. c. 210, we find him renewing his overtures to the Romans, and recounting his successes over the Carthaginians (Liv. xxvii. 4), with whom he appears to have been at that time again at war; but in B. c. 206 he was once more on peaceful, and even friendly terms with the same people. At that time, however, the successes of the young Scipio in Spain led him to cast his eyes towards Africa also, and he sent his friend Laelius on an embassy to Syphax, in the hope of detaching him from the Carthaginian alliance. The Numidian king lent a favourable ear to his overtures, but refused to treat with any one but the Roman general in person. Hereupon Scipio boldly ventured over to Africa, where he was received by Syphax in the most friendly manner, although he accidentally arrived at the same time with the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal, the son of Gisco. The personal influence of Scipio for a time obtained the ascendancy,

his death he should be buried in the same tomb Alexander the Great to invade his territory, in with Syrianus. Suidas attributes to Syrianus the B. c. 335, sent all the women and children of his following writings:- 1. Els unpov öλov vnó- nation to an island of the Danube, called Peuce, unua, in 7 books. 2. Els Thy ПoλITEίav Пλáтw- and afterwards, on the nearer approach of the vos, in 4 books. 3. Els Thy 'Oppéws Oeoλoylar, Macedonians, took refuge there himself, with his in 2 books. 4. Εἰς τὰ Πρόκλου περὶ τῶν παρ' personal followers. Alexander, having made an Ὁμήρῳ Θεῶν. 5. Συμφωνίαν Ορφέως Πυθαγόρου | unsuccessful attempt to effect a landing on the kal ПXάтwvos. 6. Пeρì tà λóyia, in 10 books. island, crossed the river and attacked the Getae, 7. Various other works of an exegetical character. whom he defeated; and on his return Syrmus sent There is, however, a good deal of difficulty about ambassadors to sue for peace, which was granted. this list. The very same series of works is assigned Plutarch says that Syrmus was conquered by by Suidas himself to Proclus (s. v. Прокλ.), and Alexander in a great battle, a statement which we can hardly suppose that Syrianus wrote a would contradict the account of Arrian, as given commentary on a work of his successor, as Suidas above, if we were to understand it of a personal states. On the other hand, Suidas makes no men- defeat (Arr. Anab. i. 2-4; Plut. Alex. 11; Strab. tion of works which we find Syrianus stated by vii. p. 301). [E. E.] other authorities to have written, or even of works SYRUS, a slave brought to Rome some years by him which are still extant. No reliance what- before the downfal of the republic, and designated, ever, therefore, can be placed on the list of Suidas. according to the usual practice, from the country of Syrianus wrote commentaries on various parts of his birth. He attracted attention while yet a Aristotle's writings. 1. On the books De Caelo. youth, by his accomplishment and wit, was manu(Fabr. Bibl. Gr. iii. p. 230.) 2. On the book De mitted, in consequence of his pleasing talents, by Interpretatione. (Ib. 213.) 3. A Commentary on his master, who probably belonged to the Clodia the Metaphysics is still extant. The Latin trans- gens, assumed the name of Publius, from his patron, lation of the third, thirteenth, and fourteenth books, and soon became highly celebrated as a mimoby Hieron. Bagolini has been published (Venet.grapher. At the splendid games exhibited by 1558), and various portions of the Greek text are Caesar in B. C. 45, he invited all the dramatists of printed in the Scholia on Aristotle, edited by the day to contend with him in extemporaneous Brandis. From various references in the com- effusions upon any given theme, and no one having mentary of Proclus on the Timaeus of Plato, we declined the challenge, the foreign freedman bore learn that Syrianus also wrote a commentary on away the palm from every competitor, including the same book, as well as ovupwvías yрáμμaтa, Laberius himself, who was taunted with this defeat answering to the work of the same kind mentioned by the dictator:in the list of Suidas.

Theodorus Meliteniotes, in his Prooemium in Astronomiam (printed in Fabricius, Bibl. Gr. vol. x. pp. 401, &c.), mentions commentaries on the Magna Syntaxis of Ptolemaeus, by the philosopher Syrianus (1. c. p. 406). There is also extant a treatise by Syrianus on ideas (Zupiavoù eis Tò Tepl idewv) published by Leonh. Spengel (Zvvaywyn Texvwv, pp. 195-206), and a commentary on the Erάoes of Hermogenes, published in Greek in 1509 by Aldus (Rhetores, vol. ii.) and in 1833 by Walz (Rhetores, vol. iv.). The most valuable remains that we possess, however, are the commentaries on the Metaphysics of Aristotle. In explaining the propositions of Aristotle, he appends the views held by his school on the subject in hand, and endeavours to establish the latter against the former. One of his fundamental principles is, that it is a proposition of general applicability, that the same cannot be both affirmed and denied at the same time of the same thing; but that in any sense involving the truth of either the affirmation or the denial of a proposition, it applies only to existing things, but not to that which transcends speech and knowledge, for this admits neither of affirmation nor of denial, since every assertion respecting it must be false. (In Met. ii. fol. 13, b.) On the whole, the doctrines laid down in this work are those of the Neo-Platonic school generally. (Fabr. Bibl. Gr. ix. p. 356, &c.; Ritter, Gesch. der Philos. vol. iv. p. 697.) [C. P. M.]

SYRINX, an Arcadian nymph, who being pursued by Pan, fled into the river Ladon, and at her own request was metamorphosed into a reed, of which Pan then made his flute. (Ov. Met. i. 690, &c.; comp. Voss. ad Virg. Ecl. p. 55.) [L. S.]

SYRMUS (Zúpuos), a king of the Triballians, who, as soon as he was aware of the intention of

"Favente tibi me victus es, Laberi, a Syro."

Publius is frequently mentioned with praise and repeatedly quoted by ancient writers, especially by the Senecas, by A. Gellius, and by Macrobius. Hence we conclude that his mimes must have been committed to writing, and extensively circulated at an early period; and a collection of pithy moral sayings extracted from his works appears to have been used as a school-book in the boyhood of Hieronymus. A compilation of this description, extending to upwards of a thousand lines in Iambic and Trochaic measures, every apophthegm being comprised in a single line, and the whole ranged alphabetically, according to the initial letter of the first word in each, is now extant under the title Publi Syri Sententiae. These proverbs, many of which exhibit much grace, both of thought and expression, have been drawn from various sources, and are evidently the work of many different hands; but a considerable number may with considerable confidence be ascribed to Syrus and his contemporaries. In addition, a fragment upon luxury, extending to ten Iambic verses, has been preserved by Petronius (c. 55).

A portion of the Sententiae was first published by Erasmus, from a Cambridge MS., in a volume containing also the distichs of Cato, and other opuscula of a like character (4to. Argent. 1516); the number was increased by Fabricius in his Syntagma Sententiarum (8vo. Lips. 1550, 1560), and still further extended in the collections of Gruterus (8vo. 1604), of Velserus (8vo. Ingolst. 1608), and of Havercamp (8vc. Lug. Bat. 1708, 1727). The best editions are those of Orellius (8vo. Lips. 1822) and of Bothe, in his Poetarum Latin. Scenicorum Fragmenta, vol. ii. p. 219 (8vo. Lips. 1834), to which we may add a second impression, with